ø¢7-1-NT-(A)@m‹üÜÚŽ«‚Æ”h¶ÚŽ«n
‚m^‚`^‚u^‚`‚c^‚rŠg[Žq‚Ì‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚É (i)ÚŽ«ƒŒƒxƒ‹A(ii)ŒêƒŒƒxƒ‹A
(iii)‹åƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éBi‚½‚¾‚µA‚rŠg[Žq‚ÉÚŽ«ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Ì‚à‚̂͂Ȃ¢j
ÚŽ«ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ð‚³‚ç‚É‹üÜÚŽ«(inflectional affix)‚Æ”h¶ÚŽ«
(derivational affix)‚É•ª‚¯‚邱‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«‚éB‘OŽÒ‚Í‚»‚Ì”‚ªŒÀ‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚èA‚¢‚í‚Î
•‚¶‚ç‚êiclosedj‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚Ü‚½A‚ЂƂ•t‰Á‚³‚ê‚邯‚»‚êˆÈãd‚˂ĕt‰Á‚³‚ê‚邱‚Æ
‚ð‹–‚³‚È‚¢Bˆê•ûAŒãŽÒ‚Í‚»‚Ì”‚ª–³”‚É‘¶Ý‚·‚éA‚µ‚©‚àd‚˂ĕt‰Á‚³‚ꂤ‚邯‚¢‚¤
“_‚ÅŠJ‚©‚ê‚Äiopenj‚¢‚éBicf.ˆÀˆäA1996, p.85)
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚·‚ׂĂÌÚŽ«‚𕛌`‘Ô‘f‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤‚ªA”h¶ÚŽ«‚Í•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚Å
‚ ‚è‚È‚ª‚ç‚æ‚èŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚ɋ߂A‹üÜÚŽ«‚Í‚æ‚è•›Œ`‘Ô‘f–{—¬‚ɋ߂¢‚à‚̂Ƃµ‚Ĉʒu‚Ã
‚¯‚ç‚ê‚éB
ø¢7-1-NT-(B)@m‹t¬n
editor ¨ edit ‚̂悤‚ÉAu”h¶v(derivation)‚Ƃ͋t‚ɶ‚Ýo‚³‚ê‚éƒP|ƒX
‚ðu‹t¬v(backformation)‚ƌĂÔB‚½‚¾‚µAedit/editor ‚ª”h¶(edit ¨ editor)‚È‚Ì
‚©‹t¬(editor ¨ edit)‚Ȃ̂©‚ÍA—ðŽj“I‚ɂ͋»–¡[‚¢‚±‚Ƃł ‚Á‚Ä‚àA‹¤Žž“I‚ɂ͂·
‚łɗ¼ŽÒ‚Æ‚à‰¡•À‚тɑ¶Ý‚·‚é‚à‚̂ł ‚èA“Á‚ÉŠO‘lŠwKŽÒ‚ɂ͑傫‚È–â‘è‚ł͂Ȃ¢
B‚Þ‚µ‚ëAreckless ‚â sightseer ‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‚Í‚ ‚邪 *reck ‚â *sightsee‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‚Í‚È
‚¢A‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½analogy‚ð‹–‚³‚È‚¢ŒÂX‚Ì—á‚Ì•û‚ªŠO‘lŠwKŽÒ‚ɂ͖â‘è‚Æ‚È‚éB
ø¢7-3-NT-(A)@m—áŠO“I‹K‘¥Œ`n
‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA–{•¶‚̉ðàA
(i) •ꉹ/—LºŽq‰¹{-s/z/
(ii) –³ºŽq‰¹{-s/s/
(iii) Ž•ŽC‰¹{-es/iz/
‚É‚ÍA‘½‚‚Ì—áŠO‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚éB‚±‚Ì—áŠO‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɃXƒyƒŠƒ“ƒO‚¾‚¯‚ªˆÙ‚È‚é‚à
‚Ìi(iv)‚Æ(v))‚â‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚ª•À‘¶‚·‚é‚à‚Ìi(vi)‚Æ(vii))‚à‚ ‚éBicf.¬“cA
‰ºApp.286-287)
(iv) -o ‚ÌŒã
1)a. autos, photos, solos, pianos, videos, studios,
kilos
b. echoes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes
c. mosquito(e)s, volcano(e)s, tornado(e)s, zero(e)s
(v) -y ‚ÌŒã
2)a. days, boys, guys, donkeys, Kennedys, Februarys
b. babies, ladies, ferries, parties, pennies
(vi) - f‚ÌŒã
3)a. /fs/: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, safes
b. /vz/: calves, leaves, selves, wolves, halves, lives,
shelves, knives
(vii) -th ‚ÌŒã
4)a. /
s/:deaths, smiths
b. /ðz/:sheathsi¬¼‚Ù‚©‚Å‚Í/
s/&/ðz/j
c. /
s/ or /ðz/:oaths/wreaths
ø¢7-3-NT-(B)@m’Ê—áA•¡”/’P”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`n
‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`‚ÌŒ`‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ä‚àA(i)’Ê—áA•¡”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‚à‚ÌA‚ÆA
(ii)’Ê—áA’P”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‚à‚ÌA‚ª‚ ‚éB
(i) ’Ê—áA•¡”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì
1) buttocks, clothes, congratulations, customs, contents, funds,
goods, leftovers, manners, odds, outskirts, savings, steps(a
flight of steps), surroundings, thanks, valuables, belongings,
explosives, pajamas, pants, scissors, binoculars, glasses, etc.
