ø¢27-1-NT-(A)@mŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì’a¶n
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”nipp.58-59j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚Q‚‚Ìß‚ð‚æ‚è–§Ú‚ÉŒ‹‚т‚¯‚é]‘®\‘¢
‚ª‚Ü‚¾”’B‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚n‚d‚Å‚ÍA•¶‚Æ•¶‚Æ‚ð’P‚É and ‚ÅŒ‹‚ñ‚¾•À—ñ\‘¢‚Å—lX‚È]
‘®\‘¢‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½B...‚o‚d‚̂悤‚ÈŠÖŒWß\‘¢‚ÉŽŠ‚é‚܂łɂÍA\‘¢“I‚É‚à‚¢
‚‚‚©‚Ì’iŠK‚ª•K—v‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B1) ‚Í‚»‚Ì”’B‚ðŠÈ’P‚É}Ž®‰»‚µ‚½‚à‚̂ł ‚éBip.59)
iS ‚Í•¶A‚mi ‚Í“¯ˆêl^•¨‚ðŽwަ‚·‚é–¼ŽŒ‚ðŽ¦‚·j
o”“_‚ƂȂé‚Ì‚ÍA“¯‚¶‚à‚Ì‚ðŽw‚·–¼ŽŒ‚ðŠÜ‚ñ‚¾‚Q‚‚̕¶‚Ì“™ˆÊÚ‘±\‘¢1-a)
‚Å‚ ‚éB‚Q‚–ڂ̕¶‚É‚ ‚铯ˆêŽwަ‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚ÍAŒJ‚è•Ô‚µ‚ð”ð‚¯‚é‚½‚ß‚É1-b) ‚̂悤‚É‘ã
–¼ŽŒ‰»‚³‚êA‚³‚ç‚É‚r2‚Ì•¶“ª‚Ö“®‚©‚³‚ê1-c)‚ƂȂÁ‚½B‚±‚ꂪŠÖŒWß\‘¢‚ÌŒ´Œ^‚Å‚ ‚éB
ŽŸ‚Ì’iŠK‚É‚È‚é‚ÆA‚r2‘S‘Ì‚ªiŽå•¶j’†‚Ì–¼ŽŒiæsŽŒj‚Ì’¼Œã‚̈ʒu‚É“®‚©‚³‚ê 1-d)
‚ƂȂéB‚±‚Ì’†”öEŽ™”n‚̉ðà‚Ì—v“_‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚Q“_‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@(i) ˆÈ‘O‚Í]‘®\‘¢‚ª‚È‚©‚Á‚½Biand ‚É‚æ‚é“™ˆÊ\‘¢‚Ì‚Ýj
(ii) ‚Q”Ô–Ú‚Ì‚m‚ÍA‚m‚»‚Ì‚à‚̨‚`‚m‚`Œ`¨•¶“ªˆÚ“®i
”¶jA
@@@ ‚ƕω»‚µ‚½B
ø¢27-1-NT-(B)@mŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ìthat ‚Æ–¼ŽŒß‚Ì thatn
@@@@@Quirk et al. (1985, p.1047) ‚ÍAsubordinate clauses ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAnominal,
adverbial, relative, comparative ‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚±‚Ìrelative clause ‚Í‚±‚Ì–{‚Ì‚`ß
‚Å‚ ‚èAQuirk et al. ‚ÍŽ–ŽÀãA‚m/‚`/‚`‚cß‚ð‚R‚‚Ƃà subordination‚ƈʒu‚¯‚Ä‚¢
‚邱‚ƂɂȂéB
‚½‚¾‚µAQuirk et al.(1985, p.989ff)‚ÍA‚mßA‚`‚cß‚ð‚‚‚é conjunction
‚݂̂ð subordinator ‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éBŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì that ‚ÍA‚mß‚ð‚‚‚é that ‚Æ‹æ•Ê
‚µ‚Ä subordinator ‚ł͂Ȃ subordination marker(p.1006) ‚ƌĂÔB
The relative pronoun is to be distinguished from the subordinator
@@@ that, which does not operate as an element in the subordinate clause.
