ø¢6-1-NT@m‚S‚‚߂̕¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[n
Jespersen, O.(pp.96ff)‚ÍAprimary ‚Ì–¼ŽŒi‚mjAsecondary ‚Ì“®ŽŒi‚uj
‚ÆŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄA•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚Ítertiary ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚R”Ô–Ú‚Ì•iŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉʒu‚¯‚éB
¶¬•¶–@‚É‚ÍA‚`‚c‚É‚ ‚½‚éŒêœb”Íáe‚Í‘¶Ý‚¹‚¸A‘ã‚í‚è‚É‘f«‚Ì•¡‡‘Ì [-N,
-V] ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì PP ‚ªÝ’肳‚ê‚éB(cf.8-4-NT-(B))
ø¢6-2-NT@m•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚̈Ӗ¡n
Downing & Locke(pp.551-552)‚É‚ÍA•›ŽŒƒOƒ‹[ƒviAdvG)‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•\‚³‚ê‚é
ˆÓ–¡‚ªŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂ܂Ƃ߂ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB(ˆê•””²ˆj
ƒTypes of meanings expressed by AdvGs„
(i) Circumstantial adverbs:where and when things happen
1) Position:Put the chairs here/outside/upstairs.
2) Direction:Push it inwards/down/through/out/away.
3) Moment:They will be coming tomorrow/sometime/then/soon/later.
(ii) Process adverbs:how things happen
4) Manner:She spoke hesitantly.
5) Respect:The concert was a success artistically but not
financially.
(iii) Modal adverbs:
6) Possibility:You are certainly right. Perhaps I'm wrong.
7) Restriction:That is hardly true. It is only a half-truth.
8) Necessity:The houses are necessarily/compulsorily pulled down.
9) Volition:The boss has reluctantly/unwillingly raised my wages.
(iv) Degree adverbs:
10) Comparison:Sheila is more/the most/less/the least industrious
as a student.
11) Intensification:She lives all alone but seems quite happy.
(v) Focusing adverbs:
12) Restriction:That is merely a detail. He is solely interested
in money.
13) Reinforcement:Even a child knows that.
(vi) Conjunctive adverbs:
14) Sequence:First it's important to get a job and secondly to save.
15) Equation:You must take plenty of food, and likewise warm clothes.
16) Reinforcement:The house is small and furthermore has no garden.
ø¢6-3-NT-(A)@m•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ÌŒ`n
r–ØEˆÀˆäipp.47-52)‚ÍAPalmer, H.E.(1924, p.353)‚ȂǂɂȂ炢A•›ŽŒ
i‚`‚c)‚ðŒ`‚Ìã‚Å(i)Œê‚©‚ç‚È‚éu’PˆêŒ`v‚ÆA(ii)‚QŒêˆÈã‚©‚ç‚È‚éu•¡‡Œ`v‚É•ª
‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚»‚µ‚Ä(i)‚Í‚³‚ç‚É very ‚Ȃǂ̔ñ”h¶•›ŽŒAeasily ‚Ȃǂ̔h¶•›ŽŒA slow
‚Ȃǂ¢‚í‚ä‚é flat adverb ‚ɉºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚³‚êA(ii)‚Í‚³‚ç‚Évery strong ‚Ȃǂâ‘O’uŽŒ‹å
‚Ȃǂ̕›ŽŒ‹åA‚»‚ê‚É•›ŽŒß‚ɉºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚³‚ê‚éB
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì(i)`(iv)‚ð‚·‚×‚Ä•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚ƌĂÔB
(i) ‚ЂƂ‚̎åŒ`‘Ô‘f‚©‚ç‚È‚é•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj ivery, hard, etc.)
(ii) -ly ‚ȂǕ›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚ð‚Æ‚à‚È‚¢‚Q‚ˆÈã‚ÌŒ`‘Ô‘f‚©‚ç‚È‚é•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj
(slowly, clockwise, etc.)
(iii) ‚Q‚ˆÈã‚̌ꂩ‚ç‚È‚é•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‹å (very slowly, etc.)
(iv) •›ŽŒi‚`‚cjß (When I told a lie, etc.)
