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第三章 动词的扩充 |
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第十五课 V EPD {Passive被动}:PASS("be-en")
15-1 [V 扩充子{被动}:PASS(be-en)]
第四个也是最后一个动词扩充子叫做V EPD {Passive}(PASS) 或者 "be-en"。这种扩充子的意思是{Passive被动}。
(1) A novel was written by the computer. 小说被计算机写。
(1)中的动词短语"was written"是从动词"write a novel"变化来的,它被两个扩充子扩充：即表示{过去}的PST和表示{Passive被动}的PASS。15-2 [树形图] 句(1)按以下方式形成。
(2) A novel + PST + be-en + write a novel + by the computer
↓ ↓ ↓
(3) A novel was written ø + by the computer. (=1)
注意例句(3)中第二个"a novel"被Equi Rule #3删除(参考.11-1)，而用间隙( )来代替了。树形图:
(4) (was written ø）
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PST) ／ ＼
EPD[PASS] V
(be-en) (write a novel)
15-3 [空格()] 前面的V EPDs例如"can", "have-en"和"be-ing"形成重复名词的ANA形式，然而V EPD {Passive被动}, "be-en", 通常形成空格或间隙( )。换言之，前者运用Equi Rule #2法则，后者则运用Equi Rule #3法则。比较例句(5)和(6)。
(5)a. John will write an essay about himself/*ø. [Equi #2]
约翰将写一篇关于他自己的文章。
b. John has written an essay about himself/*ø.
约翰已经写了一篇关于他自己的文章。
c. John is writing an essay about himself/*ø.
约翰正在写一篇关于他自己的文章。
(6) An essay was written ø/*itself. [Equi #3]
一篇文章被写了。
"was written "中被"be-en"形成的空格()和以下例句中的相类似，空格依照句法是固定必须的。
(7) This is the book which I bought [ø/*the book] yesterday. cf.27-2
这是我昨天带来的书。 参考27-2。
(8) The refugees have no house to live in [ø/*the house]. cf.24-1
难民没有房子住。 参考24-1。
请与(9)中的可选择的空格()相比较。
(9) My car isn't working. I'll have to use Mary's [ø/car]. (Swan,p.173)
我的汽车不动了。我得用玛丽的。
15-4 [VZ+N+A(D) 与 VZ+N1+N2的被动形] V EPD {Passive被动}, "be-en"，不仅可以应用在"VZ+N"模式中，还可以用在"VZ+N+A(D)"和"VZ+N1+N2."模式中。
(i) <VZ+N+ A(D)>
(10) make a lot of people homeless 使很多人无家可归。→
A lot of people were made ø homeless.
(11) leave the last problem unsettled 留下最后的问题没解决。→
The last problem was left ø unsettled.
(ii) <VZ+N1+N2>
(12) give him a Nobel Prize 给他一个诺贝尔奖 →
He was given ø a Nobel Prize.
(13) call him a jerk 叫他是白痴。→
He was called ø a jerk then.
在"VZ+N1+N2"的情况下，句子中N1省略的情况要比N2更普遍。
(14) give him a Nobel Prize 给他一个诺贝尔奖。→
a. He was given ø a Nobel Prize.
b. ?A Nobel Prize was given him ø.
(15) cook us some fish 给我们做鱼。→
a. We were cooked ø some fish.
b. *Some fish was cooked us ø.
(16) do me a favor 帮我一个忙。→
a. I was done ø a favor.
b. *A favor was done me ø.
(10)和(12)的树形图：
(17) (were made ø homeless)
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PST) ／ ＼
EPD[PASS] V
(be-en) (make a lot of people homeless)
(18) (was given ø a Nobel Prize)
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PST) ／ ＼
EPD[PASS] V
(be-en) (give him a Nobel Prize)
15-5 [不适用的PASS(be-en)] 不是所有的动词都有"be-en"形式。可以有"be-en"形式的动词有以下限制，它们必须
(i) 本身有名词，即意味着它们是"VZ+N", "VZ+N+N", 和
"VZ+N+A(D)"形式中的一种。
(ii) 有表示动作接受者的名词。
有"be-en"形式的动词里总是有一个名词，但不是所有有名词在里面的动词都能用"be-en"形式。
(19) kick a ball 踢球 →
A ball was kicked ø.
(20) have a ball 有一个球 →
* A ball was had ø.
