|
第六章 句子的转换 |
  |
|
第二十七课 S-A转换子(S-A CVT): "that", "which", "who(m)", 等。
27-1 [S-A转换子(S-A CVT): "that"]
一个在前面带有"that"的核心句(K-S)，可以转换成一个形容词(A)。
(1)a. The fish was caught by John.
那条鱼被约翰捕到了。
b. The fish that ø was caught by John was big.
约翰捕到的那条鱼很大。
c. The fish caught by John was big.
约翰捕到的那条鱼很大。
句子(1a)是个独立的句子。但是，当你把"that"放到它前面时，它就变成了一个形容词，而它的意思与(1c)相同。句子-形容词转换子，即sentence-adjective convertor(S-A CVT) "that"在这里的功能是把一个核心句(K-S)转换成形容词(A)。 27-2 [空格 (  )] 让我们看看一个核心句(K-S)是如何通过"that"转变成形容词的。
(2) (the fish) [the fish was caught by John]
↓步骤一：把"that"放在K-S的最前面。
(the fish) [that + the fish was caught by John]
↓步骤二：确定两个名词是否相同。
(the fish) [that the fish was caught by John]
↓步骤三：把第二个名词去掉。(ø 出现。)
(the fish) [that ø was caught by John]
(1b)中名词短语"the fish that ø was caught by John"的树形图为：
(3) (the fish that ø was caught by John)
N
／ ＼
N A
(the fish) ／ ＼
CVT[S-A] S
(that) ／ ＼
N V
(the fish) (was caught by John)
→ ø
另一例：
(4) The fish that John caught ø was big.
约翰捕到的鱼很大。
划线部分按下列步骤生成。
(5) (the fish) [John caught the fish]
↓步骤一：把"that"放在K-S最前面。
(the fish) [that + John caught the fish]
↓步骤二：确认两个名词是否相同。
(the fish) [that John caught the fish]
↓步骤三：把去掉第二个名词。(ø 出现)
(the fish) [that John caught ø]
(4)当中的名词短语"the fish that John caught ø"的树形图为：
(6) (the fish that John caught ø)
N
／ ＼
N A
(the fish) ／ ＼
CVT[S-A] S
(that) ／ ＼
N V
(John) ／ ＼
VZ N
(caught) (the fish)
→ ø
(1b)和(4)中的划线部分应该被称作一个形容词从句，即adjective clause,它具有以下四个特征。
(i) 它具有"N + V"的结构，因此也具有PRS/PST。
(ii) 它含在一个句子里(S)。
(iii) 它具有形容词(A)的功能。
并且，最重要的第四个特征为：
(iv) 它具有间隙 ø. (Equi Rule #3)。
公式为：
(7) that + K-S
换言之，转换子"that"引发三个步骤的操作。
<S-A CVT "that">
步骤一：把"that"放到核心句(K-S)最前面。
步骤二：确定两个名词是否相同。
步骤三：删除第二个名词。(ø 出现。) (Equi Rule #3)
注意，句子-形容词转换子"that"总是会产生空隙，即。27-3 [其它的S-A转换子(S-A CVT)："which","who",等] 一些其它的句子-形容词转换子(S-A CVTs)用"that"。
(i) <which>
当要被删掉的名词是人[-human]的时候，转换子"which"要变成"that"。(在这里被省略。)
(8) The Seine is a big river that/which runs through Paris.
塞纳河是一条贯穿巴黎的大河。
(9) The things that/which he had left in his locker
disappeared.
他落在柜子里的东西不见了。
(10) This is the speeding ticket that/which I got last week.
这是我上周得到的超速驾驶的罚单。
(ii) <who/whom>
当要被删掉的名词是人[+human]的时候，转换子"that"要变成"who/whom"。
(11) A friend of mine that/who studies metal fatigue never
travels by air.
我的一个研究金属疲劳的朋友从来都没乘飞机旅行过。
(12) The lady that/whom the kidnapper talked to was a
policewoman.
那个和绑匪对话的女士是位警察。
(13) I met a woman that/who I thought was my aunt.
我遇见一位我认为是我姑姑的女人。
(iii) <whose>
转换子"whose"可以用来代替"of which"和"of whom"。
(14)a. The mountain the top of which is covered with snow is
Mt. Asama.
b. = The mountain whose top is covered with snow is
Mt. Asama.
山顶覆盖着雪的山是浅殓山。
(15)a. The girl the father of whom is a great scientist likes
mathematics.
b. = The girl whose father is a great scientist likes
mathematics.
其父亲是位伟大的科学家的女孩喜欢数学。
这些不同的转换子大多都可以和转换子"that"互换。以下情况除外：
(i) 不能用"that"的情况。
(16)a. The house in which we once lived is now for sale.
我们曾住过的那个房子现在正在出售。
b. *The house in that we once lived is now for sale.
(17)a. The boss under whom I work used to be a heavy smoker.
我的老板过去曾是一个烟鬼。
b. *The boss under that I work used to be a heavy smoker.
(ii) 只能用"that"的情况。
(18) There is the very girl that/*whom I've been looking for.
这恰恰是我一直都在寻找的那个女孩。
(19) That's the last thing that/*which I want to do.
那是我最不想做的一件事。
27-4 [制限性的用法(restrictive) 与 非制限性的用法(non-restrictive)] 比较下面两划线部分，并考虑它们意思上有何不同。
(20)a. The fish which John caught was big.