(ii) ’Ê—áA’P”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì
2) the United States, measles, mathematics, physics, news, etc.
ø¢7-3-NT-(C)@m•¡‡Œê‚Ì•¡”Œ`n
•¡‡Œê‚Ì•¡”Œ`‚ɂ͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB1) ` 6) ‚ÍA‘ã•\“I‚È—áB
(i) ÅŒã‚ÌŒê‚ð•¡”Œ`‚É‚·‚é‚à‚Ì
1) good-for-nothings(‚낂łȂµ)
(ii) ʼn‚ÌŒê‚ð•¡”Œ`‚É‚·‚é‚à‚Ì
2) lookers-on(Œ©•¨lj
(iii) (i)‚Æ(ii)‚Ì—¼•û‚ðŽ‚Â‚à‚Ì
3) mother-in-laws/mothers-in-law
4) father-in-laws/fathers-in-law
5) court marshals(less formal)/courts marshal(formal) (Swan,p.524)
(iv) 2‚‚̌ê‚ð‚Æ‚à‚É•¡”Œ`‚É‚·‚é‚à‚Ì
6) women writers(——¬ì‰Æj
ø¢7-4-NT@m‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`‚Ì—¼•û‚ðŽ‚Â‚à‚Ìn
•s‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍA‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚Ì—¼•û‚ðŽ‚Â‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍA
(i)‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚ª“¯‹`‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ÆA(ii)•ʂ̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚Â‚à‚ÌA‚É•ª‚©‚ê‚éB‘ã•\“I‚È
—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚邯B
(i) ‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚ª“¯‹`‚Ì‚à‚Ì>
1) nucleus - nuclei/nucleuses
2) radius - radii/radiuses
3) formula - formulae/formulas[z]
(ii) ‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚ª•ʂ̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚Â‚à‚Ì>
4) antenna - antennas(ƒAƒ“ƒeƒi)/antennae(GŠpj
5) die - dies(ƒ_ƒCƒXŒ^)/dice(ƒTƒCƒRƒ)
ø¢7-5-NT-(A)@mthe:given info/topic vs a(n):new info/commentn
ˆê”Ê“I‚ÉA‹Œî•ñ(given info)‚Í the ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä“±‚©‚êAVî•ñ(new info)‚Í
a(n) ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä“±‚©‚ê‚éB
Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.271)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
...given information, tends to take the definite article, while new
information, somewhat independently of word order, tends to take the
indefinite article.
‚Ü‚½ABaker, C.L.(1989, p.179) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAthe ‚Íregistered —p–@Aa(n)
‚Í unregistered —p–@‚ƂȂéB
... A definite noun phrase must be used if the entity is already
registered in the discourse; an indefinite noun phrase must be
used if the entity is unregistered.
Baker ‚Ì—á•¶‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂Ƃ¨‚èB
1)a. On the way to market yesterday, we met a man and
a woman. The man was playing a fiddle, and the
woman was playing a guitar.i‚±‚Ì the ‚Í‚n‚jj
b.? On the way to market yesterday, we met the man and
the woman. The man was playing a fiddle, and the
woman was playing a guitar.i‚¢‚«‚È‚è the ‚Í "odd")
c.? On the way to market yesterday, we met a man and
a woman. A man was playing a fiddle, and a woman
was playing a guitar.ia ‚ÌŒJ‚è•Ô‚µ‚Í "unnatural")
ø¢7-5-NT-(B)@mspecific indefinite vs non-specific indefiniten
Kaplan J.P.(p.166) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•s’èiindefinitej‚Ì a(n) ‚É‚Í(i)u˜bŽÒ
‚à’®ŽÒ‚à‚»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢v”ñ“Á’è“Iinon-specificj‚È—p–@‚ÆA(ii)u˜bŽÒ‚Í‚»
‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邪A’®ŽÒ‚Í‚»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢v“Á’è“I‚Èispecificj—p–@‚ª‚ ‚é
‚Æ‚¢‚¤BŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚Í(i)‚ÌA2) ‚Í(ii)‚Ì—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
1) Nancy wants to marry a Canadian. She has flown to
Winnipeg to try and meet a nice one.
