LEARNER'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR 2004 by Masaya Oba

19-1 [Emphatic Question(EMPH-Q-S)]
A kernel sentence(K-S) may expand into another sentence(S) with a new grammatical meaning {Emphatic Question}, which in this book is called an emphatic question or EMPH-Q-S.

      (1)a.  John is a vegetarian.
         b.  IS John a vegetarian?
      (2)a.  John likes onions.
         b.  DOES John like onions?

Emphatic questions (1b) and (2b) are derived from kernel sentences (1a) and (2a) respectively. Thus,

      (3)  {Emphatic Question} + Kernel Sentence(K-S)
                    Emphatic Question(EMPH-Q-S)

If we name this S EPD {Emphatic Question} an EMPH-Q, the derivations in (1b) and (2b) will be as follows.

      (4)    EMPH-Q + K-S(John is a vegetarian.)         [-DO Type]
                    EMPH-Q-S(IS John a vegetarian?)
      (5)    EMPH-Q + K-S(John likes onions)             [+DO Type]
                    EMPH-Q-S(DOES John like onions?)

19-2 [Diagrams]
Diagrams of (1b) and (2b) are:

   (i) -DO Type
      (6)        (IS John a vegetarian?)
                      EMPH-Q-S
                          
                EPD[EMPH-Q]  K-S
                            (John is a vegetarian)

  (ii) +DO Type
      (7)        (DOES John like onions?)
                      EMPH-Q-S
                          
                EPD[EMPH-Q]  K-S
                            (John likes onions)

19-3 [Operations of EMPH-Q]
The expander EMPH-Q includes the following three steps.

    <EMPH-Q>
      Step 1: Add EMPH to a kernel sentence(K-S).
              (Operator Specification)
      Step 2: Move the operator to the front. (Q inversion)
      Step 3: Rising/Falling intonation when spoken;"?" mark when
              written.

Sentences (1b) and (2b) are generated as follows.

      (8)  EMPH-Q +  [John is a vegetarian]     [-DO Type]
                           Step 1
                     [John IS a vegetarian]
                           Step 2
                     [IS John a vegetarian]
                           Step 3
                     [IS John a vegetarian?]

      (9)  EMPH-Q +  [John likes onions]        [+DO Type]
                           Step 1
                     [John DOES like onions]
                           Step 2
                     [DOES John like onions]
                           Step 3
                     [DOES John like onions?]

Other examples:

   (i) -DO Type
     (10)  IS everything going well?
     (11)  CAN I count on your help?
     (12)  HAVE you ever been abroad?

  (ii) +DO Type
     (13)  DO you feel well now?
     (14)  DOES she often skip breakfast?
     (15)  DID he repair his car by himself?

19-4 [Simple Question(Q-S)]
As the emphatic negative sentence(EMPH-NEG-S) has its non-emphatic counterpart(NEG-S), so does the emphatic question(EMPH-Q-S). We call it a simple question or Q-S.

      (16)a.  IS John a vegetarian?          =(1b)     [-DO Type]
          b.  Is John a vegetarian?
      (17)a.  DOES John like onions?         =(2b)     [+DO Type]
          b.  Does John like onions?

The simple question(Q-S) is derived from the kernel sentence(K-S) by an S EPD{Simple Question} or Q. Diagrams of (16b) and (17b):

      (18)      (Is John a vegetarian?)
                     Q-S
                      
              EPD[Q]      K-S
                      (John is a vegetarian)

      (19)      (Does John like onions?)
                     Q-S
                      
              EPD[Q]      K-S
                      (John likes onions)

19-5 [Operations of Q]
Operations of Q.

   <Q>
      Step 1: Add EMPH-Q to a kernel sentence(K-S).
      Step 2: Remove the operator accent.

Let's see how a kernel sentence (K-S) will be changed into an emphatic question (EMPH-Q-S) and then a simple question (Q-S).

