ø¢4-1-NT@m–¼ŽŒ‚ÌŠg[i‚`{‚mjn
Œ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚Æ–¼ŽŒi‚m j‚Ì‘Š«ŠÖŒW‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉŠO‘lŠwKŽÒ‚ɂ͂«
‚í‚߂ē‚¢‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚éB
1)a. short + time/distance
b. brief + time/*distance
2)a. high + mountain/*player
b. tall + *mountain/player
‚Q‚‚̌`—eŽŒi‚`j‚ª—ÞŽ—‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚Â‚©‚ç‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚Ä“¯‚¶–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ðŠg[‚Å
‚«‚邯‚ÍŒÀ‚ç‚È‚¢A‚Æ‚¢‚¤ã‹L‚̂悤‚ÈŒ»Û‚ð‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚Åà“¾—Í‚ ‚éŒ`‚Åà–¾‚·‚邱‚Æ
‚͂ނ‚©‚µ‚¢Bã‚Ì—á‚ÅŒ¾‚¦‚ÎAshort ‚Æ brief‚Ì‚³‚ç‚È‚éˆÓ–¡“I‰ºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚Ìà–¾‚ª•K
—v‚ƂȂ邩‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éBŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA‚Þ‚µ‚ëA‘g‚݇‚킹‚Ìuе—p«v‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚Å
‘Ήž‚µ‚Ä—Ç‚¢‚ÆŽv‚¤B
‚Ü‚½A‚±‚Ì‚`{‚m‚Ì‘g‚݇‚킹‚ÍA‚ǂ̌¾Œê‚É‚à‹¤’Ê‚·‚邯‚¢‚¤‚킯‚ł͂Ȃ¢
‚»‚ê‚ðŽ¦‚·‚Ð‚Æ‚Â‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
3)a. baby boyi–Ô‚¿‚á‚ñ‚Ì’jj
b. *boy babyi’j‚ÌÔ‚¿‚á‚ñj
ø¢4-3-NT-(A)@mŒã’u‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒi‚m{‚`jn
Quirk et al.(1972, p.116)‚É‚ÍAŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚ª–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Ì‘O‚ɂ‚ê‡
‚ÆŒã‚ɂ‚ꇂňӖ¡‚ªˆÙ‚È‚é—Ⴊ‚ ‚éB
...Thus, the stars visible refers to stars that are visible
at a time specified or implied, while the visible stars refers
to a category of stars that can (at appropriate times) be seen.
ø¢4-3-NT-(B)@mƒnƒCƒtƒ“‚‚«‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒi‚`jn
‹t‚ÉA‘O’u‚µ‚©‚³‚ê‚È‚¢Œ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȃnƒCƒtƒ“‚‚«Œ`—e
ŽŒi‚`j‚ª‚ ‚éB
1) hand-me-down clothes
i‚¨‰º‚ª‚è‚Ì•žj
2) user-friendly system
iŽg‚¢‚â‚·‚¢ƒVƒXƒeƒ€j
3) would-be bride
i‰Ô‰Å‚ɂȂé‚Í‚¸‚Ìlj
4) now-I-can-tell-you story
i¡‚¾‚©‚ç˜b‚¹‚é˜bj
5) gee-I-should-have-thought-of-that tone
i‚È‚é‚Ù‚ÇA‚»‚ê‚àl‚¦‚Ä‚¨‚‚ׂ«‚¾‚Á‚½‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œû’²j
‚±‚ê‚ç‚̃nƒCƒtƒ“‚‚«Œ`—eŽŒ‚ÍAÅ‹ß‚Ì journalese ‚Ì“Á’¥‚Å‚à‚ ‚éB‚¿‚È‚Ý
‚ÉA1991”N‚Ì Time ‚ð‚Rû’²‚ׂ½‚Æ‚±‚ëAƒnƒCƒtƒ“‚‚«‡¬Œê1030Œê‚Ì‚¤‚¿A‚»‚̂قƂñ
‚Ç‚ªŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚Æ‚µ‚Ă̗p–@‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B
6)a. ‚`—p–@F‚W‚P‚SŒê
b. ‚m—p–@F‚Q‚O‚SŒê
c. ‚u—p–@F‚XŒê
d. ‚`‚c—p–@F‚RŒê
ø¢4-4-NT@mOrderingn
Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freemani1999, pp.393-394j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•¡”‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒ
ŠÔ‚Ì ordering ‚ɂ‚¢‚Ă͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚ÈæsŒ¤‹†‚ª‚ ‚éB
(i)Sledd(1959) (ex.both (of) John's last quite rare history books)
(ii)Bailey(1975) (ex.an ugly old gray wooden statue)
(iii)Svatko(1979) (ex.an ugly big round chipped old blue French vase)
‚½‚¾‚µA‚R‚ˆÈã‚Ì•À—ñ‚̓}ƒŒ‚Å‚µ‚©‚à‚»‚̇˜‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚Γü‚ê‚©‚í‚邯‚¢
‚¤BŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍADowning & Locke(p.485)‚ɂȂç‚Á‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚Ȃ܂Ƃߕû‚Å‚Ç
‚¤‚Å‚ ‚낤‚©B
(i)ƒˆ‚ÈŒ`—eŽŒ¨–¼ŽŒ‚Á‚Û‚¢Œ`—eŽŒi¨–¼ŽŒj
(ii)ƒTƒCƒY¨”N”¨Œ`¨Fi¨–¼ŽŒj
(iii)’Z‚¢Œ`—eŽŒ¨’·‚¢Œ`—eŽŒi¨–¼ŽŒj
(iv)ˆê”Ê“I‚ÈŒ`—eŽŒ¨ƒ}ƒŒ‚ÈŒ`—eŽŒi¨–¼ŽŒj
‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉAQuirk et al.i1985, p.437j‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂ܂Ƃ߂Ă¢‚éB
(i) PRECENTRAL:certain, definite, sheer, complete, ...