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍABurton-Roberts (pp.192ff)‚ȂǂƓ¯—lA‚mßA‚`‚cßA‚`ß‚ð
(CVT{‚r‚Æ‚¢‚¤)‚ЂƂ‚̌`‚ʼn¡•À‚тɂƂ炦‚éB‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àA‚mß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚· that ‚Í‹óŠ
(
)‚ðì‚炸A‚`ß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚· that ‚Í•K‚¸‹óŠ(
)‚ðì‚邯‚¢‚¤“_‚Íd—v‚ȈႢ‚Å‚ ‚éB
‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉA‚±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤ CVT ‚Í‚¢‚í‚ä‚é COMP ‚Ƃ͈قȂèAuˆÓ–¡“I‚É–³Fv‚Å
‚͂Ȃ¢B•iŽŒ‚ª•Ï‚í‚邯‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃ͈Ӗ¡‚ª•Ï‚í‚éA‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚¾‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
ø¢27-1-NT-(C)@m‚Q•¶‡¬‚É‚æ‚éŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì“±“ün
•ÏŒ`•¶–@‚̉ŠúA‚Ü‚¾•ÏŒ`‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠT”O‚ªŽ©—R‚Él‚¦‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½ ‚É‚ÍA
LaPalombara, L.E.(pp.295-296)‚Ì "Multi-Base Embedding Transformation:
adjectivalization" ‚̂悤‚ɕό`‚ð‚Q‚‚̕¶‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä•Às“I‚És‚¤ˆêŽí‚Ì‚Q•¶‡¬–@
‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ꂽB
LaPalombara, L.E.(pp.281-314)‚ÍAMulti-Base Embedding Transformations
‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚RŽí—Þ‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
(i) Adverbialization
1)a. He studies because of something.
b. He must pass the test.
c. ¨He studies because he must pass the exam.
(because‚Ísubordinator)
(ii) Adjectivalization
2)a. This is the house.
b. Jack built the house.
c. ¨That is the house that Jack built.
(iii) Nominalization
3)a. I realize something.
b. He will call me soon.
c. ¨I realize (the fact) that he will call me soon.
‚Ü‚½A‚±‚ê‚Æ‚͕ʂÉA Roberts et al.(p.181)‚̂悤‚ÉA
4)a. The knight forgot his sword.
b. ¨ the knight who forgot his sword
‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½A•¶i‚rj‚©‚çˆê‹C‚ÉuæsŽŒ{Œ`—eŽŒßv‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·•ÏŒ` Rel iŠÖŒWß•Ï
Œ`j‚Æ‚¢‚¤l‚¦•û‚à“oꂵ‚½B
@@@@@—ðŽj“I‚ÈŒoˆÜ‚©‚猾‚¦‚ÎAi
‚ÍEQUI‚ł͂ȂˆÚ“®‚É‚æ‚邯‚¢‚¤j‚Q•¶‡¬
–@‚ͳ‚µ‚¢B‚µ‚©‚µA‹³Žº‚ł͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚È–â‘è“_‚ª‚µ‚΂µ‚΂¨‚±‚éBŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 1-b)
‚©‚ç‚Q•¶‡¬‚ðs‚¤‚ÆA‚Q‚‚̕¶A‚‚܂èA2-a)@‚Æ 2-b)@‚ª¶‚Ü‚ê‚éB
1)a. I know a man.
b. The man speaks English very well.
2)a. I know a man who speaks English very well.
b. The man whom I know speaks English very well.
•êŒ^•¶ 1-a)‚É 1-b)‚ª–„‚ß ž‚Ü‚ê‚邯 2-a)‚ɂȂèA1-b) ‚É 1-a) ‚ª–„‚ß ž‚Ü‚ê‚邯
2-b) ‚ª“¾‚ç‚ê‚é‚̂ł ‚éBicf. ˆÀˆäA1982, p.123)
@@@@@‚µ‚©‚µA‚à‚Æ‚à‚Æ”˜b‚̇˜i‹Œî•ñ‚ªThe man...‚Ȃ̂©AI know...‚Ȃ̂©j
‚𖳎‹‚µ‚½‚±‚ÌŽw“±–@‚ɂ͖â‘肪‚ ‚éB‚Þ‚µ‚ëA2-a) ‚Æ 2-b) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Æ 3-b) ‚©
‚ç¶‚Ü‚ê‚邯l‚¦‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚낤B
3)a. I know a man. He speaks English very well. ¨2-a)
b. The man speaks English very well. I know him. ¨2-b)
‚±‚±‚ł̃|ƒCƒ“ƒg‚ÍA‚Q”Ô–Ú‚Ì•¶‚ªd•¡Œêiman-he/him)‚ð trigger ‚É‚µ‚ÄŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j
߂ɕÏg‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邯‚¢‚¤“_‚Å‚ ‚éB
ø¢27-2-NT-(A)@mArabic:
‚ð¶‚¶‚È‚¢Œ`—eŽŒ‰»n
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1983, p.361)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAArabic ‚â Hebrew
‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`—eŽŒ‰»‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä
‚ð¶‚¶‚È‚¢Œ`‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚ÅA”Þ‚ç‚̉pŒê
‚ɂ͂±‚ÌŒ`‚̊ԈႢ‚ª‘½‚¢B
@@1) *Shirley called out to the boy that she knew him.
‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉAuŒÃ‚¢‰pŒê‚Å‚àŠÖŒW߂̒†‚ÉæsŽŒ‚Æ“¯‚¶‚à‚Ì‚ðŽw‚·Œê‚ª‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì
Œ`‚ÅŽc—¯‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é\‘¢‚ª‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŒ©‚ç‚ê‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤Bi’†”öEŽ™”nApp.65-66)
(=there he whom death carries off must trust in the Lord's
judgment) (Beowulf 441)
3) with other dyueres (=different people) that I know ther (=their)
names (PL II 426/31)
@@ 4) I ... whome nature and kynde(=nature) most specially ...
bynden(=bind) me to owe(=you) (PL II 317/12-3)
ø¢27-2-NT-(B)@m‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq that ‚Ì“‚«n
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq that ‚Ì“‚«‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚‚ł ‚éB
@@@@@(i) “¯ˆê‚m‚o”Fޝ
(ii) ‚Qnd ‚m‚o‚ð
‚É
‹óŠi
j‚ªd•¡íœ‚É‚æ‚è‚Å‚«‚邯‚·‚é‚©A‘ã“ü|ˆÚ“®‚É‚æ‚è‚Å‚«‚邯‚·‚é‚©‚Í‹c˜_
‚Ì•ª‚©‚ê‚邯‚±‚ëBi—ðŽj“I‚ɂ͈ړ®‚É‚æ‚éBcf.27-1-NT-(A))
@@@@@‚à‚µA•¶i‚rj‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒ‰»‚ªd•¡íœ‚ł͂Ȃ‘ã“ü[ˆÚ“®‚É‚æ‚è‚Å‚«‚邯‚·
‚邯A–{•¶(5) ‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɕςí‚éB
1) (fish) {[the fish was caught by John]
@ « (that‚ð•¶“ª•t‰Áj
(fish) {[that the fish was caught by John]
« (‘æ‚QNP‚Éthat‘ã“üj
(fish) {m
that was caught by Johnn
« ithat‚ð•¶“ª‚ÖˆÚ“®j
(fish) {mthat
was caught by Johnn
‚¢‚¸‚ê‚̈ĂłàAã‹L‚`߂̕”•ª‚ÍŒµ–§‚É‚Í
2) that
was caught by John
‚̂悤‚ɂȂèA
‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚ƂɂȂéB
@@@ ‘ã“ü|ˆÚ“®‚æ‚èd•¡íœ‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAˆÀˆäi1996,
p.248)‚ÌŽŸ‚̗Ⴊ‚ ‚邪A
@@ 3) The house which Tom broke the window of is Mr.smith's.
ˆê•ûAŽŸ‚Ì McCawley, J.D. (1988)‚Ì—á‚ÍA’Pƒ‚Èd•¡íœ‚Å‚Íà–¾‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@@1)a. the person who [John says that [you talked to
]] (p.435)
b. *the policeman who [FBI is looking for the person who killed
]
2) *the guy who they don't know whether
wants to come (p.444)
ø¢27-2-NT-(C)@m‚SŽí—Þ‚Ì‹`–±“I‚È
n
@@@@@‚©‚‚µ‚ÄA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì‚S‚‚̊‹«‚Å‹`–±“Iiobligatory)‚È
‚ª“oê
‚·‚邱‚ƂƂȂéB
(i) ‚u‚ÌŠg[(ex. be-en {VZ{
)
(ii) ‚r‚ÌŠg[(ex. What do you want
?)
