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第六章 句子的转换 |
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第二十六课 S-AD转换子(S-AD CVT): "because",等。
26-1 [S-AD转换子(S-AD CVT): because]
一个在前面带有"because"的核心句(K-S)可以转变成一个副词(AD)。
(1)a. I overslept. 我睡过头了。
b. Because I overslept, I missed the train.
因为睡过头了，没赶上火车。
c. Unfortunately I missed the train. 不幸地是，我没赶上火车。
(1b)和(1c)中的划线部分可以互换；它是通过在(1a)上添加"because"而形成的副词。换言之：
(2) because + K-S
我们把这个"because"叫做句子-副词转换子，即sentence-adverb convertor(S-AD CVT), "because"。(1b)中的划线部分的树形图为：
(3) (because I overslept)
AD
／ ＼
CVT[S-AD] K-S
(because) (I overslept)
在(1b)中的划线部分是一个状语从句，adverbial clause，因为它具有以下三个特征。
(i) 它具有"N + V"结构, 因此也具有PRS/PST。
(ii) 它含在一个句子(S)中。
(iii) 它具有副词(AD)的功能。
26-2 [其它的(S-AD CVT)："after", "when",等] 除了"because"，还有其它一些S-AD CVTs。
(i) <after>
(4) I received a letter three months after she left.
她离开三个月后，我收到一封信。
(ii) <as>
(5) Light is refracted as it passes through a lens.
当光通过透镜时会折射。
(6) As it grew darker, it became colder.
天越黑，就越冷。
(7) Everything is going as I expected.
一切都像我期待地那样进行着。
(8) As Dex is honest, everybody likes him.
因为戴克斯诚实，所以大家喜欢他。
(9) Poor as we are, we are not unhappy.
虽然我们贫穷，但是我们并不沮丧。
(iii) <before>
(10) I had counted 22,576 sheep before I fell asleep.
在我睡着之前我数了22，576只羊。
(iv) <if>
(11) If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask.
如果你有任何问题，请不要犹豫来问。
(12) We'll finish it, if it takes us all day.
如果花一整天我们会完成。
(v) <since>
(13) Since I was a child, I've enjoyed taking things apart
and putting them back together again.
自从我是孩子的时候，我就喜欢把东西拆了然后再装上。
(14) Since you're no longer a child, you should know better.
既然你不再是孩子了，你应该更更好地了解。
(vi) <though/although>
(15) Though/Although I live near the sea, I can't swim.
虽然我住在海边，但是我不会游泳。
(vii) <when>
(16) When I was watching television, the telephone rang.
当我正在看电视的时候，电话铃响了。
(17) How can you pass the exam when you don't study?
你不学习怎么通过考试？
(viii) <while>
(18) A Mr.Goodrich called you while you were out.
在你离开的时候，有个Goodrich先生给你打电话了。
(19) We throw away tons of leftovers every day in Japan,
while in other countries many are dying of hunger.
在日本我们每天扔掉成吨的剩余食品，然而在别的国家，
许多人因为饥饿而面临死亡。
(ix) <Others>
(20) Until/Till the steamboat came, the Mississippi was a
one-way river -- downstream.
在汽船到来之前，密西西比河一直都是一个单向河流---下游。
(21) I'm lucky that my wife is such a good cook.
我很幸运我妻子会做一手好菜。
(22) Now you're here, you'd better stay.
既然你都在这儿了，最好留下来。
(23) Once he makes a promise, he never breaks it.
他一旦许诺，就决不会食言。
(24) Whenever she goes out, she changes her clothes.
无论她什么时候出去，她都会换衣服。
26-3 [S-AD 转换子 与 N-AD 转换子)] 一些S-AD CVTs也可以当作N-AD CVT使用。
(25)a. That actress has not appeared on TV since she retired.
b. That actress has not appeared on TV since her
retirement.
那位女演员自从退休就没在电视上出现过。
(26)a. We'll wait until he arrives.
b. We'll wait until his arrival.
我们将一直等到她来。
然而，其它的只能用作S-AD CVT 或 N-AD CVT。
(27)a. He failed in the exam because he was lazy.
因为他懒惰，所以考试没及格。
b. *He failed in the exam because of he was lazy.
(28)a. He failed in the exam because of his laziness.
因为他的懒惰，所以考试没及格。
b. *He failed in the exam because his laziness.
26-4 ["if"(S-AD CVT) 与 "if"(S-N CVT)] 转换子"if"有时具有S-AD CVT的功能，有时则作为一个S-N CVT。
(29) If he comes back, I'll tell you. (S-AD CVT)
如果他回来，我会告诉你。
(30) I wonder if he will come back. (S-N CVT)
我不知道他是否将回来。
树形图：
(31) (if he comes back)
AD
／ ＼
CVT[S-AD] K-S
(if) (he comes back)
(32) (if he will come back)
N
／ ＼
CVT[S-N] K-S
(if) (he will come back)
26-5 [大块转换子 和 石阶式转换子] 一些S-AD CVTs不仅可以由单个单词组成，还可以由短语组成，它被称作大块转换子，即chunk CVT 或石阶式转换子，即 stepping-stone CVT。
(i) <chunk CVTs>
(33) The moment she touched him, he turned into stone.