2) Nancy wants to marry a Canadian. Her family has
met him and they're dead set against it.
‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñAã‚Å a Canadian ‚ªŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚̂悤‚É the Canadian‚ƂȂê‚ÎA
the ‚Íu˜bŽÒ‚à’®ŽÒ‚à‚»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚év’èidefinitej—p–@‚ƂȂéB
3) Nancy wants to marry the Canadian. Her father wouldn't accept
him, though.
‚È‚¨AˆÀˆäi1982, p.62)AˆÀˆä(1996, p.129)‚É‚à“¯—l‚̉ðà‚ª‚ ‚éB
ø¢7-5-NT-(C)@mo‚ ‚ép(ando‚ЂƂ‚Ìp)n
a(n) ‚É‚Íí‚Éo•s’èp‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª‚ ‚邪Aí‚Éo‚ЂƂ‚Ìp‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª‚ ‚邯
‚ÍŒÀ‚ç‚È‚¢BŽŸ‚Ì—á(McCawley, p.87)‚ÅA
1) a. Yesterday there occurred a tragic event.
b. Yesterday there occurred two tragic events.
c. *Yesterday there occurred that tragic event.
1-a) ‚Ì a ‚ÍAo•s’èp{o‚ЂƂ‚Ìp‚Å‚ ‚邪AŽŸ‚Ì—á(”ª–ØAp.218)‚Å‚ÍA
2) a. We ordered a coffee. {o‚ЂƂ‚Ìp
b. A silence dropped between them. |o‚ЂƂ‚Ìp
2-a)‚Ì a ‚Í”‚ð•\‚µA2-b) ‚Ì a ‚Í‚¢‚í‚ä‚éŽí—Þ‚ð•\‚·—p–@‚Å *one silence ‚Ƃ͌¾‚¦
‚¸A”‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邯‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B ‚È‚¨A‚±‚̂悤‚È non-quantitative ‚Ì a(n) ‚É‚Â
‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAHuddleston & Pullum(p.372)‚ðŽQÆ‚³‚ꂽ‚¢B
ø¢7-5-NT-(D)@ma(n) ‚ÌÈ—ªn
–{—ˆ‚ÍAa(n) ‚ð‚‚¯‚ÄŽg‚í‚ê‚é‰ÂŽZ–¼ŽŒ‚àƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€‚Ì’†‚ł͂‚¯‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ
‚ª‘½‚¢B(cf. 7-8-NT-(H))
1)a. get a license to hunt
b. produced on license
2)a. in a day or two
b. day by day
3)a. *a strange kind of a mammal
b. a strange kind of mammal (’rãE’rãAp.40)
ø¢7-6-NT@m/ey/‚Æ”‰¹‚³‚ê‚é a n
Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.272)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚‚̃P[ƒX‚Å
a ‚Í /ey/ ‚Æ”‰¹‚³‚ê‚éB
(i) The stressed form of the indefinite article is /ey/ and is usually
a citation form:
1) The indefinite article is most frequently realized as a.
(ii) However, on rare occasions this stressed form also occurs as an
emphatic contrastive form in natural speech, as in the Peanuts
cartoon script ....
2) "Peanuts" cartoon:
Frame 1:Girl standing at front door with Snoopy says:
there's a dog here who wants to come in.
Frame 2:Snoopy thinks:
Not "A dog"..."The" dog!i‚ ‚̃Xƒk[ƒs[‚³‚Ü‚ªA‚Å
‚µ‚åj
ø¢7-7-NT@ma(n){‚`{‚m‚•n
(i) ˆÀˆäi1994, p.57)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
Ž¿—Ê–¼ŽŒ‚É‚ÍAa ‚â the ‚͂‚©‚È‚¢B‚½‚¾‚µAŒÀ’èCüŒê‹å‚ª‚‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚ĉÂ
ŽZ–¼ŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄÄ•ª—Þ‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚̂͂±‚ÌŒÀ‚è‚ł͂Ȃ¢B
1) What we need most of all is peace.(*a/*the peace)
2) A peace like the one we know now is exceptional in history.
(ii) de Cheneip.85j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
3) a delicious wineu‚¨‚¢‚µ‚¢ƒƒCƒ“i‚̈êŽíjv
‚ÍA–{—ˆ‚È‚ç‚Εs‰ÂŽZ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Í‚¸‚Ì–¼ŽŒ(‚m)‚ªAu‚m‚ÌŽí—Þv‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚̉ŽZ–¼ŽŒ‚Æ‚µ
‚ÄŽg‚í‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é—áA‚ƂȂéB
(iii) ‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȓ‚àB iSwanA1995Ap.139)
4)a. We need a secretary with a first-class knowledge of German.
b. *We need a secretary with first-class knowledge of German.
