ø¢26-1-NT@m‚r|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq(S-AD CVT)Fbecausen
@@@@@‚±‚Ì because ‚ÍA“`“•¶–@‚Å‚ÍuÚ‘±ŽŒv(conjunction)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB‚µ‚©‚µA
uÚ‘±ŽŒv‚Æ‚¢‚¤•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|‚ÍAŠg[‚ÉŠÖ‚í‚é‚à‚Ìiand ‚â but ‚Ȃǂ±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤
uŠg[Žqvj‚Æ“]Š·‚ÉŠÖ‚í‚é‚à‚Ìiwhile ‚â because ‚Ȃǂ±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤u“]Š·Žqvj‚Æ
‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ð‚µ‚È‚¢BV‚µ‚¢ŠwK•¶–@‚Ì—§ê‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA‚ ‚éˆÓ–¡‚Ì‚©‚½‚Ü‚è‚ɂ܂½•ʂ̈Ӗ¡‚Ì
‚©‚½‚܂肪•t‰Á‚³‚ꂽ‚Æ‚«A‘S‘̂Ƃµ‚Ä•¶–@“Á«‚ª•Ï‚í‚éi“]Š·j‚©•Ï‚í‚ç‚È‚¢iŠg[j
‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ðd—vŽ‹‚µ‚½‚¢B
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éÚ‘±ŽŒ‚Ì’†‚É‚Íu“]Š·Žqv‚ÆuŠg[Žqv‚Ì’†ŠÔ“I‚È‘¶Ý‚Æ
Œ¾‚í‚´‚é‚𓾂Ȃ¢‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚éBQuirk et al. (1985, p.90) ‚ÍAcentral elements ‚Æ
peripheral elements of the clause ‚ÌŠÔ(2.13)Aadjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts ‚Æ
conjuncts ‚ÌŠÔ(2.15)Acomplements ‚Æ adverbials‚ÌŠÔ(2.17f)Amodification ‚Æ
complementation‚ÌŠÔ(2.33)‚É gradienceigradient ‚Ƃ͂ȂÁ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢j‚ ‚è‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é
‚ªAfor ‚Ìê‡Asubordinator ‚Ìif ‚Æco-ordinating@conjunction ‚Ì and ‚ÌŠÔ‚Ì’†ŠÔ
“I‘¶Ý‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚éB
@@@@@‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉAMcCawley, J.D.(1988, p.268j‚ÌŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÍAGapping ‚Ì—L–³‚ªŠg[
Žq‚Æ“]Š·Žq‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ð‚·‚éƒoƒƒ[ƒ^[‚ɂȂé‰Â”\«‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
1)a. Tom ordered lasagna and Jane
manicotti.
b. *Tom ordered lasagna before Jane
manicotti.
ø¢26-2-NT@m‚r|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq‚Ì when ‚Æ ‚r|‚m“]Š·Žq‚Ì whenn
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÅA1) ‚Ì when ‚Í S-AD “]Š·ŽqA2) ‚Ì when ‚Í S-N “]Š·Žq‚Å‚ ‚éB
1) When he comes back, I'll tell you. (S-AD CVT)
2) I'll tell you when he will come back. (S-N CVT)
‚m߂̒†‚Å‚Í will ‚ªŽg‚í‚êA‚`‚c߂̒†‚ł͌»ÝŒ`‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚éB‚`‚c߂̒†‚Å‚ ‚¦‚Ä
will ‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚é 3-a) ‚ÍA3-b) ‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡‚ƂȂéB
3)a. If he will come back, I'll tell you so.
b. = If he is willing to come back, I'll tell you so.
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚ł͂±‚Ì‚Q‚‚ª‹æ•ʂł«‚È‚¢B
4) I was lost in thought and I didn't notice when my name was
called.
ø¢26-3-NT@m‚r|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq(Ú‘±ŽŒ)‚Æ‚m|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq(‘O’uŽŒ)n
@@@@@because K-S/because of ‚m‚̂悤‚É ‚¢‚í‚ä‚éÚ‘±ŽŒi‚±‚Ì–{‚Ì S-AD CVTj
‚Æ‚¢‚í‚ä‚é‘O’uŽŒi‚±‚Ì–{‚ÌN-AD CVTj‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚Í‚Á‚«‚肵‚Ä‚¢‚é‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚邪A
1)a. He failed in the exam because he was lazy. (=–{•¶(27-a))
b. He failed in the exam because of his laziness. (=–{•¶(28-a))
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È since ‚â until‚Å‚ÍA‚»‚Ì‹æ•ʂ͂ł«‚È‚¢B
2)a. That actress has not appeared on TV since she retired.
