LESSON 12 文の転換:形容詞節

12-a-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    文(S)が that によって形容詞(A)節にかわることがあります。

        (1) The fish that John caught was big.
        (2) The fish that was caught by John was big

    (1)と(2) は、それぞれ次の(3),(4)のように2つの文が単純にくっつけられた形から、

        (3) The fish --- John caught the fish --- was big.
        (4) The fish --- the fish was caught by John ---was big.

   that によりひとつの文が形容詞化され生まれたと考えられます。

        (5) The fish --- that John caught the fish --- was big.
        (6) The fish --- that the fish was caught by John --- was big.

   ただし、このとき、2つ目の the fish は重複により省略され「ゼロ」(Φ)となります。
   かくして、(5)と(6)はそれぞれ(7)と(8)のようになるのです。

        (7)=(1) The fish that John caught Φ was big.
        (8)=(2) The fish that Φ was caught by John was big.

   例えば、(7) の当該部分を樹形図で表すと、次のようになります。

        (9) [the fish](that John caught Φ)
                                     A
                                  /  \ 
                              that       S
                                     (John caught the fish)
                                                      →Φとなる

12-b.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   重複消去される名詞(N)が「人以外のもの」であるとき、that の代わりに which が使
     われることがあります。

        (10) The Seine is a big river that/which runs through Paris.
        (11) The things that/which he had left in his locker disappeared.

12-c.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   重複消去される名詞(N)が「人」であるとき、that の代わりに who や whom が使われる
     ことがあります。

        (12) A friend of mine that/who studies metal fatigue never travels by air.
        (13) The lady that/whom the kidnapper talked to was a policewoman.

12-d.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     of which や of whom の代わりに、whose が使われることがあります。

        (14)a. The mountain the top of which is covered with snow is Mt.Asama.
            b.= The mountain whose top is covered with snow is Mt.Asama.
        (15)a. The girl the father of whom is a great scientist likes mathematics.
            b.= The girl whose father is a great scientist likes mathematics.

12-e.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    次の2つの文(S)は、意味の上で違いがあります。

        (16) The fish which John caught was big.(制限的用法)
        (17) The fish, which John caught, was big.(非制限的用法)
		
     (16) の下線部は文(S)から作られた形容詞節ですが、(17) の下線部のほうはまだ完全には
     形容詞化しておらず、どちらかというと2つの文(S)が独立して存在する次の(18)の形に近
     いと考えられます。

        (18) The fish - John caught it - was big.

     which, who, whom はこの非制限的用法で使われますが、that は使われることはありません。

        (19) The book, which/*that I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
        (20) The man, who/*that read the book, was quite moved.

12-f.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   制限的用法では、2つの名詞(N)に直接はさまれた that, who, whom が省略されることがあり
     ます。

        (21) The pizza Φ the boy delivered was cold.
        (22) The president Φ we voted for resigned.

12-g.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   the thing(s) which という形が what で代用されることがあります。

        (23)a. I gave him what I bought in Mexico.
            b.=I gave him the thing which I bought in Mexico.

   この形whatはWH疑問文の意味を持つ名詞(N)節の what とは違うものですが、

        (24) The first question he asked was what I bought in Mexico.

   時として区別のつかないこともあります。

        (25) Guess what I bought in Mexico.
     
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