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L.(p.55, ’JŒû p.80)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA“K“–‚È–¬—‚ª‚ ‚é’†‚Å‚Í‘½‚‚̃AƒƒŠƒJl˜bŽÒ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì
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1)Ed had edited it.
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•¶‚Æ‹å‚Í‹æ•Ê‚³‚ê‚éB
‚È‚¨Ar–ØEˆÀˆäipp.1065ff)‚É‚ÍA(i) Sonnenschein(1916, $44)A(ii)
Onions ˆÈ~‚Ì“`“•¶–@A(iii) \‘¢Œ¾ŒêŠwA(iv)Quirk et al.A(v) •ÏŒ`•¶–@A‚É‚¨‚¯
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‚邤‚¿‚ɈêŒê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŠ´‚¶‚ç‚ê‚é‚悤‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚½‚à‚ÌA‚Æ’è‹`‚Å‚«‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚Ä
A•¡‡Œê‚ÉŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚Í‘¶Ý‚µ‚È‚¢B
1) *a retailed old shop (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.17)
2) *a very redhead
@@@@i‚½‚¾‚µAr–ØEˆÀˆä p.309‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAStrauss,S.L.i1982j‚̂悤‚ÉAŒê‚Æ
Œê‚ÌŒ‹‡‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢ socio-linguistics ‚̂悤‚È”h¶Œê‚à•¡‡Œê‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚é—§ê‚ð‚Æ‚é
•¶–@‰Æ‚à‚¢‚éj
@@ •¡‡Œê‚̃|ƒCƒ“ƒg‚Í‚Q‚‚ ‚éB(i)ƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€«‚Æ(ii)ƒCƒ“ƒgƒl|ƒVƒ‡ƒ“Eƒp
ƒ^|ƒ“‚Å‚ ‚éBƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€«‚É‚Í gradience ‚ª‚ ‚èA‚»‚ê‚Í‚PŒêisolidj|ƒnƒCƒtƒ“
•t‚«‚QŒêihyphenatedj|‚QŒêiopenj‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½•\Œ»Œ`Ž®iQuirk et al.1985, p.1613)
‚É”½‰f‚³‚ê‚éBˆê”Ê“I‚É•ÄŒê‚Í hyphenated ‚æ‚è open/solid ‚ðD‚Þiibid.)‚悤‚Å‚
‚éB‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì•\Œ»Œ`Ž®‚É‚ÍŒÂl·A’nˆæ·‚ª‚ ‚èAˆÀ’è“I‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B—Ⴆ
‚ÎA–{•¶’†‚Å‚Æ‚è‚ ‚°‚½ stomach(-)ache ‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉŽ«‘‚É‚æ‚èŽæ‚舵‚¢‚ªˆÙ‚È‚éB
(i)stomach ache ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄÚ‚¹‚Ä‚¢‚鎫‘
a. Cambridge International Dictionary of English. 1995 CUP
stomach ‚Ì€‚É‚Í‚È‚¢‚ªAache ‚Ì€‚ÉŽŸ‚̗ᕶ‚ ‚èB
I've had (a) stomach ache all morning.(p.11)
b. Shogakukan Random House English-Japanese Dictionary.'73 ¬ŠwŠÙ
‚½‚¾‚µA‚Qnd(1994)‚Å‚Í stomachache ‚Æ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é
(ii)stomach-ache ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄÚ‚¹‚Ä‚¢‚鎫‘
a. COBUILD:English Learner's Dictionary. 1989 Collins/G•¶
b. Chamber's Universal Learner's Dictionary. 1980 Chambers
c. Oxford Wordpower Dictionary for Learners of English. 2000 OUP
(iii)stomachache ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄÚ‚¹‚Ä‚¢‚鎫‘
a. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language.