5)a. My parents wanted me to have a good education.
b. *My parents wanted me to have good education.
ˆê•û‚ÅA
6)a. My father enjoys very good health.
b. *My father enjoys a very good health.
7)a. We're having terrible weather.
b. *We're having a terrible weather.
ø¢7-8-NT-(A)@mthe ‚Ì•p“xn
Hofland & Johansson ‚Ì LOB RANK LIST ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAthe ‚Í 68315 ‰ñ‚ÅA
‘S’PŒê‚Ì’†‚ňê”Ô•p“x‚ª‚‚¢B‚¿‚Ȃ݂ɂQˆÊ‚Í of ‚Ì 35716 ‰ñ‚Å‚ ‚éB
ø¢7-8-NT-(B)@mdefinite ‚Æ‚Ín
u‘ŠŽè‚ª‚»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚éA‚Ƙb‚µŽè‚ªl‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚év(I expect you to be able
to identify the referent, Huddleston & Pullum, p.368)‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚̉ºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚Í
–{•¶‚Å‚ÍARutherford, W.(1998, p.31)‚âˆÀˆä(1982, p.63)‚ðŽQl‚É‚µ‚Ă܂Ƃ߂½B
Rutherford ‚ÍADefiniteness ‚ð‚ ‚ç‚í‚·the ‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈꇂɎg‚í
‚ê‚邯‚¢‚¤B
(i) inherently unique common nouns:
1) the earth, the moon, ...
(ii) visible to speaker and/or hearer:
2) the door, the window, ...
(iii) generally expected or assumed to be present:
3) the police station, the post office, ...
(iv) prior mention:(I bought a new house)
4) It/The house has seven rooms/The place is terrific.
(v) associative anaphora(parts,attributes):(I bought a new house)
5) The kitchen is rather large/the price was high.
(vi) inherent property:
6) the jovial and witty Henry Kissinger
cf.a sullen and snappish Henry kissinger
cf.*a/*the Henry Kissinger
(vii) referent-establishing relative clauses:
7) I talked with the one/only/last student who needed help.
cf.?I talked with the one/only/last student.
(viii) referent-establishing noun complement:
8) the fact that the world is round
9) the need to eliminate guns
(ix) apposition
10) The/*A color blue is my favorite.
(x) genericness:
11) The lizard is a reptile.
ˆÀˆäi1982, pp.63-65j‚ÍA’èŠ¥ŽŒ‚ÍAˆê”ʂɘb‚µŽè‚ɂƂÁ‚Ä‚¾‚¯‚łȂA
•·‚«Žè‚ɂƂÁ‚Ä‚àA‚»‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŽw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªŠù’m‚Å‚ ‚邯˜b‚µŽè‚ªl‚¦‚é
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚Èꇂɗp‚¢‚ç‚ê‚邯‚·‚éB
(i) ‚·‚Å‚Éq‚ׂç‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚ð•\‚·ê‡
12) I saw a bench in the shade. I went to the bench and
sat down.
(ii) ŽüˆÍ‚Ì󋵂ł»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚é‚à‚Ì‚ð•\‚·ê‡
13) Shut the door, please. It's cold.
(iii) ŒÀ’肳‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚ð•\‚·ê‡
14) The water of the fountain was cool.
(iv) Å㋉‚ð•\‚·ê‡
15) Who is the tallest in this class?
(v) —Bˆê–³“ñ‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ð•\‚·ê‡
16) The sun set below the horizon.
(vi) Ží—Þˆê”Êi•¶Í‘Ìj‚ð•\‚·ê‡
17) The owl cannot see well in the daytime.
(vii) е—p‚ð•\‚·ê‡
18) People in the country rise early in the morning.
‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍA‚³‚ç‚ÉAˆÀˆäi1994, pp.440-441)‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉŠÈŒ‰‚ɂ܂Ƃ߂ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB
(i) Žw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªæs‚ÌŒ¾Œê“I•¶–¬‚©‚ç‚í‚©‚éê‡B
19) Have you heard about Tom? The poor boy has fallen
down the stairs.
(ii) Žw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª–¼ŽŒ‚ÌŒã‚É‚‚錾Œê“I•¶–¬‚©‚ç‚í‚©‚éê‡B
20) The girl who left just now is John's daughter.
(iii) Žw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªŒ¾ŒêŠO‚Ì•¶–¬i‰ï˜b‚Ìê–Êj‚©‚ç‚í‚©‚éê‡B
21) Do not feed the animals.
