第三章 动词的扩充


第十五课 V EPD {Passive被动}:PASS("be-en")

 15-1 [V 扩充子{被动}:PASS(be-en)] 
 第四个也是最后一个动词扩充子叫做V EPD {Passive}(PASS) 或者 "be-en"。这种扩充子的意思是{Passive被动}。
      (1)  A novel was written by the computer. 小说被计算机写。
 (1)中的动词短语"was written"是从动词"write a novel"变化来的,它被两个扩充子扩充:即表示{过去}的PST和表示{Passive被动}的PASS。

 15-2 [树形图] 
 句(1)按以下方式形成。
    (2)  A novel + PST + be-en + write a novel + by the computer
                      ↓       ↓        ↓
    (3)  A novel     was     written     ø    + by the computer. (=1)
 注意例句(3)中第二个"a novel"被Equi Rule #3删除(参考.11-1),而用间隙()来代替了。
 树形图:
      (4)      (was written ø)
                        V
                     /   \
              EPD[AGR]       V
              (PST)       /   \
                    EPD[PASS]     V
                     (be-en)   (write a novel)
 15-3 [空格()] 
 前面的V EPDs例如"can", "have-en"和"be-ing"形成重复名词的ANA形式,然而V EPD {Passive被动}, "be-en", 通常形成空格或间隙()。换言之,前者运用Equi Rule #2法则,后者则运用Equi Rule #3法则。比较例句(5)和(6)。
      (5)a. John will write an essay about himself/*ø. [Equi #2]
             约翰将写一篇关于他自己的文章。
         b. John has written an essay about himself/*ø.
             约翰已经写了一篇关于他自己的文章。
         c. John is writing an essay about himself/*ø.
             约翰正在写一篇关于他自己的文章。
      (6)  An essay was written ø/*itself.             [Equi #3]
      一篇文章被写了。
 "was written "中被"be-en"形成的空格()和以下例句中的相类似,空格依照句法是固定必须的。
      (7)  This is the book which I bought [ø/*the book] yesterday.  cf.27-2
           这是我昨天带来的书。  参考27-2。
      (8)  The refugees have no house to live in [ø/*the house].     cf.24-1
           难民没有房子住。  参考24-1。
 请与(9)中的可选择的空格()相比较。
      (9)  My car isn't working. I'll have to use Mary's [ø/car]. (Swan,p.173)
           我的汽车不动了。我得用玛丽的。
 15-4 [VZ+N+A(D) 与 VZ+N1+N2的被动形] 
 V EPD {Passive被动}, "be-en",不仅可以应用在"VZ+N"模式中,还可以用在"VZ+N+A(D)"和"VZ+N1+N2."模式中。
    (i) <VZ+N+ A(D)>
      (10)  make a lot of people homeless 使很多人无家可归。→
                 A lot of people were made ø homeless.
      (11)  leave the last problem unsettled 留下最后的问题没解决。→
                 The last problem was left ø unsettled.

   (ii) <VZ+N1+N2>
      (12)  give him a Nobel Prize 给他一个诺贝尔奖 →
                 He was given ø a Nobel Prize.
      (13)  call him a jerk 叫他是白痴。→
                 He was called ø a jerk then.
 在"VZ+N1+N2"的情况下,句子中N1省略的情况要比N2更普遍。
      (14)  give him a Nobel Prize 给他一个诺贝尔奖。→
              a.  He was given ø a Nobel Prize.
              b. ?A Nobel Prize was given him ø.
      (15)  cook us some fish 给我们做鱼。→
              a.  We were cooked ø some fish.
              b. *Some fish was cooked us ø.
      (16)  do me a favor 帮我一个忙。→
              a.  I was done ø a favor.
              b. *A favor was done me ø.
 (10)和(12)的树形图:
      (17)  (were made ø homeless)
                     V
                 /     \
            EPD[AGR]       V
             (PST)      /    \
                  EPD[PASS]      V
                   (be-en)   (make a lot of people homeless)

      (18)  (was given ø a Nobel Prize)
                     V
                 /     \
            EPD[AGR]       V
             (PST)       /   \
                  EPD[PASS]      V
                   (be-en)   (give him a Nobel Prize)
 15-5 [不适用的PASS(be-en)] 
 不是所有的动词都有"be-en"形式。可以有"be-en"形式的动词有以下限制,它们必须
      (i) 本身有名词,即意味着它们是"VZ+N", "VZ+N+N", 和 
         "VZ+N+A(D)"形式中的一种。