(=–{•¶(25))
b. That actress has not appeared on TV since her retirement.
3)a. We'll wait until he arrives. (=–{•¶(26))
b. We'll wait until his arrival.
@@@@@‚¢‚í‚ä‚éÚ‘±ŽŒ‚Æ‘O’uŽŒ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ð‚ ‚Ü‚èd—vŽ‹‚µ‚È‚¢•¶–@‰Æ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.191)A¡ˆä‚Ù‚©ip.237)ALobeck, A.(p.203) ‚Ȃǂª‚ ‚éB
@@@—Ⴆ‚ÎAMcCawley, J.D.(1988, p.190) ‚ÍA Jespersen, O.(p.89) ‚ɂȂ炢A
ŽŸ‚Ì before ‚â until ‚̂悤‚È "subordinate conjuntions" ‚ð ˆêŽí‚Ì‘O’uŽŒA
"prepositions with sentential objects"A‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
4)a. John phoned me before he left.
b. Sam worked at a second job until he had paid off his debts.
‚Ü‚½A¡ˆä‚Ù‚©ip.237)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 5-a), 5-b) ‚ÅA
@ 5)a. John came after midnight.
b. John came after he completed the report.
after ‚ÍA–¼ŽŒ‹å‚àß‚à•â•”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä]‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é]‘®Ú‘±ŽŒ‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚éB
@@@@@‚Ü‚½ALobeck, A.(p.293)‚ÍAsubordinating prepositions ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚È
after, because, while, when ‚È‚Ç‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
5)a. Mary left after she talked to John.
b. Mary left because she was depressed.
c. Mary left while no one was looking.
c. Mary left when her mother called.
@@@@@‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉA‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚Ç‚Ì N-AD CVT(‘O’uŽŒj‚Í‚`‚c‹å‚¾‚¯‚łȂ‚`‹å‚à¶‚Ýo‚·
‚ªAS-AD CVT(Ú‘±ŽŒj‚Í‚`ß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·‚±‚Ƃ̓}ƒŒ‚Å‚ ‚éB‚»‚̃}ƒŒ‚È—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
6) He looked like a cat after it had eaten a canary.
i”ނͬ’¹‚ðH‚ׂ½Œã‚Ì”L‚̂悤‚ÉŒã‚ë‚ß‚½‚»‚¤‚ÉŒ©‚¦‚½j
ø¢26-5-NT@m”ò‚ÑΓ]Š·Žqn
@@@@@Quirk et al. (1985, p.999)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a)`1-c) ‚Ȃǂð Correlative
Subordinators ‚ƌĂÑA
@@@1)a. as ... as ...
b. so ... that ...
c. the ...the ...
ŽŸ‚Ì 2-a) ` 2-c) ‚Ȃǂð Correlative Coordinators‚ƌĂÔB
@@@@@@2)a. both ... and ...
@@@@@@@b. neither ... nor ...
c. not ... but ...
ø¢26-6-NT-(A)@mSUBJ ‚Í‚rŠg[Žq‚©A‚`‚cŠg[Žq‚©n
@@@@@–{•¶‚Å‚ÍASUBJ ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚̂悤‚É‚rŠg[Žq‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚í‚ê‚邪A2) ‚̂悤
‚È‚`‚cß‘S‘̂ɂ©‚©‚é‚`‚cŠg[Žq‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤‚±‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«‚éB
@@@@@1) (if I were you)
‚`‚c
^ _
CVT[S-AD] ‚r
(if) ^ _
EPD K-S
[SUBJ] (I am you)
2) (if I were you)
‚`‚c
^ _
EPD ‚`‚c
[SUBJ] ^ _
CVT[S-AD] K-S
(if) (I am you)
ø¢26-6-NT-(B)@m‰¼’è–@‚Ì—ðŽjn
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”nipp.142-149ji—vŽ|j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‰¼’è–@i’¼Ú–@‚Æ‚ÍˆÙ‚È‚é“®ŽŒ
‚ÌŒêŒ`)‚ÍA‰Šú‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍuŠú‘ÒvAu‘z‘œv‚Ȃǂð•\‚·Œ`‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽå߂łà]߂łàŽg‚í
‚ꂽB
(i) Žå߂ɂ¨‚¯‚鉼’è–@iŠè–]E‹FŠèE¾Œ¾‚ð•\‚·j
(=to God almighty be thank ...)
