ø¢10-1-NT-(A)@m“®ŽŒŒ^‚Æ‚Ín
“®ŽŒŒ^‚ð•ªÍ‚·‚邯‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤u“®ŽŒ‰»ŽqviVZj‚ª‚»‚ÌŒã
‚É‘±‚ slot ‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄŽ‚ valencyiTesnière,L.(1959)‚Ì—pŒêBcf.r–ØEˆÀˆä, pp.
1545-46)‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í invitation(cf.Baker,C.L., 1989, p.61)‚ÌŒ^‚ð•ªÍ‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚èA
“®ŽŒi‚uj‚̉ºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚ðŽŽ‚Ý‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃɂق©‚È‚ç‚È‚¢B
“®ŽŒŒ^Œˆ’è‚̎臂͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ƂȂ낤B
(i) Š®Œ‹‚©–¢Š®Œ‹‚©Bi‚u‚©VZ‚©j(cf.10-1-NT-(B))
(ii) –¢Š®Œ‹‚È‚çAVZ‚É‘±‚ slot ‚Ì”‚ÍBicf.10-1-NT-(C))
(iii) ‚»‚Ì slot ‚Ì“Á’¥B‚m^A(D)‚©‚n^‚b‚©B(cf.10-2-NT-(A))
ø¢10-1-NT-(B)@mŠ®Œ‹‚©–¢Š®Œ‹‚©n
“`“•¶–@‚Å‚ÍAuŠ®Œ‹vicompletej‚©u–¢Š®Œ‹viincompletej‚©‚Ì–â‘è
‚ÍAcomplement ‚© modifier ‚©‚Ì–â‘è‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽæ‚舵‚í‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½B‚‚܂èA‚ ‚é—v‘f‚É
‘±‚—v‘f‚ªuŒ‡‚‚ׂ©‚ç‚´‚év‚à‚Ì‚©Au‚È‚‚Ä‚à‚æ‚¢v‚à‚Ì‚©‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŠ®Œ‹^–¢Š®
Œ‹‚ªŒˆ‚܂邯‚³‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½B
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAQuirk et al.(1985, p.66)‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚ÅA
1) Greek is a more difficult language than French.
than French ‚ª more ‚Ì complement‚Å‚ ‚邯Žå’£‚·‚éB
‚Ü‚½A”äŠr“Iŋ߂̕¶–@‰Æ‚Ìà–¾‚Å‚àA—Ⴆ‚ÎABaker, C.L.(1989, pp.59
-61)‚Ìê‡Acomplement/modifier‚ðŽŸ‚Ì‚æ‚¤‚ɂƂ炦A
(i) head + complement = minimal phrase
(ii) minimal phrase + modifier = larger phrase
complement ‚Í“Á’è‚Ì head ‚Ì invitation ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•K‚¸Œ»‚ê‚é‚à‚ÌAˆê•ûAmodifier
‚Í•t‰Á‚ªŽ©—R‚È‚à‚̂ƒè‹`‚·‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì 2-a) ‚Í 2-b) ‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê
‚éB
2)a. put + some money + in the bank + on Friday
b. (verb:head)+(complement)+(complement)+(modifier)
–{—ˆA‚±‚ÌuŒ‡‚‚ׂ©‚ç‚´‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤”Fޝ‚Í syntactically ‚ÉŒˆ’肳‚ê‚é‚à
‚Ì‚ÅAsemantically ‚ÉŒˆ’肳‚ê‚é‚à‚̂ł͂Ȃ¢B‚µ‚©‚µA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚à‚»‚¤‚µ‚½‚悤‚ÉA
ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA‚µ‚΂µ‚Î semantically ‚É’è‹`‚·‚邯‚¢‚¤Žè–@‚ªŽæ‚ç‚ê‚éB‘½‚‚Ìê
‡A‚±‚ê‚ÍŒ÷‚ð‘t‚·‚邪A‚»‚¤‚łȂ¢ê‡‚à‚ ‚éB
悸Acomplementation ‚Æ modification ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚ނ‚©‚µ‚¢ê‡‚ª‘½‚¢BŽŸ
‚Ì 3) ‚Æ 4) ‚̉ºü•”‚ÍA‹`–±“I‚È complement ‚Æ‚à ”CˆÓ“I‚È adjunct ‚Æ‚à‚Æ‚ê‚éB
3) She went to the cupboard. (Young, D.J., p.103)
4) He has put the bread on a plate.
Œ‹‹ÇAQuirk et al. (1985, p.66)‚ÌŒ¾‚¤‚悤‚ÉA
"...semantic 'satisfaction' is a matter of degree."
‚Ȃ̂©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
‚³‚ç‚ÉAYoung, D.J.(p.105)‚Ì‹»–¡[‚¢—áB
5)a. The Governors presented the chairman with a medal.
b. The Governors presented a medal to the chairman.
c. *The Governors presented the chairman.
d. The Governors presented a medal.