(iv) Žw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª•·‚«Žè‚Ì‚à‚ˆê”Ê“I’mޝ‚©‚ç‚í‚©‚éê‡B
22) How deep is the Mediterranean?
ø¢7-8-NT-(C)@massociative anaphora: then
–{•¶’†‚Ì—á•¶(29)‚ÍARutherford, W.(p.31)‚©‚ç‚Ì‚à‚̂ł ‚éB
1) I bought a new house. The kitchen is rather large.
‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉARutherford ‚Í‚±‚̂悤‚È the ‚ð associative anaphora ‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éB
ˆÀˆäi1982, p.63)‚ÌŽŸ‚Ì The (builder) ‚â the (villagers) ‚à“¯‚¶—á‚Æ
l‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
2) There was a temple in a village. The builder was an old man
and he was loved by the villagers.
ø¢7-8-NT-(D)@ma(n)/the/
‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯n
a(n)/the/
‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAׂ©‚¢ƒ‹|ƒ‹‚ðŠo‚¦‚é‚̂ł͂ȂAŽŸ‚Ì
‚悤‚È‚¨Žè–{(Jones, L., p.47)‚ðˆÃ‹L‚·‚é‚Ì‚ª‹ß“¹‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
As a writer, I seem to spend
most of the time working in my office
at
home, sitting alone in front of a/the computer. In fact, the only
people I see regularly are the members of my family when they get home from
work or
school. Otherwise, I don't have much contact with
people,
and I'm sorry that I haven't kept in
touch with the friends I made at
college. I often get
letters and
phone calls from the/
people at
the publisher's, though, and I try to get out of the house at least once a
day ....
ø¢7-8-NT-(E)@ma/the ‚Í Det ‚© ‚` ‚©n
‚wf—˜_‚Å‚ÍA‚m‚o‚ð‚‚‚éDET ‚Æ‚mf‚ð‚‚‚é‚`‚Æ‚ð‹æ•Ê‚·‚éBŽŸ‚̂悤
‚ÉB(Thomas, L., 1993, p.88)
NP
^ _
DET ‚mf
b ^ _
b ‚` ‚m
b b b
the fat dog
ˆê•ûADet‚Ȃǂà‚`‚Ƃ݂Ȃ·•¶–@‰Æ‚à‚¢‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAAlexander, L.G.(1988,
p.80)‚ÍAmy, its ‚Ȃǂð adjectives ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•ª—Þ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
ø¢7-8-NT-(F)@mthe: stressed/unstressedn
Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.272)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
... the ... has four different pronunciations. The two pronunciations
... unstressed forms are:
/ð
/ before consonant sounds
the book/unit/song
/ðiy/ before vowel sounds
the apple/orange/elephant
The third and fourth pronunciations -- stressed /ð
/ and stressed /ðiy/
are stressed versions of the above forms, which alternate as possible
citation forms.
Emphatic use of the definite article is pronounced as stressed /ðiy/:
Citation: The word the has four pronunciations.(stressed /ð
/ or /ðiy/)
Emphatic: I met THE Elizabeth Taylor. (stressed /ðiy/)
ø¢7-8-NT-(G)@mthe{‚`n
‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È the + ‚`‚©‚ç‚È‚é–¼ŽŒi‚m)‹å‚ª‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŒ©‚ç‚ê‚éB
(i) l(=people)‚ð•\‚·
1) the blind
2) the unemployed
(ii) •¨(=things)‚ð•\‚·
3) the supernatural
4) the latest
‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌŒ`‚Í‚½‚Ô‚ñ‚ɃCƒfƒCƒIƒ€“I‚ÅAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚Í”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢B
5) *the foreign
6) *the happy
7) *the loved ˆÀˆä(1994, p.334)
ˆÀˆä(1994, pp.333ff)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA—Ⴆ‚ÎAthe blind ‚Í Œ`—eŽŒ‹NŒ¹‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚Æ
‚µ‚ÄA‚¢‚í‚ÎAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê‚éB
8) (the) blind
‚m
^ _
‚`
(blind)
‚½‚¾‚µA‚à‚¤ˆê‚‚̉”\«‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È•ªÍ‚àl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
9) (the) blind
‚m
^ _
‚` ‚m
(blind) (people ¨
)
‚±‚Ì
‚ÍA•¶–¬‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ă킩‚éA‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAd•¡‚É‚æ‚ç‚È‚¢optional ‚È
‚Å‚ ‚éB
ø¢7-8-NT-(H)@ma(n)/the ‚ÌÈ—ªn
ˆÀˆä(1994, p.439)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŠ¥ŽŒ‚É‚ÍA(i)’èŠ¥ŽŒ theA(ii)•s’èŠ¥ŽŒ a(n)A
(iii)ƒ[ƒŠ¥ŽŒ‚Ì‚RŽí‚ª‚ ‚éB
1) the book, the milk
2) a book
3) books, milk
‚±‚Ì‚¤‚¿Aƒ[ƒŠ¥ŽŒ‚ÉŒ©‚ç‚ê‚é‚QŽí—ނ̈Ӗ¡‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚‚ª‚ ‚éB(p.448)
(i) ‘Ì“I—p–@
4) Mangos are a kind of fruit.