当她碰到他的瞬间，他变成了石头。
(34) She talked as if she knew him.
她交谈着好像她早就认识他。
(35) Many countries participate in the Olympic Games
every time they are held.
每次举办奥运会，许多国家都参加。
(36) As far as mathematics is concerned, no one in the class
can match him.
就数学而言，班里没有一个人能比过他。
(37) His mother loved him the more because he was stupid.
他的母亲更爱他，因为他有点笨。
(ii) <stepping-stone CVTs>
(38) The pizza was so hot that nobody could eat it.
比萨饼太烫，每人能吃。
(39) I practiced very hard so that I might win the race.
我努力地练习以至能赢那场比赛。
(40) As lungs are to animals, so are leaves to plants.
就像动物和其肺的关系，植物和其叶子的关系与之是一样的。
(41) The higher up in the air we go, the colder it becomes.
我们越往空中高处走，空气就变得越冷。
(42) This job isn't as easy as you think.
这份工作不像你想象的那样简单。
26-6 [S扩充子{虚拟(subjunctive)}: SUBJ] 在以下两个句子中，划线部分都是由转换子"if"所形成的状语从句。然而，两个句子不一样。
(43) If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.
如果明天下雨，我就待在家里。
(44) If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
如果我是你，我就不会那么做。
如果你检查这些句子，你会发现以下不同。
(i) 在含义上：
a) (43)中的"if"具有50%的可能性。
(通常被称作条件的"if"，即conditional "if"。)
b) (44)中的"if"具有0%的可能性。
(通常被称作虚拟的"if"，即subjunctive "if"。)
(ii) 在形式上：
a) (43)中的动词(V)是PRS形式。(rains)
b) (44)中的动词(V)是PST形式。(were)
(44)中的划线部分有{Although it is not the fact虽然不是事实}或者{Subjunctive虚拟}的意思，在形式上是PST。我们认为，这是一个在句子(S)上添加虚拟含义的句子扩充子。我们称它为S EPD {Subjunctive} 或 SUBJ，这个扩充子如下运作。
<SUBJ>
步骤一：在AGR(PRS/PST)上往过去提一个时态。
(44)中划线部分的树形图为：
(45) (if I were you)
AD
／ ＼
CVT[S-AD] S
(if) (I were you)
／ ＼
EPD[SUBJ] K-S
(I am you)
26-7 [过去的{虚拟}] 扩充子SUBJ有时和PST一起出现。 注意，在(46)中动词最左边的部分是按以下步骤变化的。 两个意思{Past过去}和{Subjunctive虚拟}需要动词有两个步骤的时态变换。相似的例子为：
(47) If the parents had been more careful, the tragedy would
have been prevented.
如果那家父母当时更小心些，就可以避免悲剧的发生了。
(48) If it had not been for your advice, I might have failed.
如果当时不是你的建议，我可能就失败了。
一个有趣的例子：在(49)中, "would be"仅仅表示{Subjunctive虚拟}，"  " 则表示 {Past过去}和{Subjunctive虚拟}。26-8 [N/A从句中的SUBJ] 扩充子SUBJ可以出现在名词从句，形容词（定语）从句和副词（状语）从句中。
(50) I wish I were a bird. (N名词)
我希望我是一只鸟。
(51) She looked as if she had seen a ghost or something. (A形容词)
她看起来好像她刚看到幽灵什么的。
树形图：
(52) ( ø I were a bird)
N
／ ＼
CVT[OM-NI] S
( ø ) (I were a bird)
／ ＼
EPD[SUBJ] K-S
(I am a bird)
(53) (as if she had seen a ghost or something)
A
／ ＼
CVT[S-A] S
(as if) (She had seen a ghost or something)
／ ＼
EPD[SUBJ] K-S
(She has seen a ghost or something)
26-9 [SUBJ +短语] 扩充子SUBJ可以和短语甚至单词或句子出现在一起。因此，在以下句子中你不能断定划线部分单独时是什么情况。
(i) Present Condition 现在情况
(54)a. Without your help, I can not do it.
没有你的帮助，我做不了这这件事。
(ii) Present Subjunctive 现在虚拟情况
b. Without your help, I could not do it.
没有没有你的帮助，我不可能做成这件事。
(iii) Past Subjunctive 过去虚拟情况
c. Without your help, I could not have done it.
如果当时没有你的帮助，我不可能做成这件事。
26-10 [倒置(Inversion)=省略"if"] 在比较老式的表达方法中，{Subjunctive虚拟} "if"的意思和功能可以通过倒置来表达。
(55)a. If it were not for the sun, nothing could live.
b. = Were it not for the sun, nothing could live.
如果没有太阳，就不可能存在生物。
(56)a. If he had been born twenty years earlier, he would
have been successful.
b. = Had he been born twenty years earlier, he would have
been successful.
如果他早出生二十年，他就会成功。
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AD
如果我们当时有份好地图，我们就会很容易地找到捷径了。
如果我当时买下那块地，我就会成为亿万富翁了。
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