Young‚ÍAu‚à‚µ 5-a), 5-b) ‚Å the chairman/a medal ‚ð complement‚ÆŒÄ
‚Ԃ̂ȂçAto the chairman/with a medal ‚à complement ‚ƌĂԂ̂͂à‚Á‚Æ‚à‚È‚±‚Æ
‚Å‚ ‚év‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邪A‚±‚Ƃ͂»‚¤ŠÈ’P‚ł͂Ȃ¢B‚Þ‚µ‚ëA5-a)`5-d)‚ł킩‚邱
‚Æ‚ÍAsyntactically ‚ɂ͂Q‚Â‚Ì present ‚ª‘¶Ý‚µA5-a) ‚Ípresent1{‚m{‚`‚cA
5-b) ‚Ípresent2{‚m ‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒŒ^‚Å‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃł ‚낤Bi5-a)‚ÍApresent`
with a model ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ discontinuous VZ ‚Å‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤l‚¦•û‚à‚ ‚èHj
‚³‚ç‚ÉAŒê—p˜_“IŽ‹“_‚Å‚ÍA“¯‚¶•¶‚Å‚àƒRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ă͊®Œ‹‚Ƃ݂È
‚³‚ꂽ‚èA–¢Š®Œ‹‚Ƃ݂Ȃ³‚ꂽ‚è‚·‚éꇂª‚ ‚éB —Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚ÌHer father prevented
her. ‚ÍA6-B)‚Ì‚¹‚è‚Ó(response)‚Æ‚µ‚Ă͊®Œ‹A‚½‚¾‚µA7-A)‚Ì‚¹‚è‚Ó(starter)‚Æ‚µ
‚Ă͖¢Š®Œ‹‚Å‚ ‚éB
6)A: Why didn't she marry him?
B: Her father (prevented her).
7)A: *Her father prevented her.
B: From WHAT?
Š®Œ‹^–¢Š®Œ‹‚ÍAsemantically ‚É‚Íu‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢vAsyntactically ‚É‚Í
u•¡ŽGv‚ƂȂê‚ÎA‹³ŽºŒ»ê“I‚ɂ͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚È "Oh, really?" Test ‚Å‚Ì‚èØ‚ê‚È‚¢‚à
‚Ì‚¾‚낤‚©B
8)A: I gave her a doll.
B: Oh, really?
9)A: I gave her....
B: *Oh, really?
10)A: I gave ....
B:*Oh, really?
ø¢10-1-NT-(C)@mslot ‚Ì”n
(i) [‚R“®ŽŒŒ^n
‚R‚‚̓®ŽŒŒ^‚ð’ñ¥‚µ‚½‚Ì‚ÍA‚¨‚à‚ÉA\‘¢Žå‹`Œ¾ŒêŠwŽÒ‚½‚¿istructural
linguistsj‚Å‚ ‚éB”Þ“™‚Ì‚R“®ŽŒŒ^‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ł ‚éBicf.Whitehall,H. 1956,
pp.52-54)
Sentence Situation I : Subj. + Predicate
1jJesus wept.
Sentence Situation II : Subj.+ Verb + Complement
2) The President dominated Congress.
3) The sales manager became secretary.
Sentence Situation III : Subj.+ Verb + Inner C. + Outer C.
4) The reporter gave the lady a present.
5) Tom Sawyer painted the fence white.
‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È 6) ‚ÍASubj{Discontinuous Predicator{Complement ‚Æ‚µ
‚ÄA‘æIIŒ^‚Ɋ܂܂ê‚éB
6) I help them work.