(ii) ‚ ‚éW‡‚Ì’†‚Ì•s’蔂̬ˆõ‚ÉŒ¾‹y‚·‚é—p–@
5) Please don't lock the door yet. There are still people
to come.
Huddleston & Pullum(p.409) ‚ÍA“úí¶Šˆ‚ňê”Ê“I‚ÈêŠAŒð’ÊŽè’iAHŽ–
‚Ȃǂ̕\Œ»‚âƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€•\Œ»‚ł͊¥ŽŒ‚ª‚‚©‚È‚¢‚Æ‚·‚éB
6) Ed is in hospital/went to school/went off stage.
[activities linked to locations]
7) They are out of place/off target/on call.
[indications of status]
8) We went by bicycle/communicate by email.
[transport and media]
9) We had lunch on the terrace.
[meals]
10) at dawn, by daybreak, before sunrise
[times]
11) arm in arm, back to back, day after day
[repeated nouns]
12) from father to son, from beginning to end
[matched nouns]
‚½‚¾‚µA
13)a. Ed is in bed. (resting/sleeping) (ibid.)
b. There are fleas in the bed.
14)a. Ed is in prison.(serving time)
b. There was a riot in the prison.
‚Ü‚½A
15)a. *Ed is at desk.(studying) (ibid.)
b. *Ed is at computer.(working)
c. *Ed is in kitchen.(cooking)
‚È‚¨AQuirk et al.(1985, p.246)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì16-b)‚̂悤‚ÉAarticle contrast
‚̂Ȃ¢–³Š¥ŽŒino articlej‚Æ‚»‚ê‚ðŽ‚Âƒ[ƒŠ¥ŽŒ(zero article)‚Æ‚ð‹æ•Ê‚·‚éB
16)a. I like Sid. [NO ARTICLE]
b. I like music. [ZERO ARTICLE]
cf. I think the music is too loud in here.
ø¢7-9-NT-(A)@m‚mŠg[Žq:o•s’èp/o’èp/o”—Êp/oŽwަpn
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íicf.7-5`7-9jA‚mŠg[ŽqiŒêƒŒƒxƒ‹j‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚S‚Â‚ðŽæ‚è‚
‚°‚½B
(i) ‚mŠg[Žqo•s’èpINDFFa(n)
(ii) ‚mŠg[Žqo’èpDEFFthe
(iii) ‚mŠg[Žqo”—ÊpQUANTFone, some, a few, a little, many, much,
no, etc.
(iv) ‚mŠg[ŽqoŽwަpDEMFfirst, last, this, those, each, every,
all, etc.
‚±‚ê‚ç‚Í•¶–@‰Æ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‚ÍAdeterminers, numerals, quantifiers ‚ȂǂƌĂ΂ê‚éB
Quirk et al.(1985, p.253)‚Å‚ÍAdeterminatives ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂ܂Ƃ߂ç
‚ê‚éB
<Determinatives>
(i) Central determiners: the, a(n)
(ii) Predeterminers: all, both, half, double (the sun), one-third (the
time), such (a surprise), etc.
(*all both girls(mutually exclusive))
(iii) Postdeterminers:
a) numerals:three, first, etc.
b) quantifiers: few, a large number of, many, a lot of, etc.
‚Ü‚½ALobeck, A.(p.96)‚Å‚ÍAGrammatical Categories in Noun Phrases ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂ܂Ƃ߂ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB
(i) Determiners:articles(the/a)
demonstratives(this/that/these/those)
possesive determiners(my/your/...)
WH-determiners(which teacher/whose class, ...)
(ii) Numerals:cardinal(eight/fifteen/ninety-six, ...)
ordinal(fifth/seventh/sixteenth, ...)
"general" ordinal(last/next/previous, ...)
(iii) Quantifiers:definite(all/each/both/every,...)
indefinite(many/some/few/most/several,...)