ø¢6-3-NT-(B)@m-lyn
Peters, A.M. (in Fletcher & MacWhinney, p.466)‚ÍA‚±‚̂悤‚È -ly ‚ð
"adverbializer"(•›ŽŒ‰»Žqj‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éBi‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉA-er ‚ð"agentive" A-ness
‚â -ity‚ð"nominalizer" A-ize‚ð"causative" A -er ‚ð"comparative" ‚ȂǂƌĂѕª
‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚éj‚±‚Ì–{‚Ìu“]Š·ŽqviCVTj‚ÆŽ—‚½”‘z‚Å‹»–¡[‚¢B
-ly ‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍA–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚É•t‰Á‚³‚êAŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚ðì‚éAŒ¾‚í‚ÎA
"adjectivalizer"(Œ`—eŽŒ‰»Žqj‚ƂłàŒÄ‚Ԃׂ«‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚éB
1) monthly, friendly, bubbly, lovely
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚¢‚í‚ä‚é flat adverbs ‚ÍA
2) He spoke loud and clear.
3) I'll doubtless see you tomorrow.
4) Take it easy. (r–ØEˆÀˆä p.522)
5) Think different.(MacƒRƒ“ƒsƒ…-ƒ^-‚ÌLj
‚±‚Ì–{‚ł͌`—eŽŒi‚`j{OM-NI“]Š·ŽqiOM-NI CVTj‚Ì
‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɶ‚Ýo‚³‚ê
‚éB(—á‚Í 2) ‚Ì loud and clear)
6) (loud and clear)
‚`‚c
^ _
CVT[OM-NI] ‚`
(
) iloud and clear)
ø¢6-4-NT-(A)@m‚`‚c‚̶‹N•ª•z‚Æì—pˆæn
McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.632)‚ÍAprobably, intentionally, completely ‚Ì
‚R‚‚̕›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚̶‹N•ª•z‚ªŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚é‚Æ‚±‚ë‚©‚çA
1) The enemy will have destroyed the village
È È È È È^CÈD
probably OK OK OK ?? – OK
intentionally – – OK OK OK –
completely – – H OK OK –
2) The village will have been destroyed by the enemy.
È È È È È È È^CÈD
probably OK OK OK H ?? – – OK
intentionally – – H OK OK OK OK –
completely – – H H OK OK H –
probably ‚Í‚r‚ðAintentionally ‚Í‚uf‚ðAcompletely ‚Í‚u‚ð modify ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é
‚Æl‚¦‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚éB‚Ü‚½A‚±‚ÌŒ©•û‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚±‚ê‚ç‚R‚‚̕›ŽŒ‚Í‚»‚ꂼ‚ê
ad-‚rCad-‚uf, ad-‚u‚ƌĂԂׂ«‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
‚½‚¾‚µA‚`‚c‚̶‹N•ª•z‚Æì—pˆæ‚ÌŠÔ‚Éãk–§‚ÅŠm‚©‚È‘ŠŒÝŠÖŒW‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚Ç‚¤‚©‚É‚Â
‚¢‚Ă͋c˜_‚Ì—]’n‚ª‚ ‚éB‚»‚à‚»‚àA‚ ‚é‚`‚c‚Ìì—pˆæ‚ª‚Ç‚±‚܂łȂ̂©‚Æ‚¢‚¤”»’莩
‘Ì‚ªƒlƒCƒeƒCƒu‚ÌŠÔ‚Å‚à‚µ‚΂µ‚Έӌ©‚ª‚í‚©‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á•¶‚ÅA
3) Max left yesterday.
yesterday ‚Í“®ŽŒileftj‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ‚·‚é‚Ì‚ªˆê”Ê“I‚Å‚ ‚邪AKaplan,J.P.(p.124j‚ÍA
(time modifiers‚݂͂Èj S modifying ‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚éB‚Ü‚½A•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Ìì—pˆæ‚Í
•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚̈ʒu‚¾‚¯‚łȂƒRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg‚É‚æ‚Á‚ĉe‹¿‚ðŽó‚¯‚邱‚Æ‚à‘½‚¢B•›ŽŒ
i‚`‚c)‚ÌoŒ»êŠ‚Æì—pˆæ‚Ƃ̊֌W‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍASwan, M.(1995, pp.20-27)‚âˆÀˆä
(1996, pp.150ff)‚ªÚ‚µ‚¢‚ªAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚`‚c‚̈ʒu‚Æì—pˆæ‚ÌŠÖŒW‚ð‰ðà‚µ‚·‚¬‚é
‚±‚Æ‚ÍT‚܂˂΂Ȃç‚È‚¢‚ÆŽv‚¤B
ø¢6-4-NT-(B)@m•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚̕ėp–@‚Ɖp—p–@n
Swan,M.(pp.26-27)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ɂ͕ėp–@‚Ɖp—p–@‚ňقȂé
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤B
1)a. Am: He probably has arrived by now. (US normal?)
b. Br: He has probably arrived by now.
2)a. Am: Britain long has been known as a land of law and order.
