‘æ‚u‚hÍ@•¶i‚rj‚Ì“]Š· y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚Q‚U@@‚r|‚`‚c“]Š·ŽqiS-AD CVT)Fbecause ‚È‚Ç

 ø¢26-1-NT@m‚r|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq(S-AD CVT)Fbecausen 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì because ‚ÍA“`“•¶–@‚Å‚ÍuÚ‘±ŽŒv(conjunction)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB‚µ‚©‚µA
uÚ‘±ŽŒv‚Æ‚¢‚¤•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|‚ÍAŠg[‚ÉŠÖ‚í‚é‚à‚Ìiand ‚â but ‚È‚Ç‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤
uŠg[Žqvj‚Æ“]Š·‚ÉŠÖ‚í‚é‚à‚Ìiwhile ‚â because ‚È‚Ç‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤u“]Š·Žqvj‚Æ
‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ð‚µ‚È‚¢BV‚µ‚¢ŠwK•¶–@‚Ì—§ê‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA‚ ‚éˆÓ–¡‚Ì‚©‚½‚Ü‚è‚É‚Ü‚½•Ê‚̈Ӗ¡‚Ì
‚©‚½‚܂肪•t‰Á‚³‚ꂽ‚Æ‚«A‘S‘Ì‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•¶–@“Á«‚ª•Ï‚í‚éi“]Š·j‚©•Ï‚í‚ç‚È‚¢iŠg[j
‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ðd—vŽ‹‚µ‚½‚¢B
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éÚ‘±ŽŒ‚Ì’†‚É‚Íu“]Š·Žqv‚ÆuŠg[Žqv‚Ì’†ŠÔ“I‚È‘¶Ý‚Æ
Œ¾‚í‚´‚é‚𓾂Ȃ¢‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚éBQuirk et al. (1985, p.90) ‚ÍAcentral elements ‚Æ 
peripheral elements of the clause ‚ÌŠÔ(2.13)Aadjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts ‚Æ
conjuncts ‚ÌŠÔ(2.15)Acomplements ‚Æ adverbials‚ÌŠÔ(2.17f)Amodification ‚Æ 
complementation‚ÌŠÔ(2.33)‚É gradienceigradient ‚Æ‚Í‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢j‚ ‚è‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é
‚ªAfor ‚Ìê‡Asubordinator ‚Ìif ‚Æco-ordinating@conjunction ‚Ì and ‚ÌŠÔ‚Ì’†ŠÔ
“I‘¶Ý‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
@@@@@‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAMcCawley, J.D.(1988, p.268j‚ÌŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÍAGapping ‚Ì—L–³‚ªŠg[
Žq‚Æ“]Š·Žq‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ð‚·‚éƒoƒƒ[ƒ^[‚É‚È‚é‰Â”\«‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB

              1)a.  Tom ordered lasagna and Jane    manicotti.

                b. *Tom ordered lasagna before Jane    manicotti.

 ø¢26-2-NT@m‚r|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq‚Ì when ‚Æ ‚r|‚m“]Š·Žq‚Ì whenn 
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÅA1) ‚Ì when ‚Í S-AD “]Š·ŽqA2) ‚Ì when ‚Í S-N “]Š·Žq‚Å‚ ‚éB
              1) When he comes back, I'll tell you.    (S-AD CVT)
              2) I'll tell you when he will come back. (S-N CVT)
‚mß‚Ì’†‚Å‚Í will ‚ªŽg‚í‚êA‚`‚cß‚Ì’†‚Å‚ÍŒ»ÝŒ`‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚éB‚`‚cß‚Ì’†‚Å‚ ‚¦‚Ä
will ‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚é 3-a) ‚ÍA3-b) ‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡‚Æ‚È‚éB
              3)a.   If he will come back, I'll tell you so.
                b. = If he is willing to come back, I'll tell you so.
          ‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚Å‚Í‚±‚Ì‚Q‚‚ª‹æ•Ê‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
              4) I was lost in thought and I didn't notice when my name was 
                 called.