在(19)中"a ball"是动作"kick踢"的接受者, 然而在(20)中的"a ball"并不是"have有"的接受者。
<Verbs which usually can't go with "be-en" 通常不能用"be-en"
的动词> (Collins,p.407)
(21) escape N逃避, get N得到, have N有, like N喜欢, resemble N像，
survive N幸免,等等。
15-6 [被动用法的两个动机] 许多本身带有名词的动词可以用"be-en"形式。但不是所有这样的动词都可以。一个动词如果用被动式，名词必须是动作的接受者。此外，不是所有带名词接受者的动词总是用可选择扩充子"be-en"形式，引导可选择"be-en"形式看起来是由两个明显不一致的动机造成的。
(i) To hide the agent. 隐藏施动者。
(22) America was discovered ø in 1492.
1492年美洲新大陆被发现。
(ii) To emphasize the agent. 强调施动者。
(23) America was discovered ø in 1492 by Columbus.
1492年哥伦布发现美洲新大陆。
第一个动机产生没有"by + N"的被动句，如(22)，第二个动机产生有"by + N"的被动句。大多数语言学家认为前者比后者更普遍。一些语言学家可能增添“格式上”的第三种动机。
(iii) To fix the syntactic style. 修改句法格式。
(24) The Pope arrived in Madrid this morning and was immediately
besieged ø by reporters.
晨罗马教皇到达马德里，立即被记者们包围。
15-7 [动作的被动 与 状态的被动] 既然"be"可以表示状态和动作，那么"be+Ven"模式有时可以表示状态有时则表示动作。
(25) The chair was broken ø. (State/Action状态/动作) (Quirk, p.162)
椅子坏了。
为了明确表示它不是状态而是动作时，不用"be+Ven"而用"get+Ven"。
(26) The chair got broken ø. (Action动作)
椅子被弄坏了。
15-8 ["in" +对象(target), "at" +原因(cause), 等] 当"by"后的名词不是施动者而是对象，原因等的时候，我们用"in", "at"等。
(27) My brother is interested ø in history.
我母亲对历史感兴趣。
(28) We were all surprised ø at the news.
我们对那个消息都感到惊讶。
(29) Mt.Fuji is covered ø with snow. 富士山覆盖着雪。
(30) The boy is known ø to everybody in town.
城镇里每个人都认识那个男孩。
(31) Tommy's piggybank is made ø of plastic.
汤米的存钱罐是塑料做的。
(32) I'm fed ø up with these stupid students.
我受够了这些笨学生了。
15-9 [V+CVT →VZ?] (参考. 25-3, Reanalysis)(33)中的划线部分结构上是不明确的。
(33) Uncle John laughed at me. 约翰叔叔取笑我。
(33)可以用(34)和(35)两种方式表示。
(34) (laugh at me) (35) (laugh at me)
V V
／ ＼ ／ ＼
V AD VZ N
(laugh) ／ ＼ (laugh at) (me)
CVT[N-AD] N
(at) (me)
但在本书中，我们认为(35)是正确的树形图，因为它可以形成被动句，如(36)。
(36) I was laughed at ø by Uncle John. 我被约翰叔叔取笑。
请看下面一个看起来类似但事实上不一样的例子。
(37)a. We all agreed with Bill. 我们都同意比尔。
b. *Bill was agreed with ø by us all.
在上面(37)中, "Bill"不是动作"agree with"真正的接受者。
<Verb Phrases which usually can't go with "be-en"
通常不能用"be-en"的动词短语>
(38) band together N,结合在一起 brush up N,擦亮 fail in N,失败
have on N,穿上 live on N,靠…生活 stand off N,避开.等等。
15-10 [VZ + N + to + V的被动形] 为"VZ+N+to+V"形式的动词有两种。一种可以用"be-en"，另一种则不能。
(i) 可以用"be-en"的"VZ + N + to + V"形式
(39) expect you to go alone →
You are expected ø to go alone. 你被希望单独走。
(40) force them to leave the room →
They were forced ø to leave the room.
他们被迫离开那个房间。
(ii) 不能用"be-en"的"VZ + N + to + V"形式
(41) want the candidate to make a brief speech →
*The candidate was wanted ø to make a brief speech.
(42) wish me to join their team →
*I was wished ø to join their team.
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Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba. All rights reserved. |
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