|
第三章 动词的扩充 |
  |
|
第十三课 V扩充子{完成时}:PERF("have-en")
13-1 [V扩充子{完成时}:PERF]
V动词扩充子{完成时}(PERF) , "have-en"，根据上下文语境，可以附加给动词三种不同的意思。
(i) {Perfect 完成}
(ii) {Experience 经历}
(iii) {Continuance 持续}
例如.
(1) The computer has written a novel now. (Perfect完成)
计算机现在写完一部小说了。
(2) The computer has written a novel several times. (Experience经历)
计算机写完小说很多次了。
(3) The computer has written a novel for 240 hours. (Continuance持续)
计算机已经写小说240小时了。
这个扩充子的特殊意思取决于和它在一起的副词是何种类；如果没有副词，通常很难判断是这三种意思的哪一种。13-2 [树形图] 句子(1)的形成如(4)所示。
(4) The computer + PRS + have-en + write a novel + now
↓ ↓ ↓
(5) The computer has written a novel now. (=1)
注意：扩充子"have-en"赋予动词"write a novel"{Perfect完成}的意思。新动词的树形图为：
(6) (has written a novel)
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS) ／ ＼
EPD[PERF] V
(have-en) (write a novel)
三种用法的例子：
(i) <{Perfect} Usage 完成用法>
(7) My extension number has changed. 我的电话内线号码变了。
(8) The musical has been a great sensation nationwide.
那部歌舞剧在全国范围已经引起轰动。
(9) What has become of your old car? 你的旧车怎么了？
(ii) <{Experience} Usage 经历用法>
(10) I have seen a rattlesnake before. 我以前见过响尾蛇。
(11) I have visited Paris three times. 我去巴黎游览三次了。
(12) Have you ever been abroad? 你曾经出过国吗？
(iii) <{Continuance} Usage 持续用法>
(13) How have you been? 你怎么样？
(14) We have known him since childhood. 我们从小时候就认识他。
(15) Mr.Miller has taught us math for two years.
米勒先生教我们数学两年了。
13-3 [Ven形和完成/被动分词] V EPD {Perfect}的"have"部分和PRS/PST相联系，它的"-en"部分事实上和最左边的单词相连接，变成Ven。最左边单词和"-en"通常奇怪地被称作过去分词，虽然它和过去毫无关系。在本书中，我们把它称作完成/被动分词perfect/passive participle，因为它和完成/被动用法密切相关 。 完成/被动分词不总是以"-en"结尾。一些以"-ed"结尾，剩下的则是其它形式。大多数词典都有(i) 没有"-(e)s"的PRS形式，即，最左边的单词, (ii) PST 形式, 和 (iii) Ven形式的列表。如下，
(i)A-B-C Type
(16)a. begin - began - begun
b. do - did - done
c. eat - ate - eaten
d. sing - sang - sung
(ii)A-B-B Type
(17)a. build - built - built
b. kick - kicked - kicked
c. pay - paid - paid
d. have - had - had
(iii)A-B-A Type
(18)a. become-became-become
b. run- ran - run
c. come - came - come
(iv)A-A-A Type
(19)a. hit - hit - hit
b. cut - cut - cut
c. let - let - let
d. cost - cost - cost
13-4 [PRS + V 与 PST + V 与 PRS + "have-en" + V] 对比以下三个句子。
(20)a. The man in charge is out now. 负责人现在出去了。
b. The man in charge was out then. 负责人当时出去了。
c. The man in charge has been out for a couple of hours.
负责人出去几个小时了。
句子(20a)指的是现在的一个时间点，句子(20b)指的是过去的一个时间点，那么，句子 (20c)则指的是和现在有关的过去的一个时间点。下面的树形图说明了它们的差别。
(21) (is out)
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS) (be out)
(22) (was out)
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PST) (be out)
(23) (has been out)
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS) ／ ＼
EPD[PERF] V
(have-en) (be out)
13-5 [不适用的PERF (have-en)] 在一些情况下，不能用"have-en"。
(24) *Einstein has been in Paris before.
(25) *John has worked there yesterday.
例句(24)是不可以接受的，因为爱因斯坦去世了，他过去的行为不能和现在相联系。例句(25)中的副词"yesterday"表示过去，因此和"has worked"中的PRS是矛盾的。下面是个类似的例子。
(26) *When has he finished his work?
13-6 [过去完成时 (Had + Ven)] "PST + have-en"的组合表示在过去特定某一点的{Perfect完成}, {Experience经历}或者{Continuance持续}。
(i) <{Perfect} Usage 完成用法>
(27) The train had already left when I arrived.
当我到的时候，火车已经开走了。
(28) She had panicked when the milk boiled over.
当牛奶煮沸的时候她惊慌了。
(ii) <{Experience} Usage 经历用法>
(29) Until yesterday, I had never heard about it.
直到昨天我才听说这件事。
(30) I had often been to Europe before I visited South Africa.
在我去南非前，我经常去欧洲。
(iii) <{Continuance} Usage 持续用法>
(31) I was very sleepy because I had driven since early morning.
我特别困倦，因为早上很早就开车了。
(32) Washington and his men had already fought for two months
when the reinforcements came.
当援军来的时候，华盛顿和他的同伴们已经作战两个月了。
(27)中划线部分的树形图为：
(33) (had left)
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PST) ／ ＼
EPD[PERF] V
(have-en) (leave)
13-7 [带有其它含义的过去完成时] 在“过去”中的{Perfect完成}, {Experience经历}, 和 {Continuance持续}的含义可以由"PST + have-en"表达出来，实际上就是"had Ven"。但反之不成立。在以下例句中，"had Ven"的组合就没有这三种含义的任何一种。思考：
(34) The airplane had had some engine trouble two months
before the accident.
飞机在事故前两个月的时候，发动机有些故障。
(35) I wish I had been there. 我真希望我在那儿。
在(34)中"had had"表示{Past过去}和{Past过去}, 在(35)中"had been"表示{Past过去}和{Subjunctive虚拟语气}(参考.26-6)。 |
|
Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba. All rights reserved. |
 |