 ø¢26-3-NT@m‚r|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq(Ú‘±ŽŒ)‚Æ‚m|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq(‘O’uŽŒ)n 
@@@@@because K-S/because of ‚m‚̂悤‚É ‚¢‚í‚ä‚éÚ‘±ŽŒi‚±‚Ì–{‚Ì S-AD CVTj
‚Æ‚¢‚í‚ä‚é‘O’uŽŒi‚±‚Ì–{‚ÌN-AD CVTj‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚Í‚Á‚«‚肵‚Ä‚¢‚é‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚邪A
              1)a.  He failed in the exam because he was lazy.     (=–{•¶(27-a))
                b.  He failed in the exam because of his laziness. (=–{•¶(28-a))
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È since  ‚â  until‚Å‚ÍA‚»‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚Í‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
              2)a.  That actress has not appeared on TV since she retired.
                                                                   (=–{•¶(25))
                b.  That actress has not appeared on TV since her retirement.
              3)a.  We'll wait until he arrives.  (=–{•¶(26))
                b.  We'll wait until his arrival.
 @@@@@‚¢‚í‚ä‚éÚ‘±ŽŒ‚Æ‘O’uŽŒ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ð‚ ‚Ü‚èd—vŽ‹‚µ‚È‚¢•¶–@‰Æ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.191)A¡ˆä‚Ù‚©ip.237)ALobeck, A.(p.203) ‚È‚Ç‚ª‚ ‚éB
    @@@—Ⴆ‚ÎAMcCawley, J.D.(1988, p.190) ‚ÍA Jespersen, O.(p.89) ‚É‚È‚ç‚¢A
ŽŸ‚Ì before ‚â until ‚̂悤‚È "subordinate conjuntions" ‚ð ˆêŽí‚Ì‘O’uŽŒA
"prepositions with sentential objects"A‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
              4)a. John phoned me before he left. 
                b. Sam worked at a second job until he had paid off his debts.
          ‚Ü‚½A¡ˆä‚Ù‚©ip.237)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 5-a), 5-b) ‚ÅA
@            5)a. John came after midnight.
                b. John came after he completed the report.
after ‚ÍA–¼ŽŒ‹å‚àß‚à•â•”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä]‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é]‘®Ú‘±ŽŒ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
@@@@@‚Ü‚½ALobeck, A.(p.293)‚ÍAsubordinating prepositions ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚È
after, because, while, when ‚È‚Ç‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
              5)a.  Mary left after she talked to John.
                b.  Mary left because she was depressed.
                c.  Mary left while no one was looking.
                c.  Mary left when her mother called.
@@@@@‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚Ç‚Ì N-AD CVT(‘O’uŽŒj‚Í‚`‚c‹å‚¾‚¯‚Å‚È‚­‚`‹å‚ංÝo‚·
‚ªAS-AD CVT(Ú‘±ŽŒj‚Í‚`ß‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·‚±‚Ƃ̓}ƒŒ‚Å‚ ‚éB‚»‚̃}ƒŒ‚È—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
              6)  He looked like a cat after it had eaten a canary. 
                   i”ނͬ’¹‚ðH‚ׂ½Œã‚Ì”L‚̂悤‚ÉŒã‚ë‚ß‚½‚»‚¤‚ÉŒ©‚¦‚½j

 ø¢26-5-NT@m”ò‚ÑΓ]Š·Žqn 
@@@@@Quirk et al. (1985, p.999)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a)`1-c) ‚È‚Ç‚ð Correlative 
Subordinators ‚ƌĂÑA
        @@@1)a. as ... as ...
                b. so ... that ...
                c. the ...the ...
ŽŸ‚Ì 2-a) ` 2-c) ‚È‚Ç‚ð Correlative Coordinators‚ƌĂÔB
  @@@@@@2)a. both ... and ...
  @@@@@@@b. neither ... nor ...
                c. not ... but ...

 ø¢26-6-NT-(A)@mSUBJ ‚Í‚rŠg[Žq‚©A‚`‚cŠg[Žq‚©n 
@@@@@–{•¶‚Å‚ÍASUBJ ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚̂悤‚É‚rŠg[Žq‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚í‚ê‚邪A2) ‚̂悤
‚È‚`‚cß‘S‘Ì‚É‚©‚©‚é‚`‚cŠg[Žq‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤‚±‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«‚éB
   @@@@@1)   (if I were you)
                     ‚`‚c
                    ^  _
               CVT[S-AD] ‚r
              (if)    ^   _
                    EPD     K-S
                  [SUBJ]  (I am you)
             2)   (if I were you)
                     ‚`‚c
                    ^  _
                 EPD     ‚`‚c
                [SUBJ] ^  _
                   CVT[S-AD] K-S
                    (if)    (I am you)