(ii) Valency
r–ØEˆÀˆäipp.1545-46) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAValencyiŒ‹‡‰¿“xj‚Í Lucien
Tesnière(1959) ‚Ì—pŒêB“®ŽŒ‚ª‚Æ‚ésˆ×€‚Ì”‚ðŒ‹‡‰¿(valence)‚Æ‚·‚ê‚ÎA
“®ŽŒ qŒê˜_—
ˆê‰¿(monovalent) ˆê€qŒê(e.g. run)
“ñ‰¿(bivalent) “ñ€qŒê(e.g. love)
ŽO‰¿(trivalent) ŽO€qŒê(e.g. give, put)
‚̂悤‚É•ª—Þ‚³‚ê‚éBi‚½‚¾‚µAQuirk et al.(1985, p.53)‚ȂǂÍAŽåŒê‚à“®ŽŒ
i‰»Žqj‚àˆê€‚É”‚¦A‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚ð two-element pattern, three-element pattern,
four-element pattern ‚̂悤‚ɌĂÔj‚±‚Ì•ªÍ‚à‚Ü‚½A‚R“®ŽŒŒ^‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚邯Žv‚í
‚ê‚éB‚½‚¾‚µA‚R“®ŽŒŒ^‚͉Ȋw“I‚łقڗáŠO‚ª‚È‚¢i¶“kEŠw¶‚ɉR‚ð‚‚©‚È‚¢j
‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚ÅD‚Ü‚µ‚¢‚ªAˆê•û‚ÅA•ªÍE‰ðÍ—Í‚ª—Ž‚¿AŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ă͕¨‘«‚è
‚È‚¢•”•ª‚à‚ ‚éB‚©‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Äu“®ŽŒ‚̊‹«‚Ì”‚¾‚¯“®ŽŒŒ^‚Í‚ ‚év‚Ȃǂƌ¾‚Á‚½‚Ì
‚ł͊wK‰p•¶–@‚ɂȂç‚È‚¢B‚»‚±‚Å‚¢‚‚‚®‚ç‚¢‚ª“K“–‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹c˜_‚ɂȂéB
(iii) [‚RˆÈã‚Ì“®ŽŒŒ^n
‚±‚ê‚Ü‚ÅA“®ŽŒŒ^‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í•¶Œ^‚Ì•ªÍ‚ðŽŽ‚Ý‚½•¶–@‰Æ‚Í‘½‚¢B‚»‚ꂼ‚ê
‚ªŽå’£‚·‚é“®ŽŒŒ^‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í•¶Œ^‚Ì”‚ÍŽŸ‚̂Ƃ¨‚è‚Å‚ ‚éB
A. Onions, C.T.(1904, 1971): ‚T“®ŽŒŒ^(forms of the predicate)
B. Palmer, F.R.(1974) : ‚Q‚V“®ŽŒŒ^(verb patterns)
C. Hornby,A.S.(1942,1954,1975):'54‚Å‚Q‚T“®ŽŒŒ^A
'75‚Å‚Q‚Ti‚‚킵‚‚Í‚S‚T)
D. Baker, C.L.(1989, pp.68-95): ‚P‚W“®ŽŒŒ^(minimal verb
phrases)
E. ˆÀ“¡’å—Yi1983, p.4jF‚W•¶Œ^B
F. Hoekstra et al.(1980, p.129): ‚Q‚P“®ŽŒŒ^
G. Quirk et al.(1985, p.53): ‚V•¶Œ^(clause types)
‚±‚±‚Å‚ÍA‘ã•\“I‚È2‚ÂiA.‚ÆG.)‚ðŒ©‚éB
A. Onions, C.T.(pp.4-8)‚Ì Five Forms of the Predicate ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚æ
‚¤‚È‚à‚̂ł ‚éBi—á•¶‚Í”²ˆj
I. First Form of the Predicate
1) Day dawns.
2) He died.
II. Second Form of the Predicate
3) Croesus was rich/a king.
4) Many lay dead.
III. Third Form of the Predicate
5) Rats desert a sinking ship.
6) Nobody wishes to know.
IV. Fourth Form of the Predicate
7) We taught the dog tricks.
8) They showed me the way.
V. Fifth Form of the Predicate
9) Nothing makes a Stoic angry.
10) They elected him Consul.
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŽógŒ`‚Í‚»‚ꂼ‚êA‡T, III, IIŒ^‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB
11) Abel was killed by Cain.
12) I am asked my opinion by you.
13) He was declared a traitor by the Court.
“ú–{‚̉pŒê‹³ˆç‚Å‚à‚Á‚Æ‚à’·‚A‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àL‚Žg‚í‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½‚¢‚í‚ä‚é
u‚T•¶Œ^v‚Í‚±‚Ì Onions ‚É—R—ˆ‚·‚邯‚³‚ê‚éBŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ł ‚éBi—á•¶‚Í
ˆÀˆäA1982, pp.35-36)
I. ‚r{‚u
14) These birds sing sweetly.
II. ‚r{‚u{‚b
15) They are canaries.
III. ‚r{‚u{‚n
16) The canaries sing a merry song.
IV. ‚r{‚u{‚n{‚n
17) The canaries give us sweet music.
V. ‚r{‚u{‚n{‚b
18) The canaires' song make us happy.