约翰捕到的那条鱼很大
b. The fish, which John caught, was big.
那条鱼，约翰捕到的，很大。
(20a)的意思是约翰捕到一条鱼，而且很大，而(20b)的意思是那条鱼很大，并且顺便提到它是约翰捕到的。句子(20b)和句子(21)非常接近。
(21) The fish -- John caught it -- was big.
那条鱼---约翰捕到的---很大。
在(20)中的两划线部分显示了埋藏(embedding)或独立(independence)“度”的不同。(20a)中的划线部分通常被称作限制性的用法，即restrictive use, 而(20b)中的划线部分被称作非限制性的用法，即non-restrictive use。很重要的是，注意转换子"that"只有限制性的用法，而转换子"which", "who", "whom", "whose"则既有限制的又有非限制性的用法。
(22)a. The book which/that I bought yesterday is very
interesting.
我昨天买的那本书很有意思。
b. The book, which/*that I bought yesterday, is very
interesting.
那本书，我昨天买的，很有意思。
(23)a. The man who/that read the book was quite moved.
读那本书的男士被感动了。
b. The man, who/*that read the book, was quite moved.
那位男士，读书的那位，被感动了。
27-5 [S-A转换子(S-A CVT)的省略] 在限制性用法中，位于两个名词之间的转换子有时可省略。
(24)a. The pizza that/which the boy delivered was cold.
b. The pizza ø the boy delivered was cold.
那个男孩作的比萨饼凉了。
(25)a. The president that/whom we voted for resigned.
b. The president ø we voted for resigned.
我们投赞成票的那位总统辞职了。
但是，
(26) *The president for ø we voted resigned.
我们应该注意在(24b)和(25b)中，技术上存在两种不同的()，可选择的和必须的。(24b)和(25b)应该更严格地写成：
(27) The pizza ø1 the boy delivered ø2 was cold.
(28) The president ø1 we voted for ø2 resigned.
1是可选择的，而2是必须的。27-6 ["the thing which" → "what"] 比较以下三个例子：
(29)a. The first question he asked was what I bought in Mexico.
(S-N CVT:"what")
他问我的第一个问题是我在墨西哥买什么了。
b. I gave him what I bought in Mexico.
我给了他我在墨西哥买的东西。
("the thing which" → "what")
c. Guess what I bought in Mexico.
猜我在墨西哥买什么了。
(ambiguous不确定)
(29a)中的划线部分来自核心句，"I bought something in Mexico"，作为句子-名词转换子(S-N CVT) 的"what"起了作用。
(30) (what I bought ø in Mexico)
N
／ ＼
CVT[S-N] K-S
(what) (I bought something in Mexico)
然而，(29b)的划线部分可以改写为(31)中那样。
(31) I gave him the thing which I bought ø in Mexico.
我给了他我在墨西哥买的东西。
单词"what"是"the thing"加上S-A CVT "which/that"的变形，即variant form。(29b)中相关部分的树形图为：
(32) (what I bought ø in Mexico)
N
／ ＼
N A
(the thing) (which I bought ø in Mexico)
| ／ ＼
| CVT[S-A] K-S
| (which) (I bought the thing in Mexico)
| |
(the thing which → what)
在某些情况下，像在(29c)中一样，很难区分它们。让我们再看一下每种情况下的例子。
(i) <S-N CVT: "what">
(33) Tell me what your name is.
告诉我你的名字是什么。
(34) I wonder what happened in the family.
我想知道家里发生什么事了。
(ii) <"the thing which" → "what">
(35) I wore what I liked best.
我穿/戴上了我最喜欢的。
(36) What was a small village five years ago has developed
into a huge town.
五年前的小村庄已经发展成了大城市。
(37) They are all what you call baby boomers.
他们都是你称作的(美国)生育高峰期出生的人。
(38) You must do what you said you would.
你必须做你说过你能做的事儿。
(iii) <ambiguous不确定>
(39) I can imagine what she is saying.
我能想象得出她说什么。
(40) What he does matches what he says.
他所做的和他所说的不一致。
(41) Things are not always what they look like.
事情不总是它们看起来那样。
27-7 ["in which/that...to" → "when/where"] 其它一些S-A CVTs的变形。
(42)a. There are occasions in which we feel like cutting
classes.
b. = There are occasions when we feel like cutting classes.
有些时候我们想逃课。
(43)a. She has always loved the town in which she spent her
childhood.
b. = She has always loved the town where she spent her
childhood.
她一直喜欢她曾经度过童年时代的城镇。
(44)a. Tell me some specific cases that the rule cannot be
applied to.
b. = Tell me some specific cases where the rule cannot be
applied.
告诉我一些不能运用该规则的特殊情况。
27-8 [大总结] 因此，我在本书中提出的是， 观点I：英语有四种主要词素(N,A,V,AD)，它们经常可以被扩充或转换成另一种主要词素(有时转变成一个组合N+V, 或 S)。 观点II：有两种类型的扩充(EPD + V and EPD + S)和两种类型的转换(CVT + V and CVT + S)，它们由以下内容组成：
(i) <EPD + V>
a) PRS/PST + V
|
A (w/ ø)
V
b) PRS/PST + MOD + V |
Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba. All rights reserved. |
 |