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第四章 句子的扩充 |
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第十八课 否定句(EMPH-NEG-S/NEG-S/等)
18-1 [强调否定句(EMPH-NEG-S)]
通过添加一个新的语法含义{Emphatic Negation强调否定}，核心句可以扩充成为另一个句子，在本书中我们称它为强调否定句emphatic negative sentence, 或, EMPH-NEG-S。
(1)a. John is a vegetarian. 约翰是个素食主义者。
b. John ISN'T a vegetarian. 约翰确实不是素食主义者。
(2)a. John likes onions. 约翰喜欢洋葱。
b. John DOESN'T like onions. 约翰确实不喜欢洋葱。
强调否定句(1b)和(2b)是从核心句(1a)和(2a)分别转化来的。因此，
(3) {Emphatic Negation} + Kernel Sentence(K-S)
如果我们把S EPD {Emphatic Negation}叫做 EMPH-NEG, 那么从(1)和(2)的转变过程则如下图所示。
(4) EMPH-NEG + K-S(John is a vegetarian) [-DO Type型]
18-2 [树形图] (4)和(5)的转变如下图所示：
(i) -DO Type型
(6) (John ISN'T a vegetarian)
EMPH-NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[EMPH-NEG] K-S
(N'T) (John is a vegetarian)
(ii) +DO Type型
(7) (John DOESN'T like onions)
EMPH-NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[EMPH-NEG] K-S
(N'T) (John likes onions)
18-3 [EMPH-NEG的操作] 扩充子EMPH-NEG引发两个步骤。
<EMPH-NEG>
步骤一：在核心句(K-S)上添加EMPH。 (Operator Specification，称作操作子的特定)步骤二: 在操作子上添加N'T/NOT。 以下图表将展示两个步骤。
(8) EMPH-NEG + [John is a vegetarian] [-DO Type型]
↓Step 1
[John IS a vegetarian]
↓Step 2
[John ISN'T a vegatarian]
(9) EMPH-NEG + [John likes onions] [+DO Type型]
↓Step 1
[John DOES like onions]
↓Step 2
[John DOESN'T like onions]
一些EMPH-NEG-S的其它例子。
(i) -DO Type型
(10) Bill CAN'T speak Esperanto. 比尔确实不会说世界语。
(11) The game last night WASN'T cancelled.
昨晚的比赛并没有取消。
(12) Mary HADN'T seen snow before. 玛丽以前确实从没看见过雪。
(ii) +DO Type型
(13) I DON'T have a driver's license. 我确实没有驾照。
(14) The boss DOESN'T look happy today.
老板今天看起来确实不太高兴。
(15) The train DIDN'T arrive on time. 火车确实没有按时到达。
18-4 [普通否定句(NEG-S)] 一个强调否定句(EMPH-NEG-S)经常可以通过去除操作子强调的重音而转变成一个普通否定句。
(i) -DO Type型
(16)a. John ISN'T a vegetarian. (EMPH-NEG-S) (=1b)
约翰确实不是素食主义者。
↓
b. John isn't a vegetarian. (NEG-S)
约翰不是素食主义者。
(ii) +DO Type型
(17)a. John DOESN'T like onions. (EMPH-NEG-S) (=2b)
约翰确实不喜欢洋葱。
↓
b. John doesn't like onions.(NEG-S)
约翰不喜欢洋葱。
因此，英语否定句有两种类型；强调句和普通句。与前者EMPH-NEG-S相对,我们称后者为一个普通否定句simple negative sentence, 或者NEG-S。把核心句(K-S)变成普通否定句(NEG-S)的扩充子叫做普通扩充子，即S EPD {Simple Negation}, 或者NEG。因而，从核心句(K-S)到普通否定句(NEG-S)的扩充过程为
(18) NEG + K-S
(16b)和(17b)的树形图：
(19) (John isn't a vegetarian)
NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[NEG] K-S
(n't) (John is a vegetarian)
(20) (John doesn't like onions)
NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[NEG] K-S
(n't) (John likes onions)
18-5 [NEG的操作] NEG引发两个步骤。
<NEG>
步骤一：在核心句(K-S)上添加EMPH-NEG。
步骤二：去除在操作子和N'T/NOT上的重音。
句子(16b)和(17b)产生如下。
(21) NEG + [John is a vegetarian] [-DO Type型]
↓Step 1
[John ISN'T a vegetarian]
↓Step 2
[John isn't a vegetarian]
(22) NEG + [John likes onions] [+DO Type型]
↓Step 1
[John DOESN'T like onions]
↓Step 2
[John doesn't like onions]
其它例句：
(i) -DO Typ型
(23) Bill can't speak Esperanto. 比尔不会讲世界语。
(24) The game last night wasn't cancelled.
