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第三章 动词的扩充 |
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第十六课 V扩充子的复杂组合：(MOD)+(PERF)+(PROG)+(PASS)+V
16-1 [V扩充子的复杂组合]
我们已经学习了必须的动词扩充子{Agreement呼应}和可选择动词扩充子的组合，它们是{Modal} EPD(MOD), {Perfect} EPD(PERF), {Progressive} EPD(PROG)和{Passive} EPD(PASS)。树形图：
(1) V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS/PST) ／ ＼
(EPD[MOD]) V
(EPD[PERF])
(EPD[PROG])
(EPD[PASS])
像你想象的一样，这四种可选择的动词扩充子有时可以两种，三种，甚至四种组合在一起。
(2) The computer will have written a novel in a week.
计算机将会在一周内完成小说。
("will" + "have-en" + "write a novel")
(3) A novel will have been written ø by the computer by next
month.
下个月之前小说将在计算机上完成。
("will" + "have-en" + "be-en" + "write a novel")
(4) A novel will have been being written ø for 10,000 hours
by the computer tomorrow morning.
到明天早上，小说将花10，000个小时在计算机上完成。
("will" + "have-en" + "be-ing" + "be-en" + "write
a novel")
在(2), (3)和(4)中的动词短语包括复杂动词扩充子的组合，即complex combination of V EPDs
。16-2 [树形图和例句] 例如，句子(2)由句(5)生成。
(5) The computer + PRS + will + have-en + write a novel + in a week
↓ ↓ ↓
(6) The computer will have written a novel in a week.
树形图:
(7) (will have written a novel)
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS) ／ ＼
EPD[MOD] V
(will) ／ ＼
EPD[PERF] V
(have-en) (write a novel)
下面的树形图(8)和(9)分别和(3)和(4)对应。
(8) (will have been written ø )
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS) ／ ＼
EPD[MOD] V
(will) ／ ＼
EPD[PERF] V
(have-en) ／ ＼
EPD[PASS] V
(be-en) (write a novel)
(9) (will have been being written ø )
V
／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS) ／ ＼
EPD[MOD] V
(will) ／ ＼
EPD[PERF] V
(have-en) ／ ＼
EPD[PROG] V
(be-ing) ／ ＼
EPD[PASS] V
(be-en) (write a novel)
其它例句：
(10) The parrot will have mastered English in a year.
英语将在一年后掌握英语。
(11) I must be dreaming.
我一定是在做梦。
(12) Tom will be invited ø to the party.
汤姆将被邀请参加那个聚会
(13) We have been expecting your call.
我一直在期待你来电话。
(14) A new shopping center is being built ø in the suburbs.
一家新的购物中心正在郊区建造。
(15) I have been being underpaid ø too long.
我被少发工资太长时间了。
16-3 [V扩充子复杂组合的数/顺序] 注意，当你使用两个，三个或四个可选择的动词扩充子时，必须遵守一定的顺序。例如，以下顺序就不能被接受。
(16) * (PRS/PST) + have-en + will (+ V)
(ex.*has willen write a novel)
(17) * (PRS/PST) + be-ing + have-en (+ V)
(ex.*is having written)
(18) * (PRS/PST) + be-en + be-ing (+ V)
(ex.*is been writing)
例如，动词扩充子"have-en"前面绝对不能出现"will"，"have-en"前面不能出现"be-ing"，"be-ing"前面不能出现"be-en"。简而言之，这些可选择的动词扩充子顺序应该为：(19) PRS/PST → "will",etc → "have-en" → "be-ing" → "be-en" → V动词扩充的排列顺序如(20)所示。
(20) PRS/PST (MOD)(PERF)(PROG) (PASS) V
( ( )means "optional" ( )的意思是“可选择的”)
单从规则(20)来看，我们可以产生十六种组合如下。[ 例句是带有PRS(第三人称单数)的AGR（即，V EPD{Agreement}）, "will"作为MOD, "write a novel"作为动词。]
(21)a. PRS/PST + V
(ex. writes a novel)
b. PRS/PST+will + V
(ex. will write a novel)
c. PRS/PST+have-en +V
(ex. has written a novel)
d. PRS/PST+be-ing + V
(ex. is writing a novel)
e. PRS/PST+be-en + V
(ex. is written ø)
f. PRS/PST+will + have-en + V
(ex. will have written a novel)
g. PRS/PST+will + be-ing + V
(ex. will be writing a novel)
h. PRS/PST+will + be-en + V
(ex. will be written ø)
i. PRS/PST+have-en + be-ing + V
(ex. has been writing a novel)
j. PRS/PST+have-en + be-en + V
(ex. has been written ø)
k. PRS/PST+be-ing + be-en + V
(ex. is being written ø)
l. PRS/PST+will + have-en + be-ing + V
(ex. will have been writing a novel)
m. PRS/PST+will + have-en + be-en + V
(ex. will have been written ø)
n. PRS/PST+will + be-ing + be-en + V
(ex. will be being written ø)
o. PRS/PST+have-en + be-ing + be-en + V
(ex. has been being written ø)
p. PRS/PST+will + have-en + be-ing + be-en + V
(ex. will have been being written ø)
然而，一些语言学家认为，(21h)以下的用法是"罕见的"，不可行的。 |
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Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba. All rights reserved. |
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