‚Qnd Unabridged 1987 Random House
b. Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Unabridged
1981 G.&C.Merrian
c. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman 1978
d. TAISHUKAN'S GENIUS ENGLISH-JAPANESE DICTIONARY.(2nd) 1996 ‘åCŠÙ
ˆê•ûA•¡‡Œê‚̃Cƒ“ƒgƒl|ƒVƒ‡ƒ“Eƒpƒ^|ƒ“‚͈À’肵‚Ä‚¨‚èA‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚Ë
‚̃pƒ^|ƒ“‚Æ‚È‚éBicf.4-5-NT) —Ⴆ‚ÎŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉB
ƒ•¡‡Œê„ ƒ–¼ŽŒ‹å„
3)a. a REDhead vs a red HEAD (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.16)
b. a DIVING instructor vs a diving INSTRUCTOR
c. a GREENhouse vs a green HOUSE
‚È‚¨Ajournalese ‚Å‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŒ©‚©‚¯‚鎟‚̂悤‚ȃnƒCƒtƒ“‚‚«•¡‡Œê‚ÍA•iŽŒ
“]Š·‚ð‚Æ‚à‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚Åã‹L‚Ì‚à‚̂Ƃ͈قȂéB
4)a. would-be bride
b. now-I-can-tell-you story
ø¢2-4-NT-(A)@mŠg[iexpansionjn
ŽÀ‚ÍAexpand ‚Æ‚¢‚¤—pŒê‚ª•\‚·‚à‚Ì‚ÍAŒ»Ý‚Å‚ÍžB–†‚Å‚ ‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì
1) ‚m ‚` { ‚m
(big apple) (big) (apple)
‚ÅA(i)‚m(big apple)‚ª‚`ibig)‚Æ‚miapple)‚Éexpand1‚³‚ê‚é‚Æ‚·‚镶–@‰Æ‚ÆA(ii)
‚`ibig){‚m(apple)‚ª‚mibig apple)‚Éexpand2‚³‚ê‚é‚Æ‚·‚镶–@‰Æ‚ª‚¢‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
i–îˆó‚Ì•ûŒü‚É’ˆÓj
—Ⴆ‚ÎA(i)‚Ì—§ê‚ð‚Æ‚é‚¢‚í‚ä‚é‚o‚r rules ‚Å‚ÍA
2) NP ¨ Det + ‚m
‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê‚邪A‚±‚Ì•û–@‚Å‚Í‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚¢‚¤(i)“]Š·‚Æ(ii)Šg[‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚Å‚«‚È‚¢
‚¾‚¯‚Å‚È‚ANP ‚ª Det ‚Æ ‚m ‚É rewrite ‚³‚ꂽ‚Æ‚½‚ñ‚É NP ‚ÍÁ‚¦‚éBicf.Lyons,
J. p .235)‚h‚b•ªÍ‚à‚±‚Ì“_‚Å–îˆó‚Ì•ûŒü‚Í“¯‚¶‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚Ì•ªÍ‚Í‚¢‚í‚ÎŽóMŒ^‚Ì•¶
–@‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚éB
ˆê•ûA Morenberg,M.(pp.25ff)AHalliday,M.A.K.(pp.180ff), Lock,G.(p.130)
‚È‚Ç‚ÍA(ii)‚Ì—§ê‚ð‚Æ‚éBi“`““IŠwZ•¶–@‚Æcategorial grammars(cf.Lyons,J. pp.
227ff)‚à“¯‚¶j
@@@@ Morenberg,M. ‚ÍAExpanding Verb and Noun Phrases ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAtense,
modality, aspect ‚È‚Ç‚É‚æ‚é verb phrases ‚Ì expansion ‚â articles, possessives
‚È‚Ç‚É‚æ‚é noun phrases ‚Ì expansion ‚ð‚Æ‚è‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
‚Ü‚½AHalliday, M.A.K.(p.196) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚Éq‚ׂè‚èA
A verbal group is the expansion of a verb, in the same way that
a nominal group is the expansion of a noun.
