第一章 语法六种类


第六课 主要词素—副词(AD)

 6-1 [副词(AD),动词的扩充(V+AD)] 
 在主要词素中,有一类词素可以表示时间,地点,方式手段等等。这些词素被称作副词(adverb)或者AD
       (1)  Try again. 再试一遍。
  (1)的树形图应该是,
       (2)      (Try again.)    [Expansion]
                   V
                /    \
               V       AD
             (try)    (again)
 6-2 [副词(AD)的含义] 
 副词表示以下几种意思。
   (i) 时间与地点                      (Lobeck, p.176)
     (3)  now 现在, then 在那时, immediately 立即, daily 日常地, 等等。
     (4)  here 这里, there 那里, 等等。
  (ii) 方式与频率
     (5)  quickly 快,  quietly 安静,  slowly 慢慢地,  carefully 仔细地, 等等。
     (6)  always 总是,  never 从不,  seldom 不常,  often 经常,  等等。
 (iii) Speaker's Attitude 说话者的态度
     (7)  fortunately 幸运地,  hopefully 有希望地,  obviously 明显地,等等。
     (8)  probably 大概,  certainly,  allegedly 依其申述,  etc 等等。
     (9)  still 仍旧,  yet 仍,  already 已经,  anymore 不再,  
     usually 通常,  等等。
  (iv) 其它
    (10)  even 甚至,  only 仅仅,  too 也/太, 等等。
 6-3 [带有"-ly"的副词(AD)和不带"-ly"的副词] 
 副词分为两种类型。第一种带有一个词素,第二种带有两个或更多的词素。
   (i) Adverbs of One Morpheme 一个词素的副词
     (11)  again 再次,  well 好,  hard 坚硬地,  just 正好, 等等。
  (ii) Adverbs of Two or More Morphemes 含两个或两个以上词素的副词
     (12)  slowly 慢慢地,  outdoors 在户外,  side-ways 向侧面地,  
           schoolboy-fashion 男学生风格地, 等等。
 第二种类型的副词大多数在词尾带有"-ly","-ly"是一个次要词素,意思是使副词化{Turn into an adverb}或者{Adverbialization}。词素"-ly"是一个转换子(CVT),可以加到形容词后使之成为副词(AD)。因此,例如单词"slowly"就由形容词"slow"和"ly"组成。
     (13)       (slowly)
                  AD
               /    \
              A       CVT
           (slow)    (-ly)
 作为转换子的"ly",使形容词"slow"变成了"slowly",这是一个转换的例子。

 6-4 [副词(AD)的作用域(scope)] 
 一个副词(AD)通常扩充或修饰一个动词(V)。但是一些副词扩充形容词或者副词,甚至扩充整个名词加动词,或者一个句子(参考9-1)。
   (i) Adverbs expanding a verb 副词扩充动词
     (14)  He talks differently. 他不同地讲。
  (ii) Adverbs expanding an adjective 副词扩充形容词
     (15)  This is too expensive. 这太贵了。
 (iii) Adverbs expanding an adverb 副词扩充副词
     (16)  She drives so carefully. 她非常谨慎地驾驶着。
  (iv) Adverbs expanding a unit of a noun plus a verb 副词扩充名词加动词
     (17)  Fortunately, he did not die. 幸运地,他没有死。
 以下分别是(14)至(17)的树形图。
     (18)    (talks differently)
                  V
               /    \
              V       AD
           (talks)   (differently)

     (19)    (too expensive)
                  A
               /    \
             AD        A
            (too)   (expensive)

     (20)      (so carefully)
                   AD
                /    \
              AD        AD
             (so)    (carefully)

     (21)    (Fortunately, he did not die)
                  S
               /    \
             AD        S
      (Fortunately)  (he did not die)
 在上述扩充的例子中,被扩充的部分叫做 “作用域”( scope)。在(18)中,"talk"是 "differently"的作用域,在(19)中,"expensive" 是"too"的作用域, 在(20)中, "carefully"是"so"的作用域, 在(21)中,"he did not die"是"fortunately"的作用域。

 6-5 [两个或更多的副词(AD): V - AD 1- AD 2] 
 当两个或更多的副词出现在一个句子的句尾时,一些语言学家认为他们的正确顺序应为,
     (22)   V ... Manner--Place—Time 方式—地点—时间
 例子:
   (23) a. I worked hard yesterday.   (Swan p.27)
              我昨天工作很努力。
     b. *I worked yesterday hard.
   (24) a. She sang beautifully in the town hall last night.
              昨晚她在市政厅动听地歌唱。
     b. *She sang beautifully last night in the town hall.
     c. *She sang last night in the town hall beautifully.
     d. *She sang in the town hall beautifully last night.

Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba.
All rights reserved.