‚±‚̂悤‚ÉA•¶–@‰Æ‚É‚æ‚èAdeterminers/numerals/quantifiers‚̃Jƒx‚Í‚»‚ꂼ‚ê”÷–
‚ɈقȂéB
ø¢7-9-NT-(B)@mher ‚Í‚`‚©EPD‚©n
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA—Ⴆ‚Î Mom's ‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚ðŽ‚ÂŒ`—eŽŒi‚`)‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚í
‚ê‚éB (cf. 8-2)
1) (Mom's)
‚`
^ _
‚m CVT[N-A]
(Mom) (-'s)
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAANA{Mom's ‚©‚ç¶‚Ü‚ê‚é her ‚à‚Ü‚½Œ`—eŽŒi‚`)‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂéBhis,
your, my ‚È‚Ç‚à“¯—l‚Å‚ ‚éB ‚±‚Ìà–¾‚͈ê•û‚Å her ‚ª this ‚â every ‚Æ“¯—l Det ‚
‚é‚¢‚Í‚mŠg[Žq‚Å‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤à–¾‚æ‚è clumsy ‚Å‚ ‚邿‚¤‚ÉŽv‚í‚ê‚éB
Det ‚Ìê‡A“¯ˆê‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚É‚Q‚ˆÈã‚‚¯‚邱‚Ƃ͂ł«‚È‚¢(mutually
exclusive)‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Ì‚ª“Á’¥‚¾‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB(cf.ˆÀˆäA1996, p.474)
2)a. *this her book
b. this book of hers
3)a. *a my own house
b. a house of my own
‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—áŠO‚à‚ ‚éB
4) her every dress(ˆÀˆäA1996, p.474)
‚±‚Ì‚ ‚½‚èA‚mŠg[Žqi‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í Detj‚ÆŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚Ƃ̋«ŠEü‚ª clear ‚łȂ¢—á‚Æ
‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂ낤‚©B
ø¢7-10-NT@mlessn
ˆÀˆäi1996, p.349j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAless ‚ð—p‚¢‚½•\Œ»‚ðA“Á‚Éu—ò“™”äŠrv
icomparison of inferiorityj‚ƌĂԂ±‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚éB—ò“™”äŠr‚ÍA
1) Mary is not as tall as Tom.
‚̂悤‚É not as/so ...as ‚ð—p‚¢‚Ä•\‚·‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«A‚±‚¿‚ç‚Ì•û‚ªA’Ê—áAless‚ð
—p‚¢‚½•\Œ»‚æ‚è‚àD‚Ü‚ê‚éBi“¯‚¶‚łȂ¢A‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃ͂æ‚è‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚Æ
˜_—ã‚͈قȂé‚Ì‚¾‚ªAŒ¾Œêã‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚Γ¯‹`‚ƂȂéj
ø¢7-11-NT@m”äŠr‹‰^Å㋉‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¢Œ`—eŽŒi‚`j^•›ŽŒi‚`‚cjn
ˆÀˆäi1994, p.60)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA’iŠK“I‚ÈŒ`—eŽŒ‚Æ•›ŽŒ‚ÍA”äŠr‚ð‹–—e‚·‚邪A
”ñ’iŠK“I‚È‚à‚̂͋–—e‚µ‚È‚¢B
1) more[most] foolish
2) more[most] carefully
‚½‚¾‚µA
3) *more[*most] atomic
4) *more[*most] absolutely
‚»‚Ì‘¼‚ÉA”ñ’iŠK“I‚Å”äŠr‹‰EÅ㋉‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¢‚à‚̂Ƃµ‚Ä‚ÍAperfect, unique
‚Ȃǂª‚ ‚éB
ø¢7-12-NT-(A)@m‚Q‚‚̂m‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ‚·‚é and/given
–{•¶’†‚Ì—á•¶(76)‚͉º‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚ðŽ‚Â‚Æ‚µ‚½‚ªA
1) (ham and eggs)
‚m
^ | _
‚m EPD ‚m
(ham) (and) (eggs)
‚±‚ê‚Í McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.524)•—‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È[‘w\‘¢‚©‚ç Conjunction
Spreading Rule ‚Æ Conjunction Deletion Rule ‚ðŒo‚͂܂ê‚邱‚ƂɂȂéB
2) (ham and eggs)
‚m
^ | _
and ‚m ‚m
(ham) (eggs)
‚Æ‚±‚ë‚ÅAã‚Ì 2) ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚Æ‹»–¡[‚¢‘ÎÆ‚ð‚È‚·B
3) (give her a ring)
‚u
^ | _
give ‚m ‚m
(her) (a ring)
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAand ‚Í EPDAgive ‚Í CVT ‚Å‚ ‚邪A‚Æ‚à‚É•¡”€‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ‚·‚é•›Œ`‘Ô
‘f‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹¤’Ê“_‚ª‚ ‚éB
ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍAand‚âgive‚ªŒ‹‹Ç‚ǂ̂悤‚È•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·‚©‚Æ
‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ªÅ‚àd—v‚Å‚ ‚éB‚³‚ç‚ÉA‚±‚ê‚炪\¬—v‘f‚Ì•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|‚ð•Ï‚¦‚é‚©A
•Ï‚¦‚È‚¢‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤”Fޝ‚ª‚Å‚«‚ê‚΂Ȃ¨—Ç‚¢‚ÆŽv‚¤B
ø¢7-12-NT-(B)@mplus:‚`‚c/CVT/EPDn
Quirk et al.(1985, p918,p920ff)‚ÍAlinkers ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŒêƒOƒ‹|ƒv‚ðݒ肵A
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂ܂Ƃ߂Ă¢‚éB
<LINKERS>
(i) Coordinators (and, but,plus,..)
