LESSON 12 文の転換:形容詞節
12-a-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
文(S)が that によって形容詞(A)節にかわることがあります。
(1) The fish that John caught was big.
(2) The fish that was caught by John was big
(1)と(2) は、それぞれ次の(3),(4)のように2つの文が単純にくっつけられた形から、
(3) The fish --- John caught the fish --- was big.
(4) The fish --- the fish was caught by John ---was big.
that によりひとつの文が形容詞化され生まれたと考えられます。
(5) The fish --- that John caught the fish --- was big.
(6) The fish --- that the fish was caught by John --- was big.
ただし、このとき、2つ目の the fish は重複により省略され「ゼロ」(Φ)となります。
かくして、(5)と(6)はそれぞれ(7)と(8)のようになるのです。
(7)=(1) The fish that John caught Φ was big.
(8)=(2) The fish that Φ was caught by John was big.
例えば、(7) の当該部分を樹形図で表すと、次のようになります。
(9) [the fish](that John caught Φ)
A
/ \
that S
(John caught the fish)
→Φとなる
12-b.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
重複消去される名詞(N)が「人以外のもの」であるとき、that の代わりに which が使
われることがあります。
(10) The Seine is a big river that/which runs through Paris.
(11) The things that/which he had left in his locker disappeared.
12-c.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
重複消去される名詞(N)が「人」であるとき、that の代わりに who や whom が使われる
ことがあります。
(12) A friend of mine that/who studies metal fatigue never travels by air.
(13) The lady that/whom the kidnapper talked to was a policewoman.
12-d.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
of which や of whom の代わりに、whose が使われることがあります。
(14)a. The mountain the top of which is covered with snow is Mt.Asama.
b.= The mountain whose top is covered with snow is Mt.Asama.
(15)a. The girl the father of whom is a great scientist likes mathematics.
b.= The girl whose father is a great scientist likes mathematics.
12-e.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
次の2つの文(S)は、意味の上で違いがあります。
(16) The fish which John caught was big.(制限的用法)
(17) The fish, which John caught, was big.(非制限的用法)
(16) の下線部は文(S)から作られた形容詞節ですが、(17) の下線部のほうはまだ完全には
形容詞化しておらず、どちらかというと2つの文(S)が独立して存在する次の(18)の形に近
いと考えられます。
(18) The fish - John caught it - was big.
which, who, whom はこの非制限的用法で使われますが、that は使われることはありません。
(19) The book, which/*that I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
(20) The man, who/*that read the book, was quite moved.
12-f.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
制限的用法では、2つの名詞(N)に直接はさまれた that, who, whom が省略されることがあり
ます。
(21) The pizza Φ the boy delivered was cold.
(22) The president Φ we voted for resigned.
12-g.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
the thing(s) which という形が what で代用されることがあります。
(23)a. I gave him what I bought in Mexico.
b.=I gave him the thing which I bought in Mexico.
この形whatはWH疑問文の意味を持つ名詞(N)節の what とは違うものですが、
(24) The first question he asked was what I bought in Mexico.
時として区別のつかないこともあります。
(25) Guess what I bought in Mexico.
27-1