 ø¢26-6-NT-(B)@m‰¼’è–@‚Ì—ðŽjn 
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”nipp.142-149ji—vŽ|j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‰¼’è–@i’¼Ú–@‚Ƃ͈قȂ铮ŽŒ
‚ÌŒêŒ`)‚ÍA‰Šú‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍuŠú‘ÒvAu‘z‘œv‚È‚Ç‚ð•\‚·Œ`‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽåß‚Å‚à]ß‚Å‚àŽg‚í
‚ꂽB
              (i) Žåß‚É‚¨‚¯‚鉼’è–@iŠè–]E‹FŠèE¾Œ¾‚ð•\‚·j

                        (=to God almighty be thank ...)
             (ii) ]ß‚É‚¨‚¯‚鉼’è–@iŽvl‚Ì“®ŽŒ‚̕╶j

                        (=I think that not many were beyond the Humber)
‚‚܂èA“ª‚Ì’†‚Ål‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚éŽåŠÏ“IŽvl‚ɉ¼’è–@‚ð—p‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚»‚µ‚ÄA‚±‚̌¢
—p–@‚ª‚₪‚Ä’¼Ú–@‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í–@•“®ŽŒ‚ð—p‚¢‚½‰IŒ¾“I\‘¢‚Ö‚ÆŽp‚ð•Ï‚¦‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢26-6-NT-(C)@muðŒv‚Æu”ñŒ»ŽÀv‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚‚©‚È‚¢ if ‚Ì—án 
@@@@@de Chene(p.129)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚É‚ÍA
              1)  If only Sue won.
ŠJ•ú‚̉ðŽßi‰ß‹ŽjA‚‚܂èAuƒX[‚ª‚©‚Á‚½‚Æ‚·‚ê‚΂¢‚¢‚È‚ v‚ÆA”½Ž–ŽÀ“I‚ȉðŽß
(Œ»ÝjA‚‚܂èAuƒX[‚ª‚¢‚Â‚àŸ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚ê‚΂¢‚¢‚Ì‚É‚È‚ v‚ª‚ ‚éB‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚Ì
 2) ‚ÌꇂÍA‹AŒ‹ß‚ÌŒ`‚Å‹æ•Ê‚ª‚‚­B
            @2)  If only Sue won, I wouldn't mind supporting her 
  @@@@@@@ gambling habit.
             ide Chene ‚ÌuŠJ•úv‚ÍuðŒv‚Ì‚±‚ÆI—v‚·‚é‚ÉA‰ß‹Ž‚ÌðŒ‚Æ
               Œ»Ý‚Ì”ñŒ»ŽÀ‚Å‹æ•Ê‚Å‚«‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ÆBj

 ø¢26-8-NT@m‚`‚cß’†‚Ìo”ñŒ»ŽÀpn 
@@@@@—ᕶ 1) ‚̂悤‚È‚mß’†‚Ìo”ñŒ»ŽÀpA—ᕶ 2) ‚̂悤‚È‚`ß’†‚Ìo”ñŒ»ŽÀp
‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ÍA–{•¶‚Å‚à‚ׂ̂½‚ªA
        @@@1)  I wish I were a bird. (=–{•¶ 50)
              2)  She looked as if she had seen a ghost or something. (=–{•¶51)
if߈ȊO‚É‚à{”ñŒ»ŽÀp‚ð•\‚·‚`‚cß‚Í‘¶Ý‚·‚éB—ᕶ 3-b) ‚Ì beforeß‚ª‚»‚ê‚Å‚ ‚éB
              3)a.  I bought a car before he bought one.   iˆÀˆäA1987, p.189) 
                b.  I bought a car before he had bought one.
‚‚܂èAbefore ß“à‚̉ߋŽŠ®—¹‚Í”½Ž–ŽÀ‚̉¼’è–@‚ð‚ ‚ç‚í‚·‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢26-9-NT@mI wouldn't do such a thing.n 
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 2-a) ‚Ì I wouldn't ... ‚͈قȂéB‚»‚ꂼ‚êA1-b), 2-b)
‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
              1)a.  I wouldn't do such a thing.
                b.  ©SUBJ + [[SUBJ+I] will not do such a thing]
              2)a.  If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.
                b.  ©SUBJ + [I will not do such a thing]
          ˆê•ûAŒê’†‚É inherently ‚É‘¶Ý‚·‚éo”ñŒ»ŽÀp‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
        @@@3)a.  her so-called friend       (COBUILD, p.933)
                b.  the so-called 'developed' countries
              4)  an apparently genuine five-dollar bill (¬¼‚Ù‚©A p.79)

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