(iii) ‚u‚Ì“]Š·(ex. something to eat
)
(iv) ‚r‚Ì“]Š·(ex. a book that I bought
)
ø¢27-2-NT-(D)@m
Žw“±‚̈Ӌ`‚Æ–â‘è“_n
@@@@@•¶i‚rj‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒ‰»‚ðŽw“±‚·‚éÛ‚É
‚ðŠm”F‚·‚邯‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È
”ñ•¶‚ðo‚³‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œø‰Ê‚ª‚ ‚èA
@@@@@@@1) *Shirley called out to be the boy that she knew him.
(Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1983, p.361)
ˆê•û‚ÅA
‚ðl‚¦‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚èAŽŸ‚Ì 2-a) ‚Æ 2-b) ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚Å‚«‚邯‚¢‚¤ƒƒŠƒbƒg‚ª
‚ ‚éB
2)a. Winter is gone.
b. The cockroach was killed
.
@@@@@‚³‚ç‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Ì‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚³‚ÍA3-b) ‚Æ 3-c) ‚ðl‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚Åà–¾‚Å‚«
‚éB
3)a. I found the purse that I had stolen.
b. I found the purse that I had
stolen. iŽ„‚ª“‚܂ꂽà•zj
c. I found the purse that I had stolen
. iŽ„‚ª“‚ñ‚¾à•zj
@@@@@‚µ‚©‚µAˆê•û‚ÅAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚¢‚‚‚©‚Ì–â‘è“_‚à‚ ‚éB‚Ü‚¸A
‚ð¶‚Ýo‚³
‚È‚¢‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚ª‚ ‚éB
@@@@@@@4) She looked as if she had seen a ghost or something.
5) I'll never forget his surprise when we told him. ¼”g, p.73
‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚̂悤‚É
‚ðŽ‚Â‚à‚̂Ǝ‚½‚È‚¢‚à‚̗̂¼•û‚ª‹–—e‚³‚ê‚éŒ`—eŽŒ‰»‚ª‚ ‚éB
6)a. the now-I-can-tell-
story
b. the now-I-can-tell-you story
c. the now-I-can-tell-it story
ø¢27-3-NT-(A)@m‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq(ŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒj‚Ì‘I‘ðFthat/which/who(m)n
ˆÀˆäi1994, p.739-750)( —v–ñj‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAthat ‚Æ which/who(m) ‚Æ‚Ì
Œð‘ւɂ͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚ȃ‹|ƒ‹‚ª‚ ‚éB
(i) ”ñ§ŒÀ“I—p–@‚Å‚ÍAthat•s‰ÂBwhich/who(m)‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚éB
(ii) æsŽŒ‚ªl‚̂Ƃ« who(m)AlˆÈŠO‚̂Ƃ«whichBthat ‚Í—¼•û‚n‚jB
(iii) ŽåŠi‚Ì who ‚Í that ‚æ‚èD‚Ü‚ê‚éBiæsŽŒ‚ª‚΂‚º‚ñ‚Æ‚µ‚½•¨‚Ì
‚Æ‚«that‚à‰Âj
(iv) –Ú“IŒê‚Å‚Í who(m)/which ‚æ‚è that ‚ªD‚Ü‚ê‚éB
(v) all, best, last, everything ‚Ȃǂ̌ã‚Å‚Í that ‚ªD‚Ü‚ê‚éB
@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Æ‚µ‚Ă܂¸ that ‚𓱓ü‚µA‚»‚ÌuŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦•\Œ»v
‚Æ‚µ‚Ä which/who/whom ‚𓱓ü‚·‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‹³Žº‚ł̓±“ü‡˜‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É
‚Ȃ낤B
@@@@@@(i) §ŒÀ—p–@‚Ì that.
(ii) æsŽŒ‚ªl‚È‚çwho(m)‚Öioptional)
(iii) æsŽŒ‚ªlˆÈŠO‚È‚çwhich‚Öioptional)
(iv) *”ñ§ŒÀ“I—p–@‚Ì thatil‚È‚çjwho(m)‚Öiobligatory)
(v) *”ñ§ŒÀ“I—p–@‚Ì thatilˆÈŠO‚È‚çjwhich ‚Öiobligatory)
@‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚Ì when ‚̂悤‚ÈA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éAŠÖŒW•›ŽŒ‚Ì“±“ü‚ÍA
2) ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ƂȂ낤B
1) The day will come when we have to work only four days a week.
2) that...in ¨ which...in ¨ in which ... ¨ when ...