Br: Britain has long been known as a land of law and order.
3)a. Am: Labor Party often has criticized police actions.
b. Br: Labour party has often criticised police actions.
ø¢6-4-NT-(C)@m•¶––‚Ì‚`‚c:Vî•ñn
ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Í\‘¢ãiÈ—ª‰Â”\‚Ȃǂ̗—R‚ÅjŒy‚ˆÊ’u‚Ã
‚¯‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚ªA•¶––‚Ì•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ÍAˆÓ–¡‚Ìã‚ł͂µ‚΂µ‚Îd—v‚È“‚«‚ð‚·‚éB
‚»‚Ì——R‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
(i)ˆê”Ê“I‚ɂ͕¶––‚ÉVî•ñ‚ª‚‚é
(ii)ˆê”Ê“I‚ɂ͕¶––‚É‚`‚c‚ª‚‚é
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA
(iii) ˆê”Ê“I‚É•¶––‚ÉVî•ñ‚ð‚à‚‚`‚c‚ª‚‚éB
ŽŸ‚Ì—áŽQÆBicf. –Ȋтق©Ap.9 )
... it is usually the last of the phrases which feels most important.
1) A man suddenly came into the room with a gun.
(the man's suddenly coming into the room was less surprising
than the fact that he was carrying a gun.)
2) A man with a gun came into the room suddenly.
(the suddenness of his entry was more important than his
having been carrying a gun at the time.)
ø¢6-4-NT-(D)@mŽg‚¢•û‚̂ނ‚©‚µ‚¢•›ŽŒi‚`‚cjn
‚»‚Ì‘¼AŠO‘lŠwKŽÒ‚ɂƂÁ‚ÄŽg‚¢•û‚̓‚¢•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAŽŸ
‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB
(i) <quite>
quite ‚Í u‚ƂĂà=veryv‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å‚àu‚©‚È‚è=fairly,ratherv‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å
‚àŽg‚í‚êAŽŸ‚Ì—á•¶‚ÍAmE‚Å‚Í2‚‚̈Ӗ¡‚ ‚èB
1) That's quite good.
(ii) <fairly vs rather>
fairly ‚Í–]‚Ü‚µ‚¢idesirable)Ž‘Ž¿‚ð•\‚µArather ‚Í‚»‚¤‚łȂ¢‚à‚Ì‚ð
•\‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA
2)a. fairly warm(warm enough) (Quirk et al. 1985, p.446)
b. rather warm(too warm)
(iii) <very vs much>
Œ`—eŽŒ‚ðCü‚·‚鋈ӌê (adjectival intensifier) ‚Ì very ‚Æ “®ŽŒ‚ðC
ü‚·‚鋈ӌê (verbal intensifier) ‚Ì much/very muchA ‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½ƒ‹-ƒ‹‚ÍA
3)a. Margaret is very similar to her mother.(Mc., 1988, p.183)
b. *Margaret very resembles her mother.
4)a. *Margaret is similar to her mother very much.
b. Margaret resembles her mother very much.
‚‚¸‚ê‚‚‚ ‚邯‚·‚é•¶–@‰Æ‚à‚¢‚éB (cf. ˆÀˆäA 1944, p.625)
(iv) <enough vs sufficiently>
enough ‚Æ sufficiently ‚ÍA“¯‚¶ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚ ‚邪A“oê‚·‚éꊂªˆÙ‚È‚éB
5)a. John is old enough/*sufficiently to get married.
b. John is sufficiently/*enough old to get married.
ø¢6-5-NT@mꊂð•\‚·•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ÆŽž‚ð•\‚·•›ŽŒi‚`‚cjn
ꊂð•\‚·•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚ÆŽž‚ð•\‚·•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚ª‹¤‹N‚·‚邯‚«‚É‚ÍAˆê”ʂɑO
ŽÒ‚ª“®ŽŒi‚u)‚ɋ߂¢ˆÊ’u‚ðè‚ß‚éB‚±‚ê‚Í‘OŽÒ‚Ì•û‚ª‹ïÛ“I‚ÅŒãŽÒ‚Ì•û‚ª‚æ‚è’ŠÛ“I‚Å
‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤Ž–ŽÀ‚Æ[‚¢ŠÖŒW‚ª‚ ‚邯Žv‚í‚ê‚éBde Villers & de Villers(pp.97-98)‚É‚æ
‚ê‚ÎAŒêœb‚ÌK“¾‡˜‚É‚à Location(where‚È‚Çj¨Time (when‚È‚Çj‚Ì—¬‚ꂪ‚ ‚邯
‚¢‚¤B