(ii) ]߂ɂ¨‚¯‚鉼’è–@iŽvl‚Ì“®ŽŒ‚̕╶j
(=I think that not many were beyond the Humber)
‚‚܂èA“ª‚Ì’†‚Ål‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚éŽåŠÏ“IŽvl‚ɉ¼’è–@‚ð—p‚¢‚½‚̂ł ‚éB‚»‚µ‚ÄA‚±‚̌¢
—p–@‚ª‚₪‚Ä’¼Ú–@‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í–@•“®ŽŒ‚ð—p‚¢‚½‰IŒ¾“I\‘¢‚Ö‚ÆŽp‚ð•Ï‚¦‚é‚̂ł ‚éB
ø¢26-6-NT-(C)@muðŒv‚Æu”ñŒ»ŽÀv‚Ì‹æ•ʂ‚©‚È‚¢ if ‚Ì—án
@@@@@de Chene(p.129)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚É‚ÍA
1) If only Sue won.
ŠJ•ú‚̉ðŽßi‰ß‹ŽjA‚‚܂èAuƒX[‚ª‚©‚Á‚½‚Æ‚·‚ê‚΂¢‚¢‚È‚ v‚ÆA”½Ž–ŽÀ“I‚ȉðŽß
(Œ»ÝjA‚‚܂èAuƒX[‚ª‚¢‚Â‚àŸ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚ê‚΂¢‚¢‚̂ɂȂ v‚ª‚ ‚éB‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚Ì
2) ‚ÌꇂÍA‹AŒ‹ß‚ÌŒ`‚Å‹æ•Ê‚ª‚‚B
@2) If only Sue won, I wouldn't mind supporting her
@@@@@@@ gambling habit.
ide Chene ‚ÌuŠJ•úv‚ÍuðŒv‚Ì‚±‚ÆI—v‚·‚é‚ÉA‰ß‹Ž‚ÌðŒ‚Æ
Œ»Ý‚Ì”ñŒ»ŽÀ‚Å‹æ•ʂł«‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤‚±‚ÆBj
ø¢26-8-NT@m‚`‚cß’†‚Ìo”ñŒ»ŽÀpn
@@@@@—á•¶ 1) ‚̂悤‚È‚mß’†‚Ìo”ñŒ»ŽÀpA—á•¶ 2) ‚̂悤‚È‚`ß’†‚Ìo”ñŒ»ŽÀp
‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ÍA–{•¶‚Å‚à‚ׂ̂½‚ªA
@@@1) I wish I were a bird. (=–{•¶ 50)
2) She looked as if she had seen a ghost or something. (=–{•¶51)
if߈ȊO‚É‚à{”ñŒ»ŽÀp‚ð•\‚·‚`‚c߂͑¶Ý‚·‚éB—á•¶ 3-b) ‚Ì beforeß‚ª‚»‚ê‚Å‚ ‚éB
3)a. I bought a car before he bought one. iˆÀˆäA1987, p.189)
b. I bought a car before he had bought one.
‚‚܂èAbefore ß“à‚Ì‰ß‹ŽŠ®—¹‚Í”½Ž–ŽÀ‚̉¼’è–@‚ð‚ ‚ç‚í‚·‚̂ł ‚éB
ø¢26-9-NT@mI wouldn't do such a thing.n
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 2-a) ‚Ì I wouldn't ... ‚͈قȂéB‚»‚ꂼ‚êA1-b), 2-b)
‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
1)a. I wouldn't do such a thing.
b. ©SUBJ + [[SUBJ+I] will not do such a thing]
2)a. If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.
b. ©SUBJ + [I will not do such a thing]
ˆê•ûAŒê’†‚É inherently ‚É‘¶Ý‚·‚éo”ñŒ»ŽÀp‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
@@@3)a. her so-called friend (COBUILD, p.933)
b. the so-called 'developed' countries
4) an apparently genuine five-dollar bill (¬¼‚Ù‚©A p.79)