   (i) -DO Type
     (20)  Q  +  [John is a vegetarian]
                        Step 1
                 [IS John a vegetarian?] (EMPH-Q-S)
                        Step 2
                 [Is John a vegetarian?] (Q-S)

  (ii) -DO Type
     (21)   Q  +  [John likes onions] 
                         Step 1
                  [DOES John like onions?] (EMPH-Q-S)
                         Step 2
                  [Does John like onions?] (Q-S)

Other examples:

   (i) -DO Type
      (22)  Is everything going well?
      (23)  Can I count on your help?
      (24)  Have you ever been abroad?
  (ii) +DO Type
      (25)  Do you feel well now?
      (26)  Does she often skip breakfast?
      (27)  Did he repair his car by himself?

19-6  [Scopes of (EMPH-)Q:Sentence vs Word/Phrase]
     So far we have studied expanders of EMPH-Q and Q; they expand a sentence(S). In other words, the scope of these elements is a sentence.
     Some expanders of EMPH-Q/Q do not expand a whole sentence but a part of it.

@@@(28)  Did John vote for SUSAN (not DEBBIE)?
@@@(29)  Did JOHN (not JOE) vote for Susan?
@@@(30)  Did John vote FOR (not AGAINST) Susan?

19-7 [Negative Question(NEG-Q-S)]
A kernel sentence(K-S) can be expanded by both NEG and Q.

      (31)  Isn't John a vegetarian?
      (32)  Doesn't John like onions?

These negative questions(NEG-Q-S) are generated as follows.

      (33)  Q  + NEG +  [John is a vegetarian]          [-DO Type]
                      
            Q  +  [John isn't a vegetarian]
                      
                  [Isn't John a vegetarian?]

      (34)  Q  + NEG +  [John likes onions]             [+DO Type]
                      
            Q  +  [John doesn't like onions]
                      
                  [Doesn't John like onions?]

Some other examples:

@@(i) -DO Type
@@@(35)  Isn't this upside down?
@@@(36)  Aren't you coming to the party?
@@@(37)  Can't she play the piano?

@ (ii) +DO Type
@@@(38)  Don't you know Mary the Cookies?
@@@(39)  Doesn't she wear a miniskirt?
@@@(40)  Didn't it rain last night?

19-8 [Informal Question(INF-Q-S)]
In a casual context, an informal question(INF-Q-S) is used.

      (41)  John is a vegetarian?
      (42)  John likes onions?

What expands a kernel sentence(K-S) into an informal question(INF-Q-S) is an S EPD {Informal Question} or INF-Q. Thus,

      (43) INF-Q  +  [John is a vegetarian]                [-DO Type]
                      John is a vegetarian?
      (44) INF-Q  +  [John likes onions]                   [+DO Type]
                      John likes onions?

Diagrams:

      (45) (John is a vegetarian?)    (46) (John likes onions?)
                INF-Q-S                          INF-Q-S
                                               
          EPD[INF-Q]   K-S                 EPD[INF-Q]   K-S
                    (John is a vegetarian)           (John likes onions)

The expander {Informal Question}(INF-Q) can also expand a simple negative question(NEG-Q).

      (47)  INF-Q  +  [John isn't a vegetarian]
                   John isn't a vegetarian?
      (48)  INF-Q  +  [John doesn't like onions] 
                   John doesn't like onions?

Diagrams of (47) and (48) respectively:

      (49) (John isn't a vegetarian?)
                INF-Q-NEG-S
                    
          EPD[INF-Q]   NEG-S
                        
                EPD[NEG]    K-S
                  (n't)   (John is a vegetarian)

      (50) (John doesn't like onions?)
                INF-Q-NEG-S
                    
          EPD[INF-Q]   NEG-S
                        
                EPD[NEG]    K-S
                  (n't)   (John likes onions)

As you can imagine, an emphatic sentence(EMPH-S) or an emphatic negative sentence(EMPH-NEG-S) can be expanded by this INF-Q.

      (51)  INF-Q +  [John IS a vegetarian]
                   John IS a vegetarian?
      (52)  INF-Q +  [John DOES like onions]
                   John DOES like onions?
      (53)  INF-Q +  [John ISN'T a vegetarian]
                   John ISN'T a vegetarian?
      (54)  INF-Q +  [John DOESN'T like onions]
                   John DOESN'T like onions?

Thus, INF-Q has only one step.

   <INF-Q>
     Step 1: Rising tone when spoken/"?" mark when written.