‘æ‚u‚hÍ@•¶i‚rj‚Ì“]Š· y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚Q‚V@@‚r|‚`“]Š·ŽqFthat/which/who(m) ‚È‚Ç

 ø¢27-1-NT-(A)@mŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì’a¶n 
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”nipp.58-59j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚Q‚‚Ìß‚ð‚æ‚è–§Ú‚ÉŒ‹‚т‚¯‚é]‘®\‘¢
‚ª‚Ü‚¾”­’B‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚n‚d‚Å‚ÍA•¶‚Æ•¶‚Æ‚ð’P‚É and ‚ÅŒ‹‚ñ‚¾•À—ñ\‘¢‚Å—lX‚È]
‘®\‘¢‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½B...‚o‚d‚̂悤‚ÈŠÖŒWß\‘¢‚ÉŽŠ‚é‚Ü‚Å‚É‚ÍA\‘¢“I‚É‚à‚¢
‚­‚‚©‚Ì’iŠK‚ª•K—v‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B1) ‚Í‚»‚Ì”­’B‚ðŠÈ’P‚É}Ž®‰»‚µ‚½‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBip.59)

                           iS ‚Í•¶A‚mi ‚Í“¯ˆêl^•¨‚ðŽwŽ¦‚·‚é–¼ŽŒ‚ðŽ¦‚·j
          o”­“_‚Æ‚È‚é‚Ì‚ÍA“¯‚¶‚à‚Ì‚ðŽw‚·–¼ŽŒ‚ðŠÜ‚ñ‚¾‚Q‚‚̕¶‚Ì“™ˆÊÚ‘±\‘¢1-a)
‚Å‚ ‚éB‚Q‚–ڂ̕¶‚É‚ ‚铯ˆêŽwŽ¦‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚ÍAŒJ‚è•Ô‚µ‚ð”ð‚¯‚é‚½‚ß‚É1-b) ‚̂悤‚É‘ã
–¼ŽŒ‰»‚³‚êA‚³‚ç‚É‚r2‚Ì•¶“ª‚Ö“®‚©‚³‚ê1-c)‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½B‚±‚ꂪŠÖŒWß\‘¢‚ÌŒ´Œ^‚Å‚ ‚éB
ŽŸ‚Ì’iŠK‚É‚È‚é‚ÆA‚r2‘S‘Ì‚ªiŽå•¶j’†‚Ì–¼ŽŒiæsŽŒj‚Ì’¼Œã‚̈ʒu‚É“®‚©‚³‚ê 1-d)
‚Æ‚È‚éB‚±‚Ì’†”öEŽ™”n‚̉ðà‚Ì—v“_‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚Q“_‚Å‚ ‚éB
        @@(i) ˆÈ‘O‚Í]‘®\‘¢‚ª‚È‚©‚Á‚½Biand ‚É‚æ‚é“™ˆÊ\‘¢‚Ì‚Ýj