ã‚ÅA‚riŽåŒêjA‚ni–Ú“IŒêjA‚bi•âŒêj‚ÍA•iŽŒ–¼‚ł͂ȂA•¶‚Ì’†‚É‚¨‚¯‚é
‘¼‚ÌŒê‚Æ‚ÌuŠÖŒWv‚ð•\‚·ŠT”O‚Ì–¼Ì‚Å‚ ‚邱‚ƂɒˆÓ‚µ‚½‚¢B
ŽŸ‚ÉAG. ‚Ì Quirk et al.(1985, p.53)‚ª’ñ¥‚·‚é 7 clause types ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì
‚悤‚È‚à‚̂ł ‚éB(A:obligatory adverbials, p.56)
19) TYPE SUB VERB OBJ COMP ADVERBIAL
SV Someone was laughing
SVO My mother enjoys parties
SVC The country became totally
independent
SVA I have been in the garden
SVOO Mary gave the visitor
a glass of milk
SVOC Most people consider these rather
books expensive
SVOA You must put all the upstairs
toys
ã‹L A.`G. ‚Ì–â‘è“_‚ÍAˆÈ‰º‚Ì‚S‚‚ł ‚éB
(i) •¶Œ^‚Æ“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚Í‚Á‚«‚肵‚È‚¢B
(ii) •iŽŒ(parts of speech)‚Æ‹@”\(function)‚̬“¯‚ª‚Ý‚ç‚ê‚éB
(iii) •¡•¶‚Ì•ªÍ‚ÉŒü‚©‚È‚¢B
(iv) ”‚ª‘½‚·‚¬‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB
“Á‚ÉA(iv)‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄŒ¾‚¦‚ÎAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ÅA“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì”‚ðˆÀˆÕ‚É‘‚â‚·
‚±‚Æ‚ÍT‚µ‚ނׂ«‚Å‚ ‚낤B•¶–@‚Ìà“¾—͂͑‚µ‚Ä‚àAˆê•û‚ÅK“¾‚Ì‘¬“x‚â’B¬Š´
‚Ì“_‚Å–â‘肪o‚Ä‚‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB•¶–@‚ð”MŒ^‚łƂ炦‚é‚©ŽóMŒ^‚łƂ炦‚é‚©
‚ÅAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Ì—‘z“I‚È“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì”‚ÍˆÙ‚È‚é‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚邪A‚¢‚¸‚ê‚É‚µ‚ëAŠw¶
E¶“k‚̃Œƒxƒ‹‚ɇ‚Á‚½”‚ªuˆ•ûv‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚éB
‘½‚‚Ì‹³Žt‚ÍAchorus reading ‚Ȃǂð’Ê‚µ‚đ̌±“I‚ÉŠw¶E¶“k‚̃Œƒs
|ƒg”\—͂͂T`‚VŒêi‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í bits, chunks)‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ð’m‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB(cf. ‰Í–ìA
1980, pp.35-37 in Š_“c(1984),uƒŠƒXƒjƒ“ƒO‚ÅÅ‚à•·‚«Žæ‚è‚â‚·‚¢’PˆÊ‚Í2`6Œê’ö
“x‚̂܂Ƃ܂è‚Ì‚ ‚é‹åvj
Miller, G.A. ‚ÍAthe seven seas, the seven wonders, the seven
days of the week ‚Ȃǂ̂¢‚í‚ä‚é "magical number seven" ‚ɂ‚¢‚Ă͋ô‘R‚̈ê’v
(coincidence)‚Æ‚µ‚È‚ª‚ç‚à(p.96)AlŠÔ‚Ì tone, pitch ‚Ȃǂ̎¯•Ê”\—Í‚ª‚V+/-‚Q
’PˆÊ‚ÉŽûÊ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ð”F‚߂Ă¢‚éB(the span of absolute judgement ... is
usually somewhere in the neighborhood of seven.)(p.90)
‚±‚ê‚ç‚Í\•ª‚ɉȊw“Iª‹’‚Ƃ͂¢‚¦‚È‚¢‚É‚µ‚Ä‚àA–³”‚Ì“®ŽŒ‚ð‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚Ë
•ï‚Ýž‚Þ“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì”‚ÌãŒÀ‚Í‚T`‚X‚ ‚½‚è‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂ낤‚©B
ø¢10-2-NT-(A)@m‚n^‚b‚©‚m^A(D)‚©n
“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì•ªÍ—Í‚ð‚‚߂邽‚߂ɂÍA“®ŽŒ‰»Žq(VZ)‚ÌŒã‚É‘±‚ slots ‚Ì’†g
‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄAŒø‰Ê“I‚È«Ši‚¯‚ð‚·‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚éBŒó•â‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA‚ЂƂ‚ɂ͂n^‚b
‚ðŽg‚¤•û–@‚ÆA‚à‚¤‚ЂƂ‚ɂ͂m^A(D)‚ðŽg‚¤•û–@‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
(i)‚n^‚b‚̃ƒŠƒbƒg({)EƒfƒƒŠƒbƒg(|)
({)“®ŽŒ‰»Žq(VZ)‚Æ‚n/‚b‚Ƃ̈Ӗ¡“IE“Œê“IŠÖŒW‚ðׂ©‚•ªÍ‚Å‚«‚é
(|)‚n/‚b‚Ì”»’è‚ÍŒê‹å’P“Ƃł͂ł«‚È‚¢
