『实用英文语法2004』（大場昌也著、馬暁娜訳）

20-1　[简短回答]
　总结一下目前所学内容，英语有四种问句(A1至A4)来问"John - PRS- be a vegetarian"是否正确。

    (1)  A1: John IS(is) a vegetarian?            [-DO Type型]
             约翰（真的）是素食主义者吗？
         A2: John ISN'T(isn't) a vegetarian?
             约翰（真的）不是素食主义者吗？
         A3: IS(Is) John a vegetarian?
             约翰（真的）是素食主义者吗？
         A4: ISN'T(Isn't) John a vegetarian?
             约翰（真的）不是素食主义者吗？

　回答这些问句，用以下三种说法(B1至B3)任何一个都可以。

    (2)  B1: Yes./No.
             是的。/不是。
         B2: Yes, he IS(is)./No, he ISN'T(isn't).
             是的，他（真的）是。/不，他（真的）不是。
         B3: Yes, he IS(is) a vegetarian./No, he ISN'T(isn't) a vegetarian.
             是的，他（真的）是素食主义者。/不，他（真的）不是
             素食主义者。
             (B2的最后一部分, "is"和"isn't"在句末发正常的音调，事
　　　　　　　实上它们分别与 "IS" 和 "ISN'T" 一样。后文同理。)

　上面，句子B1由句子B2转变而成, B2又由B3转变而成。换言之，法则三Equi Rule #3(cf.参考11-1) 在这里生成间隙，起了作用。

    (3)  B3: Yes, he IS(is) a vegetarian.
             →  B2: Yes, he IS(is) ø.
             →  B1: Yes ø.
    (4)  B3: No, he ISN'T(isn't) a vegetarian.
             →  B2: No, he ISN'T(isn't) ø.
             →  B1: No ø.

　同理，问"John - PRS - like onions"是否正确，我们也有四种问句(A1至A4)。

    (5)  A1: John DOES like(likes) onions?          [+DO Type型]
             约翰（真的）喜欢洋葱吗？
         A2: John DOESN'T(doesn't) like onions?
             约翰（真的）不喜欢洋葱吗？
         A3: DOES(Does) John like onions?
             约翰（真的）喜欢洋葱吗？
         A4: DOESN'T(Doesn't) John like onions?
             约翰（真的）不喜欢洋葱吗？

　回答应为，

    (6)  B1: Yes ø.
         B2: Yes, he DOES(does) ø.
    (7)  B1: No ø.
         B2: No, he DOESN'T(doesn't) ø.
         B3: No, he DOESN'T(doesn't) like onions.

　在英语中，否定句永远不和"Yes"相接，而非否定句从来不和"No"相接。因而，

    (8)a. *No, ...IS(is)...
       b. *No, ...DOES(does)...
    (9)a. *Yes, ...ISN'T(isn't)...
       b. *Yes, ...DOESN'T(doesn't)...

20-2　[条件简短回答]
　有时候，只有"yes/no"和副词修饰短语，其它部分省略。

    (10)a.  In a sense, yes. 某种意义上， 是的。
        b.  Up to a point, yes. 某种观点上， 是的。
        c.  To my knowledge, yes. 以我所学知识来讲， 是的。
    (11)a.  Unfortunately, no. 不幸的是，不是。
        b.  Technically, no. 技术上来讲，不是。
               (空格在这里被省略，下文在相同情况下同理。)

20-3　[反意疑问句(ECHO-Q-S)]
　就像有简短回答一样，英语也有由反意疑问句生成的短问句。

   (12) A : John is a vegetarian.                      [-DO Type型]
             约翰是素食主义者。
        B1: Is he?
             真的？
        B2: Is he a vegetarian?
             他是素食主义者？
   (13) A : John isn't a vegetarian.
             约翰不是素食主义者。
        B1: Isn't he?
             真的？
        B2: Isn't he a vegetarian?
             他不是素食主义者？
   (14) A : John likes onions.                         [+DO Type型]
             约翰喜欢洋葱。
        B1: Does he?
             真的？
        B2: Does he like onions?
             他喜欢洋葱？
   (15) A : John doesn't like onions.
             约翰不喜欢洋葱。
        B1: Doesn't he?
             真的？
        B2: Doesn't he like onions?
             他不喜欢洋葱？

　以上B1形式都是从B2形式缩短形成的。我们称它们为反意疑问句，即echo-question 或ECHO-Q-S。
　这些反意疑问句有三种变化。

   (16)a.  Is he?    IS he?/He IS(is)?
       b.  Isn't he?    ISN'T he?/He ISN'T(isn't)?
   (17)a.  Does he?    DOES he?/He DOES(does)?
       b.  Doesn't he?    DOESN'T he?/He DOESN'T(doesn't)?