           (ii) ‚Q”Ô–Ú‚Ì‚m‚ÍA‚m‚»‚Ì‚à‚̨‚`‚m‚`Œ`¨•¶“ªˆÚ“®i”­¶jA

         @@@ ‚ƕω»‚µ‚½B

 ø¢27-1-NT-(B)@mŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ìthat ‚Æ–¼ŽŒß‚Ì thatn 
@@@@@Quirk et al. (1985, p.1047) ‚ÍAsubordinate clauses ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAnominal, 
adverbial, relative, comparative ‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚±‚Ìrelative clause ‚Í‚±‚Ì–{‚Ì‚`ß
‚Å‚ ‚èAQuirk et al. ‚ÍŽ–ŽÀãA‚m/‚`/‚`‚cß‚ð‚R‚‚Ƃà subordination‚ƈʒu‚¯‚Ä‚¢
‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
          ‚½‚¾‚µAQuirk et al.(1985, p.989ff)‚ÍA‚mßA‚`‚cß‚ð‚‚­‚é conjunction
‚Ì‚Ý‚ð subordinator ‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éBŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì that ‚ÍA‚mß‚ð‚‚­‚é that ‚Æ‹æ•Ê
‚µ‚Ä subordinator ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­ subordination marker(p.1006) ‚ƌĂÔB
              The relative pronoun is to be distinguished from the subordinator
@@@      that, which does not operate as an element in the subordinate clause.
          ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍABurton-Roberts (pp.192ff)‚È‚Ç‚Æ“¯—lA‚mßA‚`‚cßA‚`ß‚ð
(CVT{‚r‚Æ‚¢‚¤)‚ЂƂ‚̌`‚ʼn¡•À‚тɂƂ炦‚éB‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àA‚mß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚· that ‚Í‹óŠ

()‚ðì‚炸A‚`ß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚· that ‚Í•K‚¸‹óŠ()‚ðì‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚Íd—v‚ȈႢ‚Å‚ ‚éB

          ‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA‚±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤ CVT ‚Í‚¢‚í‚ä‚é COMP ‚Ƃ͈قȂèAuˆÓ–¡“I‚É–³Fv‚Å
‚Í‚È‚¢B•iŽŒ‚ª•Ï‚í‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃ͈Ӗ¡‚ª•Ï‚í‚éA‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚¾‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢27-1-NT-(C)@m‚Q•¶‡¬‚É‚æ‚éŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì“±“ün 
         •ÏŒ`•¶–@‚̉ŠúA‚Ü‚¾•ÏŒ`‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠT”O‚ªŽ©—R‚Él‚¦‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½ ‚É‚ÍA
LaPalombara, L.E.(pp.295-296)‚Ì "Multi-Base Embedding Transformation:
adjectivalization" ‚̂悤‚É•ÏŒ`‚ð‚Q‚‚̕¶‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä•Às“I‚És‚¤ˆêŽí‚Ì‚Q•¶‡¬–@
‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ꂽB
         LaPalombara, L.E.(pp.281-314)‚ÍAMulti-Base Embedding Transformations 
‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚RŽí—Þ‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
           (i) Adverbialization
                 1)a.  He studies because of something.
                   b.  He must pass the test.
                   c.  ¨He studies because he must pass the exam. 
                                             (because‚Ísubordinator)
          (ii) Adjectivalization
                 2)a.  This is the house.
                   b.  Jack built the house. 
                   c.  ¨That is the house that Jack built.
          (iii) Nominalization
                 3)a.  I realize something.
                   b.  He will call me soon.
                   c.  ¨I realize (the fact) that  he will call me soon.
       ‚Ü‚½A‚±‚ê‚Æ‚Í•Ê‚ÉA Roberts et al.(p.181)‚̂悤‚ÉA
                 4)a.  The knight forgot his sword.
                   b.  ¨ the knight who forgot his sword
‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½A•¶i‚rj‚©‚çˆê‹C‚ÉuæsŽŒ{Œ`—eŽŒßv‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·•ÏŒ` Rel iŠÖŒWß•Ï
Œ`j‚Æ‚¢‚¤l‚¦•û‚à“oꂵ‚½B

@@@@@—ðŽj“I‚ÈŒoˆÜ‚©‚猾‚¦‚ÎAi‚ÍEQUI‚Å‚Í‚È‚­ˆÚ“®‚É‚æ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤j‚Q•¶‡¬