(|)‚n/‚b‚Å‚ÍA‚mßAA(D)ßA‚È‚Ç‚Ì analogy ‚ª•‚´‚³‚ê‚é
(ii)‚m^A(D)‚̃ƒŠƒbƒgEƒfƒƒŠƒbƒg
({)Œê‹å‚̈Ӗ¡‚ªŒˆ‚Ü‚ê‚΂m^A(D)‚àŒˆ‚Ü‚é
(|)‚`‚Æ‚`‚c‚Ì‹æ•ʂ͂µ‚΂µ‚΂ł«‚È‚¢
(|)‚m/A(D)‚Å‚ÍAß‚â‹å‚̃Œƒxƒ‹‚Åover-analogy ‚ª‚Å‚é
Œ‹˜_“I‚ÉA‚m^A(D)‚Í’PŒê‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð’m‚Á‚½‚Æ‚½‚ñ‚ɂ킩‚é‚Ì‚ÅA‚n^‚b‚æ‚è
‚à more lexical/less syntactic ‚Å‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¦A‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ĉ‹‰‚ÌŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚Í
‚æ‚èD‚Ü‚µ‚¢‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚±‚Ì–{‚ł͂n^‚b‚ł͂Ȃ‚m^A(D)‚ð—p‚¢‚½“®
ŽŒŒ^‚ð’ñˆÄ‚·‚éB
ø¢10-2-NT-(B)@m‚n^‚b‚Å‚à‚È‚‚m^A(D)‚Å‚à‚È‚¢semantic rolesn
‚n^‚b‚Å‚à‚È‚‚m^A(D)‚Å‚à‚È‚¢“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì•ªÍ•û–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAˆÓ–¡–ðŠ„
(semantic roles)‚É‚æ‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
Quirk et al. (1985, p.753) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚ǂ̂悤‚ȈӖ¡–ðŠ„‚ðŽ‚ÂŒê‹å
‚ªŽåŒê‚ɂȂè‚â‚·‚¢‚©‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È priority order ‚ª‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤B
agentive „ external causer/positioner „ instrument „
affected „ temporal/locative/eventive „ prop word it
ˆê•ûA–Ú“IŒê‚ƈӖ¡–ðŠ„‚Æ‚ÌŠÖŒW«‚ð˜_‚¶‚½‚à‚̂Ƃµ‚Ä‚Í Downing & Locke (pp.42ff)
‚ª‚ ‚éBi—á•¶‚Í”²ˆj
ƒDirect Object ‚ƈӖ¡–ðŠ„„
The Direct Object is associated with a wide variety of
semantic roles, some of which are illustrated in the following
examples:
1) He headed the ball into the net. (Affected) (p.42)
2) She writes children's stories. (Effected)
3) The burglars used an acetylene lamp to break open the safe.
(Instrument)
4) I felt sudden pain in my arm. (Phenomenon)
5) Do you always tell the truth? (Verbiage)
6) We sang songs round the camp fire.(Range)
ƒIndirect Object ‚ƈӖ¡–ðŠ„„
The semantic roles associated with the Indirect Object are
more restricted than with the Subject and the Direct Object.
The Indirect Object is typically associated with the
Recipient of the action.
7) The doctor gave the injured man treatment for shock. (p.46)
Also associated with the Indirect Object is the Beneficiary,
or 'intended Recipient' as in the following examples:
8) I'll get you some coffee.(p.47)
EEE
Both Recipient and Beneficiary Indirect Objects are
prototypically realised by Nominal Groups and less typically by
WH-nominal relative clauses:
9) Ken has taught his wife to drive. (NG)
10) Lend whoever calls the bicycle pump in the shed. (Nom.Cl.)
11) I'm giving reading magazines less importance lately.(-ing cl.)
12) Let's give before lunch-time priority. (PrepG) (p.47)
‚±‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡–ðŠ„‚ð“¹‹ï—§‚ĂɎg‚Á‚½•¶–@‚ÍA‚©‚È‚è‚Ì•ªÍ—Í‚ð”Šö‚·‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎA
ŽŸ‚Ì Jim gave Sue cookies. ‚̂悤‚Èu“ñd–Ú“IŒê\•¶v(double object construc-
tion)‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Ì de Chene, B.(pp.57-67)‚Ìà–¾‚ðŒ©‚æ‚¤B
13)a. Sue took Jim the letter. (=16 a.)
b. *Sue took the mailbox the letter.
