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第四章 句子的扩充 |
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第十九课 Yes/No疑问句：EMPH-Q-S/Q-S/INF-Q-S
19-1 [强调疑问句(EMPH-Q-S)]
一个核心句可以通过一个新的语法含义{Emphatic Question强调疑问句}扩充成另一个句子，在本书中被称为一个强调疑问句，即 emphatic question 或 EMPH-Q-S。
(1)a. John is a vegetarian. 约翰是个素食主义者。
b. IS John a vegetarian? 约翰真是个素食主义者吗？
(2)a. John likes onions. 约翰喜欢洋葱。
b. DOES John like onions? 约翰真喜欢洋葱吗？
强调疑问句(1b)和(2b)分别从核心句(1a)和(2a)生成出来。因此，
(3) {Emphatic Question} + Kernel Sentence(K-S)
如果我们把这个S EPD {Emphatic Question}称作EMPH-Q，那么(1b)和(2b)的生成过程应如下所示。
(4) EMPH-Q + K-S(John is a vegetarian.) [-DO Type型]
19-2 [树形图] (1b)和(2b)的树形图：
(i) -DO Type型
(6) (IS John a vegetarian?)
EMPH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[EMPH-Q] K-S
(John is a vegetarian)
(ii) +DO Type型
(7) (DOES John like onions?)
EMPH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[EMPH-Q] K-S
(John likes onions)
19-3 [EMPH-Q的操作] 扩充子EMPH-Q包含以下三个步骤。
<EMPH-Q>
步骤一：在核心句(K-S)上添加EMPH。
(Operator Specification扩充子的特定)
步骤二：把操作子移动到前面。(Q倒置，即Q inversion倒置)
步骤三：发音时有升/降音调；书写时有标点"?"。
(1b)和(2b)生成如下。
(8) EMPH-Q + [John is a vegetarian] [-DO Type型]
↓Step 1
[John IS a vegetarian]
↓Step 2
[IS John a vegetarian]
↓Step 3
[IS John a vegetarian?]
(9) EMPH-Q + [John likes onions] [+DO Type型]
↓Step 1
[John DOES like onions]
↓Step 2
[DOES John like onions]
↓Step 3
[DOES John like onions?]
其它例子：
(i) -DO Type型
(10) IS everything going well? 一切确实发展顺利吗？
(11) CAN I count on your help? 我真的可以指望你的帮助吗？
(12) HAVE you ever been abroad? 你曾经出过国吗？
(ii) +DO Type型
(13) DO you feel well now? 你现在感觉好吗？
(14) DOES she often skip breakfast? 她真的经常不吃早饭吗？
(15) DID he repair his car by himself? 他确实自己修好的汽车吗？
19-4 [简单疑问句(Q-S)] 就像强调否定句(EMPH-NEG-S)有它自己的非强调句(NEG-S)一样, 强调疑问句(EMPH-Q-S)也有自己的非强调句，我们称它为一个简单疑问句，即simple question 或 Q-S。
(16)a. IS John a vegetarian? =(1b) [-DO Type型]
b. Is John a vegetarian? 她是素食主义者吗？
(17)a. DOES John like onions? =(2b) [+DO Type型]
b. Does John like onions? 约翰喜欢洋葱吗？
通过S EPD{Simple Question}或Q，核心句(K-S)转变成简单疑问句(Q-S)。(16b)和 (17b)的树形图：
(18) (Is John a vegetarian?)
Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[Q] K-S
(John is a vegetarian)
(19) (Does John like onions?)
Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[Q] K-S
(John likes onions)
19-5 [Q的操作] Q的操作
<Q>
步骤一：添加EMPH-Q 到核心句(K-S)上。
步骤二：去除操作子重音。
让我看一看一个核心句(K-S)如何转变成强调疑问句(EMPH-Q-S)，并且如何转变成简单疑问句(Q-S)。
(i) -DO Type型
(20) Q + [John is a vegetarian]
↓ Step 1
[IS John a vegetarian?] (EMPH-Q-S)
↓ Step 2
[Is John a vegetarian?] (Q-S)
(ii) -DO Type型
(21) Q + [John likes onions]
↓ Step 1
[DOES John like onions?] (EMPH-Q-S)
↓ Step 2
[Does John like onions?] (Q-S)
其它例句：
(i) -DO Type型
(22) Is everything going well? 一切进展好吗？
(23) Can I count on your help? 我能指望你的帮助吗？
(24) Have you ever been abroad? 你曾经出过国吗？
(ii) +DO Type型
(25) Do you feel well now? 你现在感觉好吗？
(26) Does she often skip breakfast? 她经常不吃早饭吗？
(27) Did he repair his car by himself? 他自己修好的汽车吗？
19-6 [(EMPH-)Q的作用域：全句否定 与 单词/短语否定] 到目前，我们已经学习了EMPH-Q和Q的扩充子；他们扩展句子(S)。换句话说，这些元素的作用域是句子。 一些EMPH-Q/Q的扩充子不扩充整个句子，而是它的一部分。
(28) Did John vote for SUSAN (not DEBBIE)?
约翰投票赞成苏珊(而不是黛比)了吗？
(29) Did JOHN (not JOE) vote for Susan?
约翰(而不是乔)投票赞成苏珊了吗？
(30) Did John vote FOR (not AGAINST) Susan?
约翰投票赞成(而不是反对)苏珊了吗？
19-7 [否定疑问句(NEG-Q-S)] 核心句(K-S)可以通过NEG和Q被扩充。
(31) Isn't John a vegetarian? 约翰不是素食主义者吗？
(32) Doesn't John like onions? 约翰不喜欢洋葱吗？
这些否定疑问句，即negative questions(NEG-Q-S) 生成如下。
(33) Q + NEG + [John is a vegetarian] [-DO Type型]
↓
Q + [John isn't a vegetarian]
↓
[Isn't John a vegetarian?]
(34) Q + NEG + [John likes onions] [+DO Type型]
↓
Q + [John doesn't like onions]
↓
[Doesn't John like onions?]
其它例句：
(i) -DO Type型
(35) Isn't this upside down? 这不是颠倒了吗？
(36) Aren't you coming to the party? 你不来聚会吗？
(37) Can't she play the piano? 她不会弹钢琴吗？
(ii) +DO Type型
(38) Don't you know Mary the Cookies?
你不知道玛丽的绰号是“甜饼厨师”吗？
(39) Doesn't she wear a miniskirt?
她没穿迷你裙吗？
(40) Didn't it rain last night?
昨夜没下雨吗？
19-8 [非正式疑问句(INF-Q-S)] 在比较随便的语境下，我们可以使用非正式疑问句，即informal question(INF-Q-S) 。
(41) John is a vegetarian? 约翰是个素食主义者？
(42) John likes onions? 约翰喜欢洋葱？
使核心句(K-S)扩充成非正式疑问句(INF-Q-S)的是S EPD {Informal Question} 或者 INF-Q，因而，
(43) INF-Q + [John is a vegetarian] [-DO Type型]
树形图:
(45) (John is a vegetarian?) (46) (John likes onions?)
INF-Q-S INF-Q-S
／ ＼ ／ ＼
EPD[INF-Q] K-S EPD[INF-Q] K-S
(John is a vegetarian) (John likes onions)
扩充子{Informal Question}(INF-Q)可以扩充简单否定疑问句(NEG-Q)。
(47) INF-Q + [John isn't a vegetarian]
(47)和(48)的树形图分别如下。
(49) (John isn't a vegetarian?)
INF-Q-NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[INF-Q] NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[NEG] K-S
(n't) (John is a vegetarian)
(50) (John doesn't like onions?)
INF-Q-NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[INF-Q] NEG-S
／ ＼
EPD[NEG] K-S
(n't) (John likes onions)
就像你想象的一样，强调句(EMPH-S)或强调否定句(EMPH-NEG-S)可以通过这个INF-Q被扩充。
(51) INF-Q + [John IS a vegetarian]
因而，INF-Q仅有一个步骤。
<INF-Q>
步骤一：发音时音调上扬，书写时标出标点符号“？”。
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Emphatic Question(EMPH-Q-S)
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Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba. All rights reserved. |
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