–@‚ͳ‚µ‚¢B‚µ‚©‚µA‹³Žº‚Å‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È–â‘è“_‚ª‚µ‚΂µ‚΂¨‚±‚éBŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 1-b)
‚©‚ç‚Q•¶‡¬‚ðs‚¤‚ÆA‚Q‚‚̕¶A‚‚܂èA2-a)@‚Æ 2-b)@‚ª¶‚Ü‚ê‚éB
              1)a. I know a man.
                b. The man speaks English very well.
              2)a. I know a man who speaks English very well.
                b. The man whom I know speaks English very well.
•êŒ^•¶ 1-a)‚É 1-b)‚ª–„‚ß ž‚Ü‚ê‚é‚Æ 2-a)‚É‚È‚èA1-b) ‚É 1-a) ‚ª–„‚ß ž‚Ü‚ê‚é‚Æ
2-b) ‚ª“¾‚ç‚ê‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBicf. ˆÀˆäA1982, p.123)
@@@@@‚µ‚©‚µA‚à‚Æ‚à‚Æ”­˜b‚̇˜i‹Œî•ñ‚ªThe man...‚È‚Ì‚©AI know...‚È‚Ì‚©j
‚𖳎‹‚µ‚½‚±‚ÌŽw“±–@‚É‚Í–â‘肪‚ ‚éB‚Þ‚µ‚ëA2-a) ‚Æ 2-b) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Æ 3-b) ‚©
‚綂܂ê‚é‚Æl‚¦‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚낤B
              3)a. I know a man.  He speaks English very well.    ¨2-a)
                b. The man speaks English very well.  I know him. ¨2-b)
‚±‚±‚ł̃|ƒCƒ“ƒg‚ÍA‚Q”Ô–Ú‚Ì•¶‚ªd•¡Œêiman-he/him)‚ð trigger ‚É‚µ‚ÄŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j
ß‚É•Ïg‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢27-2-NT-(A)@mArabic:‚𶂶‚È‚¢Œ`—eŽŒ‰»n 

@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1983, p.361)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAArabic ‚â Hebrew

‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`—eŽŒ‰»‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ă𶂶‚È‚¢Œ`‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚ÅA”Þ‚ç‚̉pŒê

‚É‚Í‚±‚ÌŒ`‚̊ԈႢ‚ª‘½‚¢B
         @@1) *Shirley called out to the boy that she knew him.
         ‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAuŒÃ‚¢‰pŒê‚Å‚àŠÖŒWß‚Ì’†‚ÉæsŽŒ‚Æ“¯‚¶‚à‚Ì‚ðŽw‚·Œê‚ª‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì
Œ`‚ÅŽc—¯‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é\‘¢‚ª‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŒ©‚ç‚ê‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤Bi’†”öEŽ™”nApp.65-66)

                 (=there he whom death carries off must trust in the Lord's
                 judgment) (Beowulf 441)
             3)  with other dyueres (=different people) that I know ther (=their)
                 names (PL II 426/31)
        @@ 4)  I ... whome nature and kynde(=nature) most specially ...
                 bynden(=bind) me to owe(=you)     (PL II 317/12-3)

 ø¢27-2-NT-(B)@m‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq that ‚Ì“­‚«n 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq that ‚Ì“­‚«‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚‚ł ‚éB
    @@@@@(i) “¯ˆê‚m‚o”FŽ¯

             (ii) ‚Qnd ‚m‚o‚ð‚É

‹óŠij‚ªd•¡íœ‚É‚æ‚è‚Å‚«‚é‚Æ‚·‚é‚©A‘ã“ü|ˆÚ“®‚É‚æ‚è‚Å‚«‚é‚Æ‚·‚é‚©‚Í‹c˜_

‚Ì•ª‚©‚ê‚é‚Æ‚±‚ëBi—ðŽj“I‚ɂ͈ړ®‚É‚æ‚éBcf.27-1-NT-(A)) 
@@@@@‚à‚µA•¶i‚rj‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒ‰»‚ªd•¡íœ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­‘ã“ü[ˆÚ“®‚É‚æ‚è‚Å‚«‚é‚Æ‚·
‚é‚ÆA–{•¶(5) ‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚É•Ï‚í‚éB
              1)  (fish) {[the fish was caught by John]
                 @               «  (that‚𕶓ª•t‰Áj
                  (fish) {[that the fish was caught by John]
                                  «  (‘æ‚QNP‚Éthat‘ã“üj