ã‚ÅA–³¶•¨‚Å‚ ‚éthe mailbox ‚Í’…“_‚Å‚ ‚邪A—\’肳‚ê‚éŽó—̎҂ł͂ ‚肦‚È‚¢B
‚»‚µ‚ÄA13-b) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 14) ‚É”½‚·‚é‚̂Ŕñ•¶‚Æ‚È‚é‚Æà–¾‚·‚é‚̂ł ‚éB
14j—^Ši\•¶‚ÆŒð‘Ö‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é“ñd–Ú“IŒê\•¶‚É‚¨‚¯‚é...–Ú“IŒê‚ÍA
Žå‘è‚Ì—\’肳‚ê‚éŽó—ÌŽÒi...j‚łȂ¯‚ê‚΂Ȃç‚È‚¢B
‚±‚̂悤‚ÉA’P‚È‚étake‚m‚mŒ^‚Å‚Í 13-a) ‚Æ 13-b) ‚Ì‹æ•ʂ͂ł«‚È‚¢‚ªA
15)a. takeiŽó—ÌŽÒj(Žå‘è)
b. *takei’…“_j iŽå‘èj
‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡–ðŠ„‚ðŽg‚Á‚½“®ŽŒŒ^‚Å‚ ‚ê‚ÎA•ªÍ—Í‚ª–¾‚ç‚©‚É‚‚܂邱‚Æ‚ªŠú‘Ò‚Å‚«
‚éB‚µ‚©‚àAˆÓ–¡–ðŠ„‚Í universal ‚ɋ߂¢‚̂ŊO‘Œê‚Æ‚µ‚ĉpŒê‚ðŠw‚Ԏ҂ɂ͎g‚¢
‚â‚·‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤ƒƒŠƒbƒg‚à‚ ‚éB¡Œã‘å‚¢‚ÉŠú‘Ò‚³‚ê‚邪Aˆê•û‚ÅAˆÓ–¡–ðŠ„‚Ì”‚ª‘½
‚A‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì”‚ª‚Ó‚‚ç‚Ý‚»‚¤‚ÈŠ‚ªŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ă͌œ”O‚³‚ê‚邯
‚±‚ë‚Å‚ ‚éB
Œ¾‚¤‚܂łà‚È‚¢‚ªA‚±‚ê‚ç semantic roles ‚ð—p‚¢‚½•¶\¬‚Ì•ªÍ‚Í
Fillmore, C. ‚ÌŠi•¶–@iCase Grammarj‚̉e‹¿‚ðŽó‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚éBŠi•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA•¶‚ÌŠî
–{“I‚È•ªÍ‚ÍANP, VP ‚Ȃǂ̃JƒeƒSƒŠ|(categorial terms)•ʂł͂ȂAagent,
instrument ‚Ȃǂ̊i‹@”\ifunctional terms) ‚Ås‚¤B
‚±‚±‚Å‚ÍAŠi•¶–@‚̉ðà‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŠÈŒ‰‚È Brown & Miller(p.322) ‚ðЉî
‚·‚éB
... as 'Case grammar'. This school of grammar suggests that the
'most basic' representation of a sentence should be not in
'categorial' terms(..NP,VP,etc),...,but 'functional' terms. Thus,
In the basic structure of Sentences...we find what
might be called the 'proposition', a tenseless set
of relationships involving verbs and nouns ...sepa-
rated from what might be called the 'modality' con-
stituent....The first base rule, then, is...
Sentence ¨ Modality + Proposition
(Fillmore, C. 1968, 24)
The proposition constituent is further expanded as a verb together
with a number of nodes specified in terms of such labels as [agent]
[instrument], etc.
‚±‚Ì•û–@‚ÍAãk–§‚Å•ªÍ—Í‚ªã‚ª‚锽–ÊA•ª—Þ‚ª×‚©‚‚Ȃ肷‚¬‚邯‚¢‚¤Œ‡“_‚ª‚
‚éB‚±‚Ì•¶–@‚Ì‚à‚¤‚ЂƂ‚̌‡“_‚ÍA‚m‚Æ‚o‚o‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ðdŽ‹‚µ‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚Å‚ ‚éB
—Ⴆ‚ÎAput the eggs in the fridge ‚ÅAput ‚Í‚R‚‚̖¼ŽŒi‚mj‹å‚ð‚µ‚½‚ª‚¦‚é
three-NP verb (Subject‚ð‚Ó‚‚Þ) ‚Å‚ ‚é(Kaplan, J.P.(p169))‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚·‚é‚Ì
‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚m‚Æ‚o‚o‚Ì‹æ•ʂ͊î–{‚ƂȂéd—v‚ȃRƒ“ƒZƒvƒg‚Ȃ̂ł±‚Ì•û–@
‚Í“±“ü‚µ‚È‚¢B
ø¢10-2-NT-(C)@mobligatory ‚`‚cn
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì•ªÍ‚Å‚n/‚b‚Å‚à‚È‚AˆÓ–¡–ðŠ„‚Å‚à‚È‚¢‚m/A(D)‚ð
Žg‚¤B‚u‚Ì’†‚Ì•s‰ÂŒ‡‚Ì—v‘f‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA‚m‚Æ‚`‚̂ق©‚É‚`‚c‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Ƃ͖¾‚ç‚©‚Å
‚ ‚éB
1)a. *They lay.
b. They lay on the grass.
2)a. The maid put the flowers in the vase. (McCawley, p.17)
b. *The maid put the flowers.
c. The flowers were put in the vase.
d. *The flowers were put.
‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì‚`‚c‚ÍAuêŠv‚ð•\‚·‚à‚Ì‚ª‘½‚¢‚ªA•K‚¸‚µ‚àuêŠv‚¾‚¯‚Æ‚Í
ŒÀ‚ç‚È‚¢B
3) This pen writes well/poorly.
4) The bread cuts easily. (Lobeck, p.260)
5) The new Volkswagen handles beautifully. (ibid.)