Lock,G.(p.130)‚ÍAAdjective(ex.large) ‚ªAdjective Group(ex.very large)
‚É"expand" ‚³‚ê‚éA‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾‚¢•û‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉALock ‚Ì expansion ‚Ì}Ž®‚Í
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
3) ‚`‚c(very) + ‚`(large) ¨ ‚`‚f(very large)
‚±‚̂悤‚ÉA•¶–@‰Æ‚ÌŠÔ‚Å‚à expansion ‚ªŽw‚·‚à‚Ì‚Í‚¨‚¨‚¢‚Ɉá‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íu”MŒ^‚Ì•¶–@v‚ð–ÚŽw‚·‚Æ‚¢‚¤—”O‚©‚ç(ii)‚Ì—§ê‚ð‚Æ‚éB‚Ü‚½A‚»‚Ì“ú
–{Œê–ó‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA‚h‚b•ªÍ‚ÌuŠg’£EŠg‘åv‚ð‚Ƃ炸Aexpanded tense(cf.Jespersen,
O.)‚Ì–óŒê‚Æ‚µ‚Ä’è’…‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éuŠg[v‚ð‚Æ‚Á‚½B
‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAˆÀˆä(1995)‚Å‚ÍACüŒê‹å‚É‚æ‚è‚Ó‚‚ç‚Þ‚±‚Æ‚ðuŠg’£v(p.4) ‚Æ
ŒÄ‚ñ‚¾‚èuŠg[v(p.16)‚ƌĂñ‚¾‚肵‚Ä‚¢‚éB
ø¢2-4-NT-(B)@m•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[n
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íu•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[(•iŽŒ)v‚ÍA–¼ŽŒi‚mjAŒ`—eŽŒi‚`jA“®ŽŒi
‚ujA•›ŽŒi‚`‚cjAŠg[Žqi‚d‚o‚cjA“]Š·Žqi‚b‚u‚sjA‚»‚µ‚Ä•¶i‚rj‚Ì‚V‚‚ð
‚³‚·Bi‚±‚Ì‚¤‚¿‚r‚Í‚m{‚u‚ÆŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ç‚ê‚é‚Ì‚ÅAŠî–{“I‚È•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[‚Í‚±‚Ì‚r
‚𔲂¢‚½‚U‚ÂA‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éj‚½‚¾‚µA“¯ˆê‚Ì•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[‚É‘®‚·‚éŒê‹å‚ªí‚É‘S
‚“¯‚¶•¶–@“Á«‚ðŽ¦‚·‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B‚»‚ꂼ‚ꂪ‚»‚Ìu‚炵‚³v‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä“x‡‚¢‚Ì
ˆÙ‚Ȃ邱‚Æ‚à‚ ‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎA“¯‚¶“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Å‚àA
1)a. swim@¨ swam vs can swim ¨ could swimi“¯‚¶j
b. swim@¨ to swim vs can swim ¨ *to can swimiˆÙ‚È‚éj
@ swim ‚à can swim ‚à“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ù‚Ú“¯‚¶‹@”\‚ðŽ‚‚ªAˆê•û‚ÅAswim
‚Í to ‚Æ‹¤‹N‚Å‚«‚邪Acan swim@‚Í•s‰Â‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚Ì‚Q‚‚ɂÍu“®ŽŒ‚Á‚Û‚³v‚ɈႢ
‚ª‚ ‚é‚ÆŒ¾‚í‚´‚é‚ð‚¦‚È‚¢B
‚±‚̂悤‚ÉAŽÀ‚Í•¡ŽG‚È•¶–@“Á«‚ð‘å‚«‚‚U‚‚̘g‚Ì’†‚ɕ‚¶ž‚߂邱‚Æ‚ÍA
ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Ì–¾‰õ‚³‚Æ•Ö—˜‚³‚É‚ÍŽ‘‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚ÌAˆê•û‚ÅA“Á‚É㋉ŽÒ‚É‚Í‘å‚«‚È–µ‚‚â
–¢‰ðŒˆ‚Ì–â‘è‚ð’u‚«‹Ž‚è‚É‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚éBŠwK‰p•¶–@‚̪Œ¹“IƒWƒŒƒ“ƒ}‚ÆŒ¾‚¦
‚悤B
ø¢2-5-NT-(A)@m“]Š·n
“`““I‚É u“]Š·v(conversion)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚Ä‚«‚½‚à‚Ì‚Í–{—ˆAMorphology ƒŒƒx
ƒ‹‚Ì—pŒê‚ÅAuŒ`‚ð•Ï‚¦‚È‚¢‚ňقȂé•iŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä“‚ê‡v(cf. Quirk et al. 1985,
Appendix I)A‚ ‚é‚¢‚ÍAuƒ[ƒÚŽ«‚É‚æ‚é”h¶iderivation)vicf.™‰YAp.218)‚ð‚³
‚·B—Ⴆ‚ÎŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉB
1) release(V) ¨ release(N) (Quirk et al., 1985, p.1558)
2) dog(N) ¨ dog one's footsteps(V) (™‰Y, p.218)
3) carry(V) ¨ the carry of a gun(N)(“S–C‚Ì’e’öj(ibid.)