@@@@@‚È‚¨A‰ÈŠw•¶–@‚ł͂±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì that ‚Æ which‚ȂǂƂð
•Ê•¨‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤—§ê‚à‚ ‚éBicf.de Chene p.147, ’†”öEŽ™”n p.5)
ø¢27-3-NT-(B)@m“¯ˆê«”Fޝil‚©•¨‚©‚È‚Çj‚Ì‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚³n
@@@@@that ‚ð which/who(m) ‚ÉŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚éê‡Ad•¡íœ‚³‚ꂽ–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ªl‚Å
‚ ‚é‚©•¨‚Å‚ ‚é‚©‚Íd—v‚Èî•ñ‚ƂȂéB‚½‚¾‚µAl‚©•¨‚©‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚‚˂Ɍµ–§‚ÉŒˆ‚ß‚ç‚ê
‚邯‚¢‚¤‚킯‚ł͂Ȃ¢BŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚Å‚ÍA¸_“IŽY•¨‚Æ‚µ‚Ă̖{‚Æ•¨—“IŽY•¨‚Æ‚µ‚Ă̖{‚ð
‘f«ã‚Ì‚¸‚ꂪ‚ ‚é‚É‚àS‚炸“¯ˆê«‚ÌðŒ(identity condition)‚Ì‚à‚Æ‚Å”F‚߂è‚èA
(ˆÀˆäA1987, p.418)
1) This book, which John wrote, weighs five pounds.
ŽŸ‚Ì athlete ‚Íl‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚æ‚èó‘Ô‚Æ‚µ‚ĂƂ炦‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB
2) He is not the athlete that[*who] he was when he was at college.
@@@@@@@@@@@ (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.740)
ŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚Å‚ÍA’Êí she/her ‚Å‚¤‚¯‚ç‚ê‚é ship ‚ªAwho(m) ‚ł͂Ȃ which ‚𓱂¢‚Ä
‚¢‚éB
3)@The captain told us about the ship which[*who(m)] he commanded.
@@@@@@@@@@@ (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.739)
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Íd•¡íœ‚³‚ꂽ•”•ª‚ª•K‚¸‚µ‚à–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Ƃ͌¾‚¦‚È‚¢—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
4) I'm delighted, which I know you're not. (Kaplan, J.P. p.301)
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÅAwhich ‚ª‚³‚·‚à‚̂͑O•¶‘S‘Ì‚ª–¼ŽŒ‰»‚³‚ꂽ‚à‚̂ł ‚éB
5) She signed the letter herself, which was a serious infringement
of the rules. (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.734)
ø¢27-3-NT-(C)@m‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ìwhich‚ȂǂƂu|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì to n
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì—á‚Å‚ÍA‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì which/who ‚Æ‚u|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì to ‚ª
”ü‚µ‚¢ƒpƒ‰ƒŒƒŠƒYƒ€‚ðŒ©‚¹‚Ä‚¢‚éB
@@@@@@ 1)a. a shovel to dig the hole with
(McCawley, J.D., p.429)
b. a shovel which you can dig the hole with
2)a. the person to give the money to
b. the person who you should give the money to
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µAwhich/who ‚È‚Ç‚Æ to ‚ª‹¤‘¶‚·‚éA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éA infinitival
relatives(McCawley, J.D.1988, pp.429ff)‚Å‚ÍA‚»‚Ì‹¤‹N‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä heavy restrictions
‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚éB
@@@@@@@3)a. a shovel with which to dig the hole (p.429)
b. a hole (*which) to fill with earth
4)a. a shovel for us to dig the hole with
b. *a shovel with which for us to dig the hole
5)a. a priest (for us) to be blessed by (p.430)
b. a priest by whom to be blessed
6)a. a book in which (*for Al) to find the answers to his questions
b. a book for Al to find the answers to his questions in (p.452)
‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍAwhich/who ‚È‚Ç‚Æ to ‚ð‚Æ‚à‚É‚`‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·“]Š·Žq‚ƈʒu‚¯‚邱‚Ì–{‚ł͕ªÍ
‚͂ނ‚©‚µ‚¢Bicf.McCawley, J.D. 1988, p.435/p.444 ‚ ‚é‚¢‚͈ÀˆäA1982, p.125ƒƒ_
ƒuƒ‹‚ÌŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ„j
ø¢27-4-NT@m§ŒÀ“I—p–@(restrictive)‚Æ”ñ§ŒÀ“I—p–@(non-restrictive)n
@@@@@ˆÀˆäi1994, p.735)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß(restrictive)‚ÍAæsŽŒ‚É
‚æ‚Á‚ÄŽw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ðA“¯‚¶ƒNƒ‰ƒX‚Ì‘¼‚̬ˆõ‚©‚ç‹æ•Ê‚µA“Á’艻‚·‚邽‚߂ɕK—v
‚Èî•ñ‚ð—^‚¦‚éB
@@@@@@@1) The essay I read yesterday was interesting.