(ii) Subordinators(although,for,so-that,..)
(iii) Conjuncts(yet,..)
‚Ü‚½A‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌŠÔ‚É‚Í gradience ‚ ‚èip.927)‚Æ‚µAfor ‚ȂǂÍ(i)‚Æ(ii)‚Ì’†ŠÔ‚É
ˆÊ’u‚¯‚ç‚ê‚邯‚·‚éB
ŽŸ‚Ì‚R‚Â‚Ì plus ‚ÍA(i), (ii), (iii) ‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚Ì—á‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚éB
1) Three plus two are five.
2) Three plus two is five.
3) You get the knife,the bowl, and the book. Plus you get the
free knife sharpener. (AHBEU, p.25)
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA1) ‚Í EPDA2) ‚Í CVTA3) ‚Í ‚`‚c ‚ƂȂéB
ø¢7-12-NT-(C)@m‚w and ‚x?‚x and ‚wn
ˆê”ʘ_—‚Ì¢ŠE‚Å‚ÍA‚ӂ‚¤A‚w and ‚x‚x and ‚w ‚Å‚ ‚邪AŒ¾Œê‚Ì
¢ŠE‚Å‚ÍA•K‚¸‚µ‚à‚»‚¤‚͂Ȃç‚È‚¢B(cf. Quirk et al. 1985, 13.4)
1)a. Mary studies at a university and John works at a
factory.
b. =John works at a factory and Mary studies at a
university.
2)a. He died and he was buried in the cemetery.
b. =/= He was buried in the cemetery and he died.
‚±‚ê‚Í2”Ô–Ú‚Ìunit ‚ªA‚µ‚΂µ‚Î focal prominence ‚ðŽ‚Â‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
ˆê•ûAŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÍŠµ—p“I‚È‘g‚݇‚킹‚Å‚ ‚邪A(i)`(vii)‚̂悤‚ȃ}ƒCƒi[
ƒ‹[ƒ‹‚ª“‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚邯l‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB(cf. Givón,T. p.276, ˆê•””²ˆ)
(i) Near„far:
3)a. now and then
b. *then and now
4)a. here and there
b. *there and here
(ii) Adult„young:
5)a. father and son
b. *son and father
(iii) Male„femal„young:
6)a. men, women, and children
b. *children, women and men
(iv) Singular„plural:
7)a. one and all
b. *all and one
8)a. ham and eggs
b. *eggs and ham
(v) Large„small
9)a. large and small
b. *small and large
(vi) Animate„inanimate
10)a. life and death
b. *death and life
(vii) Positive„negative
11)a. more or less
b. *less or more
12)a. good or bad
b. *bad or good
ø¢7-12-NT-(D)@mand ... respectivelyn
and ‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚΂ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚È\‘¢‚ƈӖ¡‚ð¶‚ÞB
1) John and Mary are married. (Quirk et al. 1985, p.170)
1) ‚É‚ÍA(i)uƒWƒ‡ƒ“‚ƃƒAƒŠ‚ÍŒ‹¥‚µ‚Ä•v•w‚ɂȂÁ‚Ä‚¢‚ép‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚ÆA(ii)uƒWƒ‡
ƒ“‚àƒƒAƒŠ[‚à‚»‚ꂼ‚ê•Ê‚Ì‘ŠŽè‚ÆŒ‹¥‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚ª‚ ‚èAžB–†‚Å‚ ‚éB
ŽŸ‚Ì•¶‚É‚¢‚½‚Á‚Ä‚ÍAžB–†‚³‚ð’Ê‚è‰z‚µ‚ĂقƂñ‚LjӖ¡‚ð‚È‚³‚È‚¢B
2) John and Mary played tennis against Susan and Bill.
(Quirk et al. 1985, p.954)
‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌžB–†‚³‚Ì‚¢‚‚‚©‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È Respectively Construction
iMcCawley J.D., 1988, p.536j‚É‚æ‚Á‚ĉñ”ð‚³‚ê‚éB
3) George and Martha ordered spaghetti and lasagna respectively.