‚µ‚©‚µA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAllerton, D.J.(pp.15ff) ‚È‚Ç‚É‚È‚ç‚¢ASyntaxƒŒƒxƒ‹‚É
‚܂Ŕ͈͂ðL‚°Au‚Q‚‚̈Ӗ¡’PˆÊ‚Ì‘g‚݇‚킹‚ªAŒ³‚Ì‚Q‚‚̂ǂê‚Æ‚àˆÙ‚Ȃ镶–@“Á«
‚ðŽ‚ˆӖ¡’PˆÊ‚Æ‚È‚éê‡v‚ð‚³‚·‚±‚Æ‚Æ‚·‚éB
ø¢2-5-NT-(B)@mŠg[‚Æ“]Š·n
‚±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤uŠg[v‚Æu“]Š·v‚Í Bloomfield, L.(p.194)‚Ìu“àS\‘¢v
iendocentric construction)‚ÆuŠOS\‘¢viexocentric construction)‚ÉŒÀ‚è‚È‚‹ß
‚¢B‚½‚¾‚µABloomfield ‚ÍAto ‚u‚â can ‚u‚È‚Ç“®ŽŒ‚Ü‚í‚è‚Ì•ªÍ‚╶i‚rj‚̈µ‚¢‚Å
‚±‚Ì–{‚Æ‚ÍˆÙ‚È‚é•ªÍ‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
‚Ü‚½AQuirk et al.i1985, p.60) ‚Í head@‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‚ð—p‚¢Aheaded
construction(ex.Adjective Phrase)‚Ænon-headed construction(ex.PPj‚ð
u head ˆÈŠO‚Ì—v‘f‚ðÈ—ª‚Å‚«‚é‚©‚Ç‚¤‚©v‚ÅŒˆ‚ß‚Ä‚¨‚èA‚»‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å‚Í‚±‚Ì–{‚ÌuŠg
[v‚Æu“]Š·v‚É‹ß‚¢B‚½‚¾‚µAŋ߂̶¬•¶–@—˜_‚Å‚ÍAheadiŽå—v•”j‚Æ‚¢‚¤—pŒê
‚ªˆÙ‚È‚Á‚½ˆÓ–¡‚ÅŽg‚í‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎADet‚o ‚â Prep‚o ‚Å‚ÍA‚»‚ꂼ‚ê Det ‚â Prep ‚ª
head ‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAthe book about linguistics ‚Í DP ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì—l‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê
‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB(Rutherford, p.33)
In more recent work, however, the head of a phrase like the book about
linguistics is taken to be not the noun book but the determiner the.
‚c‚o
^ _
‚c ‚m‚o
b b
the book about linguistics
(head)
ˆê•û‚Å‚ÍA‚»‚à‚»‚à prep{‚m ‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚Å‚Í head ‚Ì”»•Ê‚ª‚‚©‚È‚¢‚Æ‚·
‚镶–@‰ÆiMcCawley,J.D. 1988, p.190j‚à‚¢‚éB‚±‚̂悤‚Éhead‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠT”O‚ÍAŒ»ÝA
‚³‚Ü‚´‚܂̈Ӗ¡‚ÅŽg‚í‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚èA•K‚¸‚µ‚à•ªÍ—pŒê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄØ‚ê–¡‚Ì—Ç‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È
‚¢B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA headed/non-headed ‚Æ‚¢‚¤—pŒê‚ÍŽg‚í‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚Æ‚µ‚½B
‚±‚̂悤‚É‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤uŠg[v‚Æu“]Š·v‚ÍŒÀ‚è‚È‚ Bloomfield ‚Ì endoc
entric vs exocentric ‚â@Quirk et al. ‚Ì headed vs non-headed ‚É‹ß‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Å‚
‚éB‚É‚à‚©‚©‚í‚炸A‚±‚Ì—pŒê‚ÌŽg—p‚ð”ð‚¯‚½‚Ì‚ÍAã‹L‚̂悤‚È——R‚Ì‘¼‚ÉA‚±‚Ì–{
‚Å‚ÍuŠg[v‚Æu“]Š·v‚ªŒê‚¾‚¯‚Å‚È‚ÚŽ«‚È‚Ç‚à‘ÎÛ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é“_‚Å Bloomfield ‚â
Quirk et al. ‚Æ‚Í‘å‚«‚ˆÙ‚È‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
ø¢2-6-NT@ mŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚Æ•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚̈Ⴂn
ŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚Æ•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚̈Ⴂ‚Í‚¾‚¢‚½‚¢ŽŸ‚Ì‚U‚‚ł ‚éB
(i)ŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚ÍŒêœb«‚ª–L‚©‚Å‚ ‚éBˆê•ûA•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚ÍŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚Ù‚Ç–L‚©
‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B
(ii)ŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚Í“Æ—§«‚ª‹‚A”˜b‚Ì’†‚Å‚µ‚΂µ‚Î’P“Æ‚Å‘¶Ý‚·‚邪A•›
Œ`‘Ô‘f‚͂‚˂ɎåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ð‘O’ñ‚Æ‚µA‚»‚̘e–ð‚Æ‚µ‚Ä“‚B
(iii)ŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚ÍuŠJ‚¢‚Äv‚¨‚èA‚»‚Ì”‚Í–³ŒÀ‚É‹ß‚‘¶Ý‚·‚éBˆê•ûA•›
Œ`‘Ô‘f‚Íu•Â‚¶‚Äv‚¨‚èA‚»‚Ì”‚ÍŒÀ‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB(cf.’rãE’rã,
p.626)
(iv)ŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚΋¨‚ðŽó‚¯‚邪A•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚ª‹¨‚ðŽó‚¯‚邱‚Æ‚Í
‚Ü‚ê‚Å‚ ‚éBicf.’rãE’rã,p.26)
(v)ŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚ÍƉžŒ`(‚`‚m‚`Œ`,cf.11-2)‚ðŽ‚‚ªA•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚ÍŽ‚½‚È‚¢B
(vi)•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚͈ê”Ê‚É‘‚«Œ¾—t‚Å‚Í•p“x‚‚¢icf.Hofland & Johansson)
‚ªA˜b‚µŒ¾—t‚Å‚Í salient ‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢i•·‚«Žæ‚ê‚È‚¢jB
‚±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤ŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚ÍA“`““I‚É“à—eŒêicontent wordj‚ƌĂ΂ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚à‚Ì
‚Å‚ ‚éB‹ï‘Ì“I‚É‚Í–¼ŽŒi‚mjAŒ`—eŽŒi‚`jA“®ŽŒi‚ujA•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Ì‚S‚‚ð‚³
‚·Bˆê•ûA•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚É‚ÍA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éÚ‘±ŽŒA‘O’uŽŒAŠ¥ŽŒA•“®ŽŒ‚È‚Ç‚Ì‚¢‚í‚ä‚é‹@”\
Œêifunction wordj‚Ì‚Ù‚©‘S‚Ä‚ÌÚŽ«‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚éB‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚ðŠg
[ŽqiEPDj‚Æ“]Š·ŽqiCVTj‚Ì‚Q‚‚ɕª‚¯‚éBicf.2-7)
ø¢2-7-NT-(A)@m“]Š·ŽqEŠg[Žqn
convertori“]Š·Žqj‚Æ‚¢‚¤—pŒê‚ÍAAllerton, D.J.(pp.14-15)‚É‚æ‚éB‚½‚¾
‚µA“ú–{Œê–ó‚Í‘åêB
Allerton, D.J.(pp.14-15)‚ÍATesnièrei1959j‚Ì"translatif" ‚É‚Ó‚êA
CONVERTOR, BASE‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠT”O‚𓱓ü‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚Éq‚ׂĂ¢‚éB
This is why Tesnièrei1959:361-72) accords to them the status of
"translatif", since he sees their essential syntactic function as that
of changing the class of their co-constituent into that of the whole
construction. A preposition, for instance, "translate" a noun (or noun
phrase) into an adverbial. We may call such an element a CONVERTOR and
give the label BASE to the elements they convert.