                  (fish) {m  that was caught by Johnn

                                  «  ithat‚𕶓ª‚ÖˆÚ“®j

                  (fish) {mthat  was caught by Johnn

‚¢‚¸‚ê‚̈ĂłàAã‹L‚`ß‚Ì•”•ª‚ÍŒµ–§‚É‚Í

              2)  that  was caught by John

 ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚èA‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB

@@@    ‘ã“ü|ˆÚ“®‚æ‚èd•¡íœ‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAˆÀˆäi1996,
p.248)‚ÌŽŸ‚̗Ⴊ‚ ‚邪A
         @@ 3)  The house which Tom broke the window of is Mr.smith's.
ˆê•ûAŽŸ‚Ì McCawley, J.D. (1988)‚Ì—á‚ÍA’Pƒ‚Èd•¡íœ‚Å‚Íà–¾‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B

@@@@@@@1)a.  the person who [John says that [you talked to ]] (p.435)

                b. *the policeman who [FBI is looking for the person who killed

                    ]

              2)   *the guy who they don't know whether  wants to come (p.444)

 ø¢27-2-NT-(C)@m‚SŽí—Þ‚Ì‹`–±“I‚Èn 

@@@@@‚©‚­‚µ‚ÄA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì‚S‚‚̊‹«‚Å‹`–±“Iiobligatory)‚È  ‚ª“oê

‚·‚邱‚Æ‚Æ‚È‚éB

           (i) ‚u‚ÌŠg[(ex. be-en {VZ{)

          (ii) ‚r‚ÌŠg[(ex. What do you want ?)

         (iii) ‚u‚Ì“]Š·(ex. something to eat )

          (iv) ‚r‚Ì“]Š·(ex. a book that I bought )

 ø¢27-2-NT-(D)@mŽw“±‚̈Ӌ`‚Æ–â‘è“_n 

@@@@@•¶i‚rj‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒ‰»‚ðŽw“±‚·‚éÛ‚É  ‚ðŠm”F‚·‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È

”ñ•¶‚ðo‚³‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œø‰Ê‚ª‚ ‚èA
@@@@@@@1)  *Shirley called out to be the boy that she knew him.
                                (Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1983, p.361)

ˆê•û‚ÅA ‚ðl‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚É‚æ‚èAŽŸ‚Ì 2-a) ‚Æ 2-b) ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚Å‚«‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤ƒƒŠƒbƒg‚ª

‚ ‚éB
              2)a. Winter is gone.

                b. The cockroach was killed .

@@@@@‚³‚ç‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Ì‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚³‚ÍA3-b) ‚Æ 3-c) ‚ðl‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚Åà–¾‚Å‚«
‚éB
              3)a. I found the purse that I had stolen.

                b. I found the purse that I had  stolen.  iŽ„‚ª“‚܂ꂽà•zj

                c. I found the purse that I had stolen .  iŽ„‚ª“‚ñ‚¾à•zj

@@@@@‚µ‚©‚µAˆê•û‚ÅAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚¢‚­‚‚©‚Ì–â‘è“_‚à‚ ‚éB‚Ü‚¸A ‚ð¶‚Ýo‚³

‚È‚¢‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚ª‚ ‚éB
@@@@@@@4)  She looked as if she had seen a ghost or something.
              5)  I'll never forget his surprise when we told him. ¼”g, p.73

‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì‚ÆŽ‚½‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Ì—¼•û‚ª‹–—e‚³‚ê‚éŒ`—eŽŒ‰»‚ª‚ ‚éB