(ii) CENTRAL:hungry, ugly, funny, stupid, silent, rich, ...
(iii) POSTCENTRAL:retired, sleeping, red, ...
(iv) PREHEAD:Austrian, Midwestern, statistical, political, ...
(least adjectival and the most nominal)
ø¢4-5-NT-(A)@m‚mH{‚m‚mn
Quirk et al.(1985, p.410)‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È“Œê“I——R‚©‚çAthe bus station ‚Ì
bus ‚ÍA‚`‚ł͂Ȃ‚m‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚éB‚‚܂èA‚m{‚m‚m‚ÌŒ`‚ð”F‚߂Ă¢‚邱‚ƂɂȂéB
1)a. the large station the bus station
b. The station seems large. *The station seems bus.
c. a very large station *a very bus station
d. a larger station *a busser station
‚Ü‚½Aˆê•û‚ÅAQuirk et al.(1985, p.411)‚Å‚ÍA
2)a. garden tools=tools for the garden
b. the city council = the council for the city
c. a stone wall= a wall of stone
‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚µAˆÓ–¡“I‚ɂ͖¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ªŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚É•Ïg‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ð”F‚߂Ă¢
‚éB
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚m{‚m‚m‚Æ‚¢‚¤‘g‚݇‚킹‚ð”F‚߂Ȃ¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤—§ê‚ð‚Æ‚é‚Ì‚ÅA
‚m{‚m‚Ìʼn‚Ì‚m‚͉½‚ç‚©‚Ì‚©‚ç‚‚è‚Å‚`‚É•Ïg‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邯l‚¦‚´‚é‚ð‚¦‚È‚¢B‚±‚Ì–{
‚Å‚ÍA–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‰»‚ÉŽŸ‚Ì‚S‚‚̌^‚ð‘z’è‚·‚éBã‚Ì bus station ‚ÍŽŸ
‚Ì child care ‚Æ“¯‚¶—p–@‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂéBicf. 8-6[OM-NI CVT
])
3)a. the child care (child{CVT(
))
b. the childish trick (child{CVT(-ish))
c. the child's mother (child{CVT(-'s))
d. the memory of the child (CVT(of){the child)
ø¢4-5-NT-(B)@mcompound stress patternn cf.2-3m•¡‡Œê]
‚±‚ê‚ç ‚m{‚m ‚©‚ç‚Ȃ镡‡Œê‚É‚Í characteristic stress pattern ‚ª‚ ‚é
(Givón,T. p.259)B‚‚܂èAprimary word-stress ‚ª•K‚¸ compounds ‚Ìʼn‚Ì–¼ŽŒ(‚m)
‚É‚‚é‚̂ł ‚éB
1)a. a BIRD-house (a house where birds live)
b. *a bird-HOUSE
2)a. a MAIL-man (a person who delivers the mail)
b. *a mail-MAN
‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉA‚`{‚m ‚©‚ç‚Ȃ镡‡Œê‚ÌꇂàA•¡‡Œê‚Ȃ̂©A’P‚È‚é‚`{‚m‚È‚Ì
‚©‚Í‚±‚Ì stress pattern ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ă킩‚éB
3)a. a BLACK-bird (a species of birds)
b. a black BIRD (any bird that is black)
4)a. a WHITE House (the President's residence)
b. a white HOUSE (a house that is white)
ø¢4-6-NT-(A)@m‚U’iŠK‚Ì‚`‚Á‚Û‚³n
Quirk et al.(1985, pp.402-404) ‚ÍAŒ`—eŽŒ(‚`)‚ÉŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚S‚‚̊î€
‚ðݒ肵A
(i) in attributive function
ex.an ugly painting, the round table
(ii) in predicative function
ex.The painting is ugly.