ˆê•ûA”ñ§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß(nonrestrictive)‚ÍA‚·‚łɂ킩‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éŽwަ•¨‚ɂ‚¢‚ĕ⑫
“I‚Èî•ñ‚ð—^‚¦‚é‚Ì‚ÅA‚±‚Ìß‚ðÈ—ª‚µ‚Ä‚àŽwަ•¨‚Ì“Á’艻‚ɉe‹¿‚͂Ȃ¢B
@@@@@@@2) My sister, whose name is Maud, lives in Newenden.
@@@@‚Ü‚½AˆÓ–¡“I‚È–ðŠ„‚©‚ç‚·‚邯A§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚ÍæsŽŒ‚Æ“¯‚¶î•ñ‚Ì’PˆÊ‚É
‘®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂ɑ΂µ‚ÄA”ñ§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚ÍæsŽŒ‚ƕʂÌî•ñ’PˆÊ‚É‘®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB’†”öE
Ž™”n(p.67)‚Ì•\Œ»‚ðŽØ‚è‚ê‚ÎA§ŒÀß‚ÍæsŽŒ‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éŠù’m‚Ìî•ñ‚ðA”ñ§ŒÀß‚Íæs
ŽŒ‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éV‚µ‚¢î•ñ‚ð’ñަ‚·‚éA‚ƂȂéB
@@@@@‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Å‚ÍAone ‚Í violin that once belonged to
Heifetz@‚ð‚³‚·‚̂ɑ΂µA3-b) ‚Å‚ÍAviolin ‚¾‚¯‚ð‚³‚·‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂéB
@@@@@@@3)a. Tom has a violin that once belonged to Heifetz, and Jane
has one too. @@@(McCawley, J.D. 1988, p.420)
b. Tom has a violin, which once belonged to Heifetz, and Jane
has one too.
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ÅÅ‚àd—v‚Ȃ̂ÍA”ñ§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚ÌꇂÍA’¼‘O‚ ‚é
‚¢‚Í‘OŒã‚ÉA
@@@@@@@(i) ‹xŽ~‚ª’u‚©‚ê‚éi˜b‚µ‚±‚Æ‚Îj
@@@@@@ (ii) ƒRƒ“ƒ}i,)‚ª’u‚©‚ê‚éi‘‚«‚±‚Æ‚Îj
‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃł ‚éB
@@@@@‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA㋉ŠwKŽÒ‚ÌꇂɂÍAŽŸ‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚ð’m‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚낤B
@@@@@@@(i) ”ñ§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚Å‚Í that ‚ÍŽg‚í‚È‚¢
@@@@@@ (ii) §ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚ÍŒÅ—L–¼ŽŒi‚mpro)‚ɂ͂©‚©‚ç‚È‚¢
ø¢27-5-NT@m‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚ÌÈ—ªiƒ[ƒŠÖŒWŽŒjn
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”n(p.65)i—v–ñj‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAƒ[ƒŠÖŒWŽŒ‚Í“–‰A‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚ÇŽåŠi‚ÉŒÀ‚ç
‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚»‚ꂪAˆÈŒãŽŸ‘æ‚ÉŠ‚¦A‚P‚W¢‹I‚É“ü‚Á‚Ĉê”ʂɔp‚ꂽB‘ã‚í‚Á‚Ä–Ú“IŒê‚Ì
ƒ[ƒŠÖŒWŽŒ‚ªoŒ»A‚P‚U|‚V¢‹I‚É‹}‘‚µ‚½Bí‚ɧŒÀ߂ł ‚éB
@@@@@Œ»‘ã‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍA–Ú“IŠi‚ÌŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎÈ—ª‚³‚ê‚邪AŽåŠi‚ÌŠÖŒW‘ã–¼
ŽŒ‚ÌÈ—ª‚ÍA•¶’†‚É there is ‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éꇂɑ½‚ A‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚Ç ŒûŒê‘̂ɌÀ‚ç‚ê‚éB
(ˆÀˆäA1996, p.254) [Ȃ͊֌W‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ÌÈ—ª‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éˆÊ’u‚ðŽ¦‚·]
1) This is the highest building È there is in Paris.