昨天晚上的比赛没有取消。
(25) Mary hadn't seen snow before. 玛丽以前没有看见过雪。
(ii) +DO Type型
(26) I don't have a driver's license. 我没有驾照。
(27) The boss doesn't look happy today. 老板今天看起来不高兴。
(28) The train didn't arrive on time. 火车没有按时到达。
18-6 [(EMPH-)NEG的作用域：全句否定 与 单词/短语否定] 扩充子N'T/NOT/n't/not有时有很大的作用域，可以包括一整个句子，有时作用域小到一个单词或短语。 句子(10)至(15)与句子(23)至(28)都是句子否定的例子, 以下(29)至(32)是单词/短语否定的例子。总的来说，单词/短语的否定是由(EMPH-)NEG加上 (i)accent重音, (ii)100% word单词, 或者 (iii)pause停顿造成的。
(i) <(EMPH-)NEG + 重音(Accent)>
(29)a. TOM didn't give her a cake. (Declerck, p.36)
汤姆没给她蛋糕。
b. Tom didn't GIVE her a cake. 汤姆没给她蛋糕。
c. Tom didn't give HER a cake. 汤姆没给她蛋糕。
d. Tom didn't give her a CAKE. 汤姆没有给她蛋糕。
(ii) <(EMPH-)NEG + 100%单词(Word)>
(30) What the dictionary says is not always correct.
字典上说的也不总是对的。
(31) Not all water is good to drink. 不是所有的水都能喝。
(iii) <(EMPH-)NEG + 停顿(Pause)>
(32)a. You may |not stay here. (Quirk, p.1110)
你可以不待在这儿。
b. You may not |stay here.
你不可以留在这儿。
(29a), (30), (32a)的树形图：
(33) (TOM didn't give her a cake)
NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[NEG] S
(n't) ／ ＼
N V
／ ＼ (gave her a cake)
EPD[EMPH] N
(accent) (Tom)
(34) (What the dictionary says is not always correct)
S
／ ＼
N V
(what ...) ／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS) ／ ＼
VZ A
(be) ／ ＼
AD A
／ ＼ (correct)
EPD[NEG] AD
(not) (always)
(35) (You may |not stay here)
S
／ ＼
N V
(you) ／ ＼
EPD[AGR] V
(PRS) ／ ＼
EPD[MOD] V
(may) ／ ＼
EPD[NEG] V
(not) (stay here)
18-7 [副词(AD)的作用域与否定扩充子(EMPH-)NEG的作用域] 既然副词(AD)和否定扩充子(EMPH-NEG/NEG)都可以扩充句子(S)，那么当两者同时出现，作用域根据不同情况发生变化。
(36) A big typhoon is not coming soon. 大台风不会马上来。
(37) Reportedly a big typhoon is not coming. 据报道，大台风不会来。
在(36)中含有副词(AD)"soon"的句子(S)是"not"的作用域, 而(37)中含有否定扩充子"not"的句子是 "reportedly"的作用域。(36)和(37)的树形图：
(38) (A big typhoon is not coming soon)
NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[NEG] K-S
(not) (A big typhoon is coming soon)
(39) (Reportedly a big typhoon is not coming)
NEG-S
／ ＼
ＡＤ NEG-S
(Reportedly) (A big typhoon is not coming)
但是，有时很难相互区别开。
(40)a. She definitely didn't speak to him. (Quirk, p.787)
她绝对没有跟他说。
b. Definitely she didn't speak to him. 绝对她没跟他说。
c. She didn't definitely speak to him. 她绝对没跟他说。
句子(40a)既可以表示(40b)也可以表示(40c)。18-8 [极性(Polarity)] 一些特定的单词和词组永远带有否定扩充子如N'T/NOT/n't/not。
(i) Always with N'T/NOT/n't/not
(41)a.* John gave a red cent.
b. John didn't give a red cent. 约翰没给一分钱
(42)a.* They will lift a finger for us.
b. They won't lift a finger for us. 他们不会为我们做举手之劳。
(43)a.* You're a child any more.
b. You're not a child any more. 你不再是小孩子了。
其它一些永远不会和N'T/NOT/n't/not在一起出现。
(ii) Always without N'T/NOT/n't/not
(44)a.* It isn't pretty late. (Quirk, p.778)
b. It's pretty late. 太晚了。
(45)a.* This cake isn't delicious. (Mc, p.570)
b. This cake is delicious. 这蛋糕太好吃了。
18-9 [其它否定元素] 英语中还有一些其它否定元素。
(46)a. unhappy 不高兴
b. dishonest 不诚实
c. nonpolitical 非政治性的
(47)a. I have no friends. 我没有朋友。
b. I have no time. 我没有时间。
(48)a. I have few friends/*time. 我们什么朋友。
b. I have little time/*friends. 我没什么时间。
(49)a. We hardly eat chicken. 我几乎不吃鸡肉。
b. We rarely eat chicken. 我很少吃鸡肉。
c. We seldom eat chicken. 我不常吃鸡。
(50) I'll never forget this. 我永远不会忘记这个。
在本书中，句子(46)中划线部分被称作A EPD, 句子(47)和(48)中的被称作N EPD,在(49)中的被称作adverb(AD), 而在(50)中的"never"被称作S EPD {Negation否定}。 |
Emphatic Negative Sentence(EMPH-NEG-S)
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Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba. All rights reserved. |
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