20-4　[尾部(tag): 非标准型与标准型]
　核心句(K-S)和反意疑问句(ECHO-Q-S)可以结合构成一个句子(S)。

   (i) <Substandard Tags非标准尾部>
     (18)  A: John is a vegetarian.
           B: Is he?
                 → John is a vegetarian, is he?
               约翰是素食主义者，是吗？
     (19)  A: John isn't a vegetarian.
           B: Isn't he?
                 → John isn't a vegetarian, isn't he?
               约翰不是素食主义者，是吗？
     (20)  A: John likes onions.
           B: Does he?
                 → John likes onions, does he?
               约翰喜欢洋葱，是吗？
     (21)  A: John doesn't like onions.
           B: Doesn't he?
                 → John doesn't like onions, doesn't he?
               约翰不喜欢洋葱，是吗？

　(18)和(21)的划线部分叫做 “尾部” ，即tag。事实上，以上尾部均属于非标准类型尾部。更普通更标准的类型为：

     (22)a. John is a vegetarian, isn't he? 约翰是素食主义者，不是吗？
         b. John isn't a vegetarian, is he? 约翰不是素食主义者，是吗？
     (23)a. John likes onions, doesn't he? 约翰喜欢洋葱，不是吗？
         b. John doesn't like onions, does he? 约翰不喜欢洋葱，是吗？

　注意，当原句没有否定元素时，尾部包含否定元素，反之亦然。
　其它例句：

  (ii) <Standard Tags标准尾部>
      <-DO Type型>
   (24)a.  You're against the death penalty, aren't you? 
           你反对死刑，不是吗？
       b.  You aren't against the death penalty, are you?
           你不反对死刑，是吗？
   (25)a.  Joe can play the guitar, can't he?
           乔会弹吉他，不是吗？
       b.  Joe can't play the guitar, can he?
           乔不会弹吉他，是吗？
   (26)a.  Bill has changed very much in 20 years, hasn't he?
           比尔二十年来变化很大，不是吗？
       b.  Bill hasn't changed very much in 20 years, has he?
           比尔二十年来变化不是很大，是吗？
      <+DO Type型>
   (27)a.  They use an abacus when they count, don't they?
           他们计算的时候用算盘，不是吗？
       b.  They don't use an abacus when they count, do they?
           他们计算的时候不用算盘，是吗？
   (28)a.  Kathy always makes a fool of her husband, doesn't she?
           凯西总是欺骗她丈夫，不是吗？
       b.  Kathy doesn't always make a fool of her husband, does she?
           凯西不总是欺骗她丈夫，是吗？
   (29)a.  Your brother signed up for the tennis club, didn't he?
           你弟弟签约网球俱乐部了，不是吗？
       b.  Your brother didn't sign up for the tennis club, did he?
           你弟弟没有签约网球俱乐部，是吗？

20-5　[非正式尾部(tag)]
　英语中有所谓的非正式尾部informal tag。

     (30)a.  John is a vegetarian, right? 约翰是素食主义者，对吗？
         b.  John likes onions, right? 约翰喜欢洋葱，对吗？

　如果原句是否定句也是此形式。

     (31)a.  John isn't a vegetarian, right? 约翰不是素食主义者，对吗？
         b.  John doesn't like onions, right? 约翰不喜欢洋葱，对吗？

　其它例子：

    (i) -DO Type型
     (32)a.  You're against the death penalty, right? 你反对死刑，对吗？
         b.  You aren't against the death penalty, right? 
             你不反对死刑，对吗？
     (33)a.  Joe can play the guitar, right? 乔会弹吉他，对吗？
         b.  Joe can't play the guitar, right? 乔不会弹吉他，对吗？
     (34)a.  Bill has changed very much in 20 years, right?
             比尔二十年来变化很大，对吗？
         b.  Bill hasn't changed very much in 20 years, right?
             比尔二十年来变化不大，对吗？
   (ii) +DO Type型
     (35)a.  They use an abacus when they count, right?
             他们计算时用算盘，对吗？
         b.  They don't use an abacus when they count, right?
             他们计算时不用算盘，对吗？
     (36)a.  Kathy always makes a fool of her husband, right?
             凯西总是欺骗她丈夫，对吗？
         b.  Kathy doesn't always make a fool of her husband, right?
             凯西不总是欺骗她丈夫，对吗？
     (37)a.  Your brother signed up for the tennis club, right?
             你弟弟签约网球俱乐部了，对吗？
         b.  Your brother didn't sign up for the tennis club, right?
             你弟弟没签约网球俱乐部了，对吗？

20-6　[其它尾部]
　其它一些尾部富有创造性：

     (38)  John hasn't washed the dishes, has the son of a bitch? (Mc, p.482)
           约翰那臭小子没刷盘子，是不是？
     (39)  Open the door, won't/will you? 关上门，好吗？
     (40)  Turn on the light, will somebody or other? 关上灯，有人关吗？
     (41)  Let's play another game, shall we?
           我们玩另一个游戏吧，怎么样？
     (42)  They forgot to attend the lecture, don't you think?
           他们忘记上课了，你不这么认为吗？
     (43)  I suppose you're not serious, are you?           (Quirk, p.811)
           我想你不是认真的，是不是？
     (44)  He is unlikely to come, isn't he?
           他可能不来，是不是？