2) There is somebodyÈ wants to see you.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AˆÀˆäi1987, p.396)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚̂Ȃ¢ithat-lessjŠÖŒWß
‚ÍAŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ª–¾Ž¦‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é߂ƈӖ¡‚ªˆÙ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邯‚¢‚¤Žw“E‚ª‚ ‚éB
@@@@3)a. John gave a book {that/which} he wrote to Mary.
b. John gave a book
he wrote to Mary.
3-a) ‚Ì•¶‚ÍA3-b) ‚É‚‚ç‚ׂÄu‚Ù‚©‚É‚à–{‚ª‚ ‚é‚̂Ɏ©•ª‚Ì‘‚¢‚½–{‚ðv‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠÜ‚Ý‚ª
‹‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@ —¼ŽÒ‚̊ԂɈӖ¡‚̈Ⴂ‚ª‚ ‚邯‚·‚ê‚ÎA‚QŽí—Þ‚ÌŠÖŒWß‚ÍAˆê•û‚ª‘¼•û‚©‚çA
ŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ÌÈ—ª‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä”h¶‚³‚ê‚é‚̂ł͂ȂA‰‚ß‚©‚ç•ʌ‚̂à‚̂ł ‚é
‚Æ‚·‚錩•û‚ª‰Â”\‚ɂȂéB
@@@@@“±“üEŽw“±‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠÏ“_‚©‚猾‚¦‚ÎAƒ[ƒŠÖŒWŽŒ‚ðŽ‚ÂA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éAuÚGßv
‚©‚ç“ü‚é•û–@‚ÆAthat/which ‚Ȃǂ̊֌WŽŒ‚ðŽ‚ÂŒ`—eŽŒ‚©‚ç“ü‚èA‚»‚ÌÈ—ª‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ`‚Å
ÚGß‚Ìà–¾‚É“ü‚é•û–@‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚éB‰pŒê‚Ì“úí‰ï˜b‚Å‚ÍAˆ³“|“I‚ÉÚGß‚ª‘½‚Žg‚í‚ê‚é
‚̂ŕp“x‚ðdŽ‹‚·‚é—§ê‚ł͑OŽÒ‚ðA\‘¢—‰ð‚Éd“_‚ð’u‚—§ê‚ł͌ãŽÒ‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚ƂƂÈ
‚낤B
ø¢27-6-NT@mŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒi‚m{CVT)‚Ìwhat‚Æ‹^–⎌iEPDj‚Ìwhatn
@@@@@McCawley, J.D. (1988, p.431) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Ì whatß‚ð interrogative
complementA1-b) ‚Ì whatß‚ð free relative ‚ƌĂÑA
@@@@@@ 1)a. I'll ask what he's selling. (Interrogative complement)
b. I'll buy what he's selling.(Free relative)
Bresnan and Grimshaw(1978) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAfree relative ‚¾‚¯‚ª whatever ‚ł̌¾‚¢‚©‚¦‚ð
‹–‚·‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@@@ 2)a. I'll buy whatever he's selling.
b. *I'll ask whatever he's selling.
@@@@@ˆê”Ê‚ÉAknow, guess ‚Ȃǂ̌ã‚É‚Í indirect question ‚ªAwear,
borrow ‚Ȃǂ̌ã‚É‚Í free relative ‚ª‘±‚‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚éBiBaker, C.L. 1989, p.226)
‚½‚¾‚µA‚`ß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚· that/which ‚ȂǂÆA‚mß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·‚±‚Ì what ‚Ƃ𓯂¶uŠÖŒW
‘ã–¼ŽŒv‚ƌĂԂ±‚Ƃ͊wK‰p•¶–@‚ł͂â‚ß‚½‚¢‚à‚̂ł ‚éB
@@@@@‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉAHamburger and Crain(1982) iin Givon, T. p.10) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚RË
ˆÈ~Ž™‚Ì grammatical inventiveness ‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
@@@@@@@3) This is my did it. (This is what I did.)
4) Look-a my made. (Look at what I made.)