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚Å‚ÍAu“®ŽŒŒ^v‚ð‰z‚¦‚½•¶Œ^ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Å obligatory
‚`‚c‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ª‚ ‚éB
6) America was discovered by Columbus.
ã‚ÅA 6) ‚Ì by Columbus ‚ÍA‚Í‚Á‚«‚è‚Æ‚µ‚½Žóg‚̃‚ƒ`ƒx[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“(cf.15-6 )‚É
‚æ‚Á‚¯‚ç‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚ÅA‚»‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å‚Í optional ‚È‚`‚c‚ł͂Ȃ¢Biby Columbus
‚ª‚È‚¢ê‡‚É‚ÍAdiscovered = discovered, not invented ‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡‚ƂȂèA
discovered ‚ª‹’²‚³‚ê‚éj
ø¢10-2-NT-(D)@m•¶Œ^‚©“®ŽŒŒ^‚©n
‰pŒê‚ł͕¶Œ^‚à“®ŽŒŒ^‚à“¯‚¶A‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹c˜_‚ª‚ ‚邪‚»‚ê‚ÍŠÔˆá‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邯
Žv‚¤B•¶Œ^‚Æ“®ŽŒŒ^‚Å•ªÍ‚ªˆÙ‚È‚éA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éAŽógŒ`‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 1-b) ‚ÍA“®ŽŒŒ^‚ª“¯‚¶‚ÅA•¶Œ^‚͈قȂé—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
1)a. John kicked the vendor.
b. The vendor was kicked
by John. (
‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAcf.15-3)
‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉAOnions ‚â Quirk at al.(1985) ‚Å‚ÍA•¶Œ^‚Æ“®ŽŒŒ^‚̬“¯‚ªŒ©
‚ç‚ê‚éB
<Onions>
2)a. Cain killed Abel. (3rd form of the predicate)
b. Abel was killed by Cain. (1st form)
3)a. The Court declared him a traitor. (5th)
b. He was declared a traitor by the Court. (2nd)
<Quirk, et al>
Quirk et al.(1985, p.58)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì4-b), 5-b) ‚ª Clause Type SVO ‚Æ
SVOC ‚Ì passive form ‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚éB
4)a. A number of people saw the accident. [SVO:‚r‚u‚nd]
b. The accident was seen (by a n. of p.) [SVO:‚r‚upass(A)]
5)a. Queen Victoria considered him a genius.[SVOC:‚r‚u‚nd‚bo]
b. He was considered a genius (by Q.V.) [SVOC:‚r‚upass‚bs(A)]
ø¢10-2-NT-(E)@m‚V“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì–â‘è“_n
(i) ‚`‚©‚`‚c‚©‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª“‚¢
‰pŒê‚Ì‚¢‚í‚ä‚é‘O’uŽŒ‹å‚ɂ͂`—p–@‚Æ‚`‚c—p–@‚ª‚ ‚èAŠî–{“I‚ɂ͂±‚ê
‚ç‚ÌŠÔ‚Ì‹æ•ʂ͂ł«‚È‚¢B
1) My uncle in Chicago has three cars.
2) My uncle has three cars in Chicago.
(ii) overanalogy ‚̊댯«
‚mA‚`A‚`‚c‚ðŽg‚¤“®ŽŒŒ^‚Å‚ÍA‚m/‚`/‚`‚cß‚â to ‚u/‚uing‚Ì ‚m/‚`/
‚`‚c—p–@‚Ö‚Ì analogy ‚ªŒø‚«AŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚ĕ֗˜‚ł͂ ‚邪A”½–ÊA wrong
analogy ‚â overanalogy ‚̊댯«‚à‚ ‚éBŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‘½”‚ ‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
4)a. I hate to work/working on weekends. (]ìAp.316)
b.*I hate that I should work on weekends.
5)a. We enjoyed walking around the garden.
b.*We enjoyed to walk around the garden.
6)a. I wanted to go there.
b.*I wanted going there.
(iii) ƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ}ƒeƒCƒbƒN‚ȗႪ‚ ‚é
ŽŸ‚Ì 7-a) ‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚é‚©‚ç‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚ÄA 7-b) ‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚邯‚¢‚¤‚킯
‚ł͂Ȃ¢B
7)a. I want my coffee black.
b.*I want you careful.
‚‚܂èAwant ‚É want ‚m‚`Œ^‚ª‚ ‚邯‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B“¯—l‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 8) A9) ‚ª‚ ‚é
‚©‚ç‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚ÄAsell ‚m‚m‚`Œ^‚âgive ‚m‚m‚`Œ^‚ª‚ ‚邯‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B
8) I sold him my car almost new.