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAAllerton, D.J.(pp.24-25)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA—Ⴆ‚ÎAwith a new hat ‚Ì•ªÍ‚ÍŽŸ
‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚È‚éB
1) with a new hat
(prep) (Det) (Adj)(N)
a) new(modifier) + hat(head)
b) a(specifier) + hat(core)
c) with(convertor) + a new hat(base)
Allerton(p.20) ‚ÍA‚Ü‚½A‚³‚ç‚Ɉê•à“¥‚Ýž‚ñ‚ÅA‚¢‚í‚ä‚écomplementizers
‚Ì to ‚â that ‚È‚Ç‚àCONVERTOR‚Æ‚Ý‚È‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚Éq‚ׂĂ¢‚éB
A more complex type of this pattern is seen in the use of complementizers
to and that to convert whole sentences to noun phrases.
‚Ü‚½A‚æ‚Ž—‚½•ûŒü«‚ðŽ‚•ªÍ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄACelce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(19
83, p.13)‚ÍA‘O’uŽŒ‚ªŽž‚âꊂð•\‚·–¼ŽŒ‚Éu•›ŽŒ“I‚È‹@”\v‚ð—^‚¦‚éA‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚æ
‚¤‚Éq‚ׂĂ¢‚éB
Note that prepositions are being used here to give nouns with temporal
(time) or positional(place) meaning an adverbial function. As a general
rule, nouns do not function on their own as adverbs in English. For
example, we have the following sentences where the nouns Monday and
home become adverbial with the help of the preceding prepositions:
2) Max will stay here until Monday.
3) Mr.Green works at home.
”Þ“™‚É‚æ‚é‚ÆA—Ⴆ‚ÎAPerhaps the boys work in the city. ‚̉ºü•”‚ÌŽ÷Œ`
}‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
4) (in the city)
Advl
b
PP
^ _
P NP
(in) ^ _
det ‚m
(the) (city)
‚æ‚賊m‚É‚ÍAu•›ŽŒ“I‚È‹@”\v‚Å‚Í‚È‚Au•›ŽŒ‚ ‚é‚¢‚ÍŒ`—eŽŒ“I‚È‹@”\v‚Æ‚·‚é‚ׂ«
‚Å‚ ‚é‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚邪A“`““I‚È‘O’uŽŒ‚Æ‚¢‚¤•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|‚ð•iŽŒ“]Š·‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠÏ“_‚Å‚Æ‚ç
‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚é“_‚Å‹»–¡[‚¢B
@@@@‚È‚¨AexpanderiŠg[Žqj‚Íconvertori“]Š·Žqj‚Ƃ̑ΔäãAexpansion
iŠg[j‚©‚çì‚肾‚µ‚½B“ú–{Œê–ó‚à‘åêB
ø¢2-7-NT-(B)@m•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚ÌŒ`F•t‰Á/“ü‚ê‘Ö‚¦/‘ã“ü/ƒ[ƒ•Ï‰»‚È‚Çn
Šg[ŽqiEPDj‚â“]Š·ŽqiCVTj‚ÍC(i)•t‰Á‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ`‚ð‚Æ‚é‚Ì‚ªˆê”Ê“I‚Å‚ ‚é
‚ªA(ii)“|’u‚â(iii)‘ã“ü‚â(iv)ƒ[ƒ•Ï‰»‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ`‚ð‚Ƃ邱‚Æ‚à‚ ‚éB
(i) •t‰Á (ii) “|’u
(unable) (income)
‚` ‚m
^ _ ^ _
EPD ‚` EPD ‚u
(un-) (able) (“|’u) (come in)
(iii) ‘ã“ü (iv) ƒ[ƒ•Ï‰»
(monokini) (breakfast)
‚m ‚u
^ _ ^ _
EPD ‚m CVT ‚m
(mono-) (bikini) () (breakfast)
‚³‚ç‚ÉA‚±‚ê‚ç‚ð•¡”‘g‚݇‚킹‚½ˆê˜A‚Ì‘€ì‚ð‚ЂƂ‚̒PˆÊ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽg‚¤‚à‚Ì
(cf.19-3, 21-7)‚à‚ ‚éB