              6)a.  the now-I-can-tell- story

                b.  the now-I-can-tell-you story
                c.  the now-I-can-tell-it story

 ø¢27-3-NT-(A)@m‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq(ŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒj‚Ì‘I‘ðFthat/which/who(m)n 
          ˆÀˆäi1994, p.739-750)( —v–ñj‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAthat ‚Æ which/who(m) ‚Æ‚Ì
Œð‘Ö‚É‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȃ‹|ƒ‹‚ª‚ ‚éB
            (i) ”ñ§ŒÀ“I—p–@‚Å‚ÍAthat•s‰ÂBwhich/who(m)‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚éB
           (ii) æsŽŒ‚ªl‚Ì‚Æ‚« who(m)AlˆÈŠO‚Ì‚Æ‚«whichBthat ‚Í—¼•û‚n‚jB
          (iii) ŽåŠi‚Ì who ‚Í that ‚æ‚èD‚Ü‚ê‚éBiæsŽŒ‚ª‚΂­‚º‚ñ‚Æ‚µ‚½•¨‚Ì
                ‚Æ‚«that‚à‰Âj
           (iv) –Ú“IŒê‚Å‚Í who(m)/which ‚æ‚è that ‚ªD‚Ü‚ê‚éB
            (v) all, best, last, everything ‚È‚Ç‚ÌŒã‚Å‚Í that ‚ªD‚Ü‚ê‚éB
@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ü‚¸ that ‚𓱓ü‚µA‚»‚ÌuŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦•\Œ»v
‚Æ‚µ‚Ä which/who/whom ‚𓱓ü‚·‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‹³Žº‚Å‚Ì“±“ü‡˜‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É
‚Ȃ낤B
@@@@@@(i) §ŒÀ—p–@‚Ì that.
           (ii) æsŽŒ‚ªl‚È‚çwho(m)‚Öioptional)
          (iii) æsŽŒ‚ªlˆÈŠO‚È‚çwhich‚Öioptional)
           (iv) *”ñ§ŒÀ“I—p–@‚Ì thatil‚È‚çjwho(m)‚Öiobligatory)
            (v) *”ñ§ŒÀ“I—p–@‚Ì thatilˆÈŠO‚È‚çjwhich ‚Öiobligatory)
         @‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚Ì when ‚̂悤‚ÈA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éAŠÖŒW•›ŽŒ‚Ì“±“ü‚ÍA
 2) ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ƂȂ낤B
               1) The day will come when we have to work only four days a week.
               2) that...in  ¨  which...in  ¨  in which ...  ¨  when ...
@@@@@‚È‚¨A‰ÈŠw•¶–@‚Å‚Í‚±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì that ‚Æ which‚È‚Ç‚Æ‚ð
•Ê•¨‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤—§ê‚à‚ ‚éBicf.de Chene p.147,  ’†”öEŽ™”n p.5)

 ø¢27-3-NT-(B)@m“¯ˆê«”FŽ¯il‚©•¨‚©‚È‚Çj‚Ì‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚³n 
@@@@@that ‚ð which/who(m) ‚ÉŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚éê‡Ad•¡íœ‚³‚ꂽ–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ªl‚Å
‚ ‚é‚©•¨‚Å‚ ‚é‚©‚Íd—v‚Èî•ñ‚Æ‚È‚éB‚½‚¾‚µAl‚©•¨‚©‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚‚˂Ɍµ–§‚ÉŒˆ‚ß‚ç‚ê
‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢BŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚Å‚ÍA¸_“IŽY•¨‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì–{‚Æ•¨—“IŽY•¨‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì–{‚ð
‘f«ã‚Ì‚¸‚ꂪ‚ ‚é‚É‚àS‚炸“¯ˆê«‚ÌðŒ(identity condition)‚Ì‚à‚Æ‚Å”F‚ß‚Ä‚¨‚èA
(ˆÀˆäA1987, p.418)
              1)  This book, which John wrote, weighs five pounds.
ŽŸ‚Ì athlete ‚Íl‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚æ‚èó‘Ô‚Æ‚µ‚ĂƂ炦‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB
              2)  He is not the athlete that[*who] he was when he was at college.
@@@@@@@@@@@               (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.740)
ŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚Å‚ÍA’Êí she/her ‚Å‚¤‚¯‚ç‚ê‚é ship ‚ªAwho(m) ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­ which ‚𓱂¢‚Ä
‚¢‚éB
              3)@The captain told us about the ship which[*who(m)] he commanded.
@@@@@@@@@@@               (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.739)
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Íd•¡íœ‚³‚ꂽ•”•ª‚ª•K‚¸‚µ‚à–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
              4)  I'm delighted, which I know you're not.  (Kaplan, J.P. p.301)
 @@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÅAwhich ‚ª‚³‚·‚à‚Ì‚Í‘O•¶‘S‘Ì‚ª–¼ŽŒ‰»‚³‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
              5)  She signed the letter herself, which was a serious infringement
                  of the rules.      (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.734)