9) She gave us our coffee black. (Quirk et al. p.738)
‚³‚ç‚ÉAlive a happy life ‚̂悤‚ȃCƒfƒCƒIƒ€‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚ç‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Ä live ‚mŒ^‚ª
‚ ‚邯‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B‚±‚ê‚ç‚Í‚·‚ׂăCƒfƒCƒIƒ}ƒeƒCƒbƒN‚ÅŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA’†Šj‚Å‚Í
‚È‚Žü•Ó•”‚É‚¨‚©‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚à‚̂ł ‚éB(cf.”ª–ØApp.35-37)
(iv) “®ŽŒŒ^‚ÌŠO‘¤‚Ì–â‘è
•¶i‚r)‚Ì\‘¢‚ª‚í‚©‚邽‚߂ɂÍA”ª–Øipp.64-65)‚ªŒ¾‚¤‚悤‚ÉAu•â•¶
\‘¢‚΂©‚è‚łȂA‚ǂ̂悤‚ÈŽåŒê‚ð‚Æ‚é‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚àd—v‚È–â‘è‚Å‚ ‚évBŽŸ‚Ì
10) ‚â 11) ‚ðà–¾‚·‚邽‚߂ɂÍA’P‚Éupass ‚É‚ÍApass+‚m Œ^‚Æ pass+
Œ^‚ª‚ ‚év
‚Æ‚¢‚¤à–¾‚ł͖¾‚ç‚©‚É•s\•ª‚Å‚ ‚éB
10)a. The bill passed the Commons.
b. The Commons passed the bill.
11)a. The bill passed.
b *The Commons passed.
‚³‚ç‚ÉA10-2-NT-(C)‚Å‚àˆµ‚Á‚½‚ªAŽŸ‚Ì by Columbus ‚ÍA“®ŽŒŒ^‚ÌŠO‘¤
‚Å‹c˜_‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚à‚̂ł ‚éB
12) America was discovered by Columbus.
ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA‚ ‚é“®ŽŒ‚ªŽógŒ`‚ð‚Æ‚é‚©‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤î•ñ‚ª‚ ‚é
‚Æ–¾‚ç‚©‚ɕ֗˜‚Å‚ ‚éB‚mc‚Æ‚mu‚Ì•\ަ‚Æ“¯—lA•Ö—˜‚³‚Ɗ댯«‚Æ”w’†‡‚킹‚Ì•”•ª
‚à‚ ‚邪A–{•¶’†‚Ì‚V“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì‚¤‚¿‚m‚ð‚³‚ç‚ÉŽóg‰Â‚Ì‚à‚Ìi‚m+Pj‚ÆŽóg•s‰Â
(‚m-pj‚Ƃɕª‚¯‚½AŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚P‚R“®ŽŒŒ^‚ðl‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«‚éB
13) ID‚u‚y{
IID‚u‚y{‚m+p
IIID‚u‚y{‚m-p
IVD‚u‚y{‚`
VD‚u‚y{‚`‚c
VID‚u‚y{‚m+p{‚m+p
VIID‚u‚y{‚m+p{‚m-p
VIIID‚u‚y{‚m+p{‚`
IXD‚u‚y{‚m+p{‚`‚c
XD‚u‚y{‚m-p{‚m+p iex.bring)
XID‚u‚y{‚m-P{‚m-P (ex.buy)
XII. ‚u‚y{‚m-p{‚`
XIII. ‚u‚y{‚m-p{‚`‚c
‚½‚¾‚µAŒµ–§‚ɂ͂u‚Ì’†‚Ì‚m‚ª passive ‚̬”Û‚ðŒˆ‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚é‚킯‚ł͂Ȃ¢‚Ì‚ÅA‚±‚Ì
‚m+p vs ‚m-p‚̉ºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAŠë‚¤‚³‚ðŠ´‚¶‚él‚ª‘½‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
ø¢10-4-NT@m‘½Œ|‚Ì“®ŽŒ‰»Žqi‚u‚yjn
‘½Œ|‚Ì‚u‚y‚ÍA‚»‚Ì•›ì—p‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚΂µ‚Î ambiguous ‚È\‘¢‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·B
1)a. I found a missing key. (VZ+N)
b. I found a key missing . (VZ+N+A)
c. I found a key missing for a week. (ambiguous)
1-a) ‚ÍAVZ{‚mŒ^‚Åu‚È‚‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½Œ®‚ð‚݂‚¯‚½v‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡A1-b) ‚ÍAVZ{‚m{‚`
Œ^‚ÅAuŒ®‚ª‚ЂƂ‚Ȃ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚ƂɋC‚¢‚½v‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚ ‚éB‚µ‚©‚µA1-c)
‚ÍAVZ{‚mŒ^i‚PTŠÔŒ©‚‚©‚ç‚È‚©‚Á‚½Œ®‚ðŒ©‚Â‚¯‚½j‚Æ‚àAVZ{‚m{‚`Œ^iŒ®‚ª‚ЂÆ
‚‚PTŠÔ‚ÌŠÔ‚È‚‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚ƂɋC‚¢‚½j‚Æ‚à‰ðŽß‚Å‚«žB–†‚Å‚ ‚éB