     (ii) 有表示动作接受者的名词。
 有"be-en"形式的动词里总是有一个名词,但不是所有有名词在里面的动词都能用"be-en"形式。
      (19)  kick a ball 踢球 →
                 A ball was kicked ø.
      (20)  have a ball 有一个球 →
               * A ball was had ø.
 在(19)中"a ball"是动作"kick踢"的接受者, 然而在(20)中的"a ball"并不是"have有"的接受者。
        <Verbs which usually can't go with "be-en"   通常不能用"be-en"
    的动词> (Collins,p.407)
      (21)  escape N逃避, get N得到, have N有, like N喜欢, resemble N像, 
      survive N幸免,等等。
 15-6 [被动用法的两个动机] 
 许多本身带有名词的动词可以用"be-en"形式。但不是所有这样的动词都可以。一个动词如果用被动式,名词必须是动作的接受者。此外,不是所有带名词接受者的动词总是用可选择扩充子"be-en"形式,引导可选择"be-en"形式看起来是由两个明显不一致的动机造成的。
    (i) To hide the agent. 隐藏施动者。
      (22)  America was discovered ø in 1492. 
             1492年美洲新大陆被发现。
   (ii) To emphasize the agent. 强调施动者。
      (23)  America was discovered ø in 1492 by Columbus. 
             1492年哥伦布发现美洲新大陆。
 第一个动机产生没有"by + N"的被动句,如(22),第二个动机产生有"by + N"的被动句。大多数语言学家认为前者比后者更普遍。
 一些语言学家可能增添“格式上”的第三种动机。
  (iii) To fix the syntactic style. 修改句法格式。
      (24)  The Pope arrived in Madrid this morning and was immediately 
      besieged ø by reporters.
             晨罗马教皇到达马德里,立即被记者们包围。
 15-7 [动作的被动 与 状态的被动] 
 既然"be"可以表示状态和动作,那么"be+Ven"模式有时可以表示状态有时则表示动作。
      (25)  The chair was broken ø.  (State/Action状态/动作)  (Quirk, p.162)  
             椅子坏了。
 为了明确表示它不是状态而是动作时,不用"be+Ven"而用"get+Ven"。
      (26)  The chair got broken ø.   (Action动作)  
             椅子被弄坏了。
 15-8 ["in" +对象(target), "at" +原因(cause), 等] 
 当"by"后的名词不是施动者而是对象,原因等的时候,我们用"in", "at"等。
      (27)  My brother is interested ø in history.
             我母亲对历史感兴趣。
      (28)  We were all surprised ø at the news.
             我们对那个消息都感到惊讶。
      (29)  Mt.Fuji is covered ø with snow. 富士山覆盖着雪。
      (30)  The boy is known ø to everybody in town.  
             城镇里每个人都认识那个男孩。
      (31)  Tommy's piggybank is made ø of plastic.
             汤米的存钱罐是塑料做的。
      (32)  I'm fed ø up with these stupid students. 
             我受够了这些笨学生了。
 15-9 [V+CVT →VZ?]    (参考. 25-3, Reanalysis)
 (33)中的划线部分结构上是不明确的。
      (33)  Uncle John laughed at me. 约翰叔叔取笑我。
 (33)可以用(34)和(35)两种方式表示。
      (34)  (laugh at me)           (35) (laugh at me)
                   V                           V
                /   \                     /    \
             V          AD               VZ          N
          (laugh)     /   \         (laugh at)    (me)
                CVT[N-AD]    N
                  (at)      (me)
 但在本书中,我们认为(35)是正确的树形图,因为它可以形成被动句,如(36)。
      (36)  I was laughed at ø by Uncle John. 我被约翰叔叔取笑。
 请看下面一个看起来类似但事实上不一样的例子。
      (37)a.  We all agreed with Bill. 我们都同意比尔。
          b. *Bill was agreed with ø by us all.
 在上面(37)中, "Bill"不是动作"agree with"真正的接受者。
          <Verb Phrases which usually can't go with "be-en"
      通常不能用"be-en"的动词短语>
      (38)  band together N,结合在一起  brush up N,擦亮  fail in N,失败
            have on N,穿上  live on N,靠…生活  stand off N,避开.等等。
 15-10 [VZ + N + to + V的被动形] 
 为"VZ+N+to+V"形式的动词有两种。一种可以用"be-en",另一种则不能。
    (i) 可以用"be-en"的"VZ + N + to + V"形式
      (39)  expect you to go alone  →
                You are expected ø to go alone. 你被希望单独走。
      (40)  force them to leave the room  →
                They were forced ø to leave the room. 
                 他们被迫离开那个房间。
   (ii) 不能用"be-en"的"VZ + N + to + V"形式
      (41)  want the candidate to make a brief speech  →
               *The candidate was wanted ø to make a brief speech.
      (42)  wish me to join their team  →
               *I was wished ø to join their team.

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