 ø¢27-3-NT-(C)@m‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ìwhich‚È‚Ç‚Æ‚u|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì to n 
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì—á‚Å‚ÍA‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì which/who ‚Æ‚u|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì to ‚ª
”ü‚µ‚¢ƒpƒ‰ƒŒƒŠƒYƒ€‚ðŒ©‚¹‚Ä‚¢‚éB

@@@@@@  1)a.  a shovel to dig the hole with   (McCawley, J.D., p.429) 

                b.  a shovel which you can dig the hole with 

              2)a.  the person to give the money to  

                b.  the person who you should give the money to  

@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µAwhich/who ‚È‚Ç‚Æ to ‚ª‹¤‘¶‚·‚éA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éA infinitival 
relatives(McCawley, J.D.1988, pp.429ff)‚Å‚ÍA‚»‚Ì‹¤‹N‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä heavy restrictions
‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚éB
@@@@@@@3)a.  a shovel with which to dig the hole   (p.429)
                b.  a hole (*which) to fill with earth 
              4)a.  a shovel for us to dig the hole with
                b. *a shovel with which for us to dig the hole
              5)a.  a priest (for us) to be blessed by  (p.430)
                b.  a priest by whom to be blessed
              6)a.  a book in which (*for Al) to find the answers to his questions
                b.  a book for Al to find the answers to his questions in  (p.452)
‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍAwhich/who ‚È‚Ç‚Æ to ‚ð‚Æ‚à‚É‚`‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·“]Š·Žq‚ƈʒu‚¯‚邱‚Ì–{‚Å‚Í•ªÍ
‚͂ނ‚©‚µ‚¢Bicf.McCawley, J.D. 1988, p.435/p.444 ‚ ‚é‚¢‚͈ÀˆäA1982, p.125ƒƒ_
ƒuƒ‹‚ÌŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ„j