(iii) very +
ex.The children are very happy.
(iv) comparative and superlative
ex. The children are happier now.
They are the happiest people I know.
‚¢‚ë‚¢‚ë‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒ‚ðAã‚Ì (i) `(iv) ‚É‚æ‚艺ˆÊ‹æ•ª‚·‚邯A‚»‚ÌuŒ`—eŽŒ‚Á‚Û‚³v
‚ɉž‚¶‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚U‚‚̃^ƒCƒv([1]`[6])‚É•ª‚©‚ê‚邯‚µ‚½B
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
[1] hungry { { { {
[2] infinite { { | |
[3] old { | { {
[4] afraid H { { {
[5] utter { | | |
[6] asleep | { | |
‚»‚µ‚ÄA [1]-[2]‚ðcentral adjectivesA[3]-[6]‚ðperipheral adjectives ‚ƌĂÔB
i‚½‚¾‚µAJohn is old. ‚Í‚n‚j‚Ȃ̂Š[3]‚Ì(ii)‚Í |‚ł͂Ȃ{‚Å‚ ‚낤j
‚±‚̂悤‚ÉŒ`—eŽŒi‚`)‚ð‚»‚ÌuŒ`—eŽŒ‚Á‚Û‚³v‚ɉž‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚‚‚©‚ɉºˆÊ‹æ•ª
‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚àAŠî–{“I‚É‚ÍA‚Q‚‚̌`—eŽŒi‚`j‚̈Ӗ¡‚ªŽ—‚Ä‚¢‚é‚©‚ç‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚Ä“¯‚¶•¶–@“I
‚Ó‚é‚Ü‚¢‚ð‚·‚éA‚Ƃ͂©‚¬‚ç‚È‚¢B‰º‚Ì—á‚©‚ç‚àA‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚Ì—Þ‹`Œê‚ªˆÙ‚È‚Á‚½“Œê“I
‚È“Á’¥‚ð‚à‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Ƃ͈ê–Ú—Ä‘R‚Å‚ ‚éB
1)a. It's likely/probable that he'll be late. (ӻЯAp.57)
b. He is likely/*probable to be late.
2)a. The child was sick/ill/poorly/unwell.
b. A sick/?ill/*poorly/*unwell child was lying in the bed.
‚È‚¨A”ª–Øip.57j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAHudson et al.(1996)‚É‚ÍA—Þ‹`Œê‚Ì’†‚Ì
(i)ˆÙ‚È‚Á‚½“ŒêŒ`Ž®‚ð‚Æ‚é‚à‚ÌA(ii)•¶–@‹@”\‚ªˆÙ‚È‚é‚à‚ÌA(iii)CüŒê‘I‘ð‚ª
ˆÙ‚È‚é‚à‚ÌA(ivIŒê‡‚ªˆÙ‚È‚é‚à‚̂ɂ‚¢‚ÄÚ‚µ‚¢‰ðà‚ª‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤B
ø¢4-6-NT-(B)@m‚`{‚m/*be{‚`n
iƒnƒCƒtƒ“‚‚«•¡‡Œê‚à‚`‚Ƃ݂Ȃ·‚Æjˆê”Ê“I‚ÉA‚`‚ª‚`{‚m‚ÌŒ`‚ł݂Ƃß
‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢ê‡‚æ‚èAbe{‚`‚ÌŒ`‚Å”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢ê‡‚Ì•û‚ª‘½‚¢B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚`{‚m‚Ì
‚`‚Ì•û‚ª be{‚`‚Ì‚`‚æ‚èŒ`—eŽŒ‚Á‚Û‚³‚Ì’†Šj‚É‚ ‚éA‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚悤B“–‘RAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å
‚Í‚`{‚m‚ÌŒ^‚ð‚æ‚è‘‚A‚æ‚肽‚‚³‚ñ‹³‚¦‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚낤
1)a. The main house was there. iGivón,T. p.272j
b. *The house was main.
2)a. The chief reason was ...
b. *The reason was chief.
3)a. He was a total stranger.
b. *The stranger was total.
4)a. the daily newspaper
b. *The newspaper is daily.
5)a. a drunken driver (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.621)
b. *The driver was drunken.
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚àB
6)a. *He was a glad person.
b. The person was glad.