 ø¢27-4-NT@m§ŒÀ“I—p–@(restrictive)‚Æ”ñ§ŒÀ“I—p–@(non-restrictive)n 
@@@@@ˆÀˆäi1994, p.735)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß(restrictive)‚ÍAæsŽŒ‚É
‚æ‚Á‚ÄŽw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ðA“¯‚¶ƒNƒ‰ƒX‚Ì‘¼‚̬ˆõ‚©‚ç‹æ•Ê‚µA“Á’艻‚·‚邽‚ß‚É•K—v
‚Èî•ñ‚ð—^‚¦‚éB
@@@@@@@1)  The essay I read yesterday was interesting.
ˆê•ûA”ñ§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß(nonrestrictive)‚ÍA‚·‚Å‚É‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éŽwŽ¦•¨‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä•â‘«
“I‚Èî•ñ‚ð—^‚¦‚é‚Ì‚ÅA‚±‚Ìß‚ðÈ—ª‚µ‚Ä‚àŽwŽ¦•¨‚Ì“Á’艻‚ɉe‹¿‚Í‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@@2)  My sister, whose name is Maud, lives in Newenden.
@@@@‚Ü‚½AˆÓ–¡“I‚È–ðŠ„‚©‚ç‚·‚é‚ÆA§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚ÍæsŽŒ‚Æ“¯‚¶î•ñ‚Ì’PˆÊ‚É
‘®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂ɑ΂µ‚ÄA”ñ§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚ÍæsŽŒ‚Æ•Ê‚Ìî•ñ’PˆÊ‚É‘®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB’†”öE
Ž™”n(p.67)‚Ì•\Œ»‚ðŽØ‚è‚ê‚ÎA§ŒÀß‚ÍæsŽŒ‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éŠù’m‚Ìî•ñ‚ðA”ñ§ŒÀß‚Íæs
ŽŒ‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éV‚µ‚¢î•ñ‚ð’ñŽ¦‚·‚éA‚Æ‚È‚éB
@@@@@‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Å‚ÍAone ‚Í violin that once belonged to 
Heifetz@‚ð‚³‚·‚̂ɑ΂µA3-b) ‚Å‚ÍAviolin ‚¾‚¯‚ð‚³‚·‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
@@@@@@@3)a.  Tom has a violin that once belonged to Heifetz, and Jane
                    has one too. @@@(McCawley, J.D. 1988, p.420)
                b.  Tom has a violin, which once belonged to Heifetz, and Jane
                    has one too. 
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ÅÅ‚àd—v‚È‚Ì‚ÍA”ñ§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚ÌꇂÍA’¼‘O‚ ‚é
‚¢‚Í‘OŒã‚ÉA
@@@@@@@(i) ‹xŽ~‚ª’u‚©‚ê‚éi˜b‚µ‚±‚Æ‚Îj
@@@@@@ (ii) ƒRƒ“ƒ}i,)‚ª’u‚©‚ê‚éi‘‚«‚±‚Æ‚Îj
‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@@@@‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA㋉ŠwKŽÒ‚ÌꇂɂÍAŽŸ‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚ð’m‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚낤B
@@@@@@@(i) ”ñ§ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚Å‚Í that ‚ÍŽg‚í‚È‚¢
@@@@@@ (ii) §ŒÀ“IŠÖŒWŽŒß‚͌ŗL–¼ŽŒi‚mpro)‚É‚Í‚©‚©‚ç‚È‚¢

 ø¢27-5-NT@m‚r|‚`“]Š·Žq‚ÌÈ—ªiƒ[ƒŠÖŒWŽŒjn 
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”n(p.65)i—v–ñj‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAƒ[ƒŠÖŒWŽŒ‚Í“–‰A‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚ÇŽåŠi‚ÉŒÀ‚ç
‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚»‚ꂪAˆÈŒãŽŸ‘æ‚ÉŠ‚¦A‚P‚W¢‹I‚É“ü‚Á‚Ĉê”Ê‚É”p‚ꂽB‘ã‚í‚Á‚Ä–Ú“IŒê‚Ì
ƒ[ƒŠÖŒWŽŒ‚ªoŒ»A‚P‚U|‚V¢‹I‚É‹}‘‚µ‚½Bí‚ɧŒÀß‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@@@@Œ»‘ã‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍA–Ú“IŠi‚ÌŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎÈ—ª‚³‚ê‚邪AŽåŠi‚ÌŠÖŒW‘ã–¼
ŽŒ‚ÌÈ—ª‚ÍA•¶’†‚É there is ‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éꇂɑ½‚­ A‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚Ç ŒûŒê‘Ì‚ÉŒÀ‚ç‚ê‚éB
(ˆÀˆäA1996, p.254) [È‚ÍŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ÌÈ—ª‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éˆÊ’u‚ðŽ¦‚·]
              1)  This is the highest building È there is in Paris. 
              2)  There is somebodyÈ wants to see you.  
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AˆÀˆäi1987, p.396)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì‚È‚¢ithat-lessjŠÖŒWß
‚ÍAŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ª–¾Ž¦‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é߂ƈӖ¡‚ªˆÙ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤Žw“E‚ª‚ ‚éB
      @@@@3)a. John gave a book {that/which} he wrote to Mary.

                b. John gave a book  he wrote to Mary.

3-a) ‚Ì•¶‚ÍA3-b) ‚É‚­‚ç‚ׂÄu‚Ù‚©‚É‚à–{‚ª‚ ‚é‚Ì‚ÉŽ©•ª‚Ì‘‚¢‚½–{‚ðv‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠÜ‚Ý‚ª
‹­‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@ —¼ŽÒ‚̊ԂɈӖ¡‚̈Ⴂ‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚ê‚ÎA‚QŽí—Þ‚ÌŠÖŒWß‚ÍAˆê•û‚ª‘¼•û‚©‚çA
ŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ÌÈ—ª‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä”h¶‚³‚ê‚é‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚­A‰‚ß‚©‚ç•ÊŒÂ‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚é
‚Æ‚·‚錩•û‚ª‰Â”\‚É‚È‚éB
@@@@@“±“üEŽw“±‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠÏ“_‚©‚猾‚¦‚ÎAƒ[ƒŠÖŒWŽŒ‚ðŽ‚ÂA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éAuÚGßv
‚©‚ç“ü‚é•û–@‚ÆAthat/which ‚È‚Ç‚ÌŠÖŒWŽŒ‚ðŽ‚ÂŒ`—eŽŒ‚©‚ç“ü‚èA‚»‚ÌÈ—ª‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ`‚Å
ÚGß‚Ìà–¾‚É“ü‚é•û–@‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚éB‰pŒê‚Ì“úí‰ï˜b‚Å‚ÍAˆ³“|“I‚ÉÚGß‚ª‘½‚­Žg‚í‚ê‚é
‚Ì‚Å•p“x‚ðdŽ‹‚·‚é—§ê‚Å‚Í‘OŽÒ‚ðA\‘¢—‰ð‚Éd“_‚ð’u‚­—§ê‚Å‚ÍŒãŽÒ‚ð‚Ƃ邱‚Æ‚Æ‚È
‚낤B

 ø¢27-6-NT@mŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒi‚m{CVT)‚Ìwhat‚Æ‹^–⎌iEPDj‚Ìwhatn 
@@@@@McCawley, J.D. (1988, p.431) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Ì whatß‚ð interrogative 
complementA1-b) ‚Ì whatß‚ð free relative ‚ƌĂÑA
  @@@@@@ 1)a. I'll ask what he's selling. (Interrogative complement)
                 b. I'll buy what he's selling.(Free relative) 
Bresnan and Grimshaw(1978) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAfree relative ‚¾‚¯‚ª whatever ‚Å‚ÌŒ¾‚¢‚©‚¦‚ð
‹–‚·‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@@@ 2)a.  I'll buy whatever he's selling.
                 b. *I'll ask whatever he's selling.
@@@@@ˆê”Ê‚ÉAknow, guess ‚È‚Ç‚ÌŒã‚É‚Í indirect question ‚ªAwear, 
borrow ‚È‚Ç‚ÌŒã‚É‚Í free relative ‚ª‘±‚­‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚éBiBaker, C.L. 1989, p.226)
‚½‚¾‚µA‚`ß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚· that/which ‚È‚Ç‚ÆA‚mß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·‚±‚Ì what ‚Ƃ𓯂¶uŠÖŒW
‘ã–¼ŽŒv‚ƌĂԂ±‚Æ‚ÍŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚Í‚â‚ß‚½‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@@@@‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAHamburger and Crain(1982) iin Givon, T. p.10) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚RË
ˆÈ~Ž™‚Ì grammatical inventiveness ‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
 @@@@@@@3)  This is my did it. (This is what I did.)
               4)  Look-a my made. (Look at what I made.)

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