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第四章 句子的扩充 |
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第二十一课 WH系疑问句：WH-ECHO-Q-S/INF-WH-Q-S/WH-Q-S/等
21-1 [WH-回应疑问句(WH-ECHO-Q-S)]
当你错过一个句子某些重要部分时，你可能会像以下(2)中的问题(B1 至B5)那样问。
(1) A : John lost his claim tag. 约翰把它的行李牌票了。
(2) B1: John lost his claim what? 约翰把他的什么丢了？
B2: John lost his what? 约翰把他的什么丢了？
B3: John lost what? 约翰把什么丢了？
B4: John what? 约翰什么？
B5: What? 约翰什么？
句子B1至B5通过用"what"替换没听到的部分而形成。 (Dadada 表示没有听到的部分。)
(3) what + [John lost his claim dadada]
我们把这些通过S EPD{Wh-Echo-Question}(WH-ECHO-Q) 而形成的句子叫做WH-回应疑问句，即wh-echo-question(WH-ECHO-Q-S) 。因此，
(8) WH-ECHO-Q + K-S(含 dadada)
21-2 [树形图] (3)至(7)的树形图：
(9) (John lost his claim what?)
WH-ECHO-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-ECHO-Q] K-S
(what) (John lost his claim dadada.)
(10) (John lost his what?)
WH-ECHO-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-ECHO-Q] K-S
(what) (John lost his dadada.)
(11) (John lost what?)
WH-ECHO-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-ECHO-Q] K-S
(what) (John lost dadada.)
(12) (John what?)
WH-ECHO-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-ECHO-Q] K-S
(what) (John dadada.)
(13) (What?)
WH-ECHO-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-ECHO-Q] K-S
(what) (Dadada.)
21-3 [WH-ECHO-Q的操作] 这样，造一个WH-ECHO-Q-S：
<WH-ECHO-Q>
步骤一：用"what"替换未听到的部分。
步骤二：在句尾提高音调（说话时）；在句尾添加符号“？”(书写时)。
通常，扩充子WH-ECHO-Q, "what"，看起来并不严格要求语法种类。
(14) A: Hanako's homesick. 花子想家了。
B: Hanako's home-what? 花子想什么家了？
然而，在以下例句中，它看起来确实在努力使自己符合语法。
(15) A: Astronomers have discovered some more black holes.
天文学家已经发现了更多的黑洞。
B: They've discovered some more whats? (Quirk, p.836)
他们已经发现了更多的什么？
(16) A: She sat there and ratiocinated.
她坐在那儿，推论着。
B: She sat there and whatted? (Quirk, p.836)
她坐在那儿，什么着？
在以下的WH-ECHO-Q, "what"中，看起来需要再加一个步骤，类似于"我--你转换"，即"I-You Switch"。
(17) A: I lost my claim tag. 我丢了我的行李票了。
B: You lost your what?/*I lost my what? 你丢了你的什么了？
(18) A: Mary hates this garment bag. 玛丽讨厌这个行李包。
B: Mary hates that what?/*Mary hates this what?
玛丽讨厌那个什么？
但是，要注意，(17 )和(18)的B句是从(19a)和(20a)分别转换过来的，而不是(19b) 和(20b)。
(19)a. You lost your dadada.
b. I lost my dadada.
(20)a. Mary hates that dadada.
b. Mary hates this dadada.
21-4 [非正式WH疑问句(INF-WH-Q-S)(i)] 当你错过了一些单词/短语，但你已知道他们是事物，人，地方，时间等，你可以用"what", "who(m)", "where", "when"等来询问，如下：
(21) A: I've eaten a slug. 我吃了一个鼻涕虫。
B: You've eaten what/*whom? 你吃了个什么？
(22) A: Mary hit John. 玛丽打了约翰。
B: Mary hit who(m)/*what? 玛丽打了谁？
(23) A: His plane was hijacked near Miami.
他的飞机在迈阿密附近被劫机了。
B: His plane was hijacked where/*when?
他的飞机在哪儿被劫机了？
(24) A: Napoleon was defeated in 1815.
拿破仑在1815年被打败了。
B: Napoleon was defeated when/*where?
拿破仑什么时候被打败了？
在(21)中, "what"替换了"something"。同样地，在(22)中,"whom"替换了"someone" ，在(23)中"where"替换了"somewhere", 而在(24)中"when"替换了 "sometime"。树形图:
(25) (You've eaten what?)
INF-WH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[INF-WH-Q] K-S
(what) (You've eaten something)
(26) (Mary hit whom?)
INF-WH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[INF-WH-Q] K-S
(whom) (Mary hit someone)
(27) (His plane was hijacked where?)
INF-WH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[INF-WH-Q] K-S
(where) (His plane was hijacked somewhere)
(28) (Napoleon was defeated when?)
INF-WH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[INF-WH-Q] K-S
(when) (Napoleon was defeated sometime)
在本书中，我们称这样的句子为非正式wh-疑问句，即informal wh-question(INF-WH-Q-S) ，并称如"what", "who(m)", "where", "when"等句子扩充子为S EPD{Informal Wh-Question}(INF-WH-Q) 。因而，
<INF-WH-Q>
步骤一：用"what", "who(m)", "where", "when"等替换相应没听到的部分。
步骤二：在句尾提高音调（说话时）；在句尾添加符号“？”(书写时)
INF-WH-Q's相对应的“某单词/短语”（some-words/phrases）列表。
(29)a. what → something, etc.
b. who(m) → someone, etc.
c. whose → someone's, etc.
d. where → somewhere, etc.
e. when → sometime, etc.
f. why → for some reason, etc.
g. how → somehow, etc.
h. which → one or the other, etc.
i. how often → some times, etc.
21-5 [非正式WH疑问句(INF-WH-Q-S)(ii)] 一个非正式的wh-question(INF-WH-Q-S)不仅可以当句子某部分没听见时使用，也可以当一个句子一开始就不知道某部分时使用。(31)中的A就是一个例子。
(30) A: I lost my camera.
B: You lost what?
(31) A: So you lost what?
B: A camera.
(33)中的A也是同样的例子。
(32) A: I lost it in the subway.
B: You lost it where?
(33) A: So you lost it where?
B: Gee, I don't know.
(31A)和(33A)的意思分别与(30B)和(32B)相同。
(34) what + [You lost something]
21-6 [WH疑问句(WH-Q-S)] 更常见的是下列问句。
(36) What did you lose? 你丢了什么了？
(37) Where did you lose it? 你在哪儿丢的？
我们称这些句子为wh-question(WH-Q-S) 和S EPD{Wh-Question}即WH-Q。(36)和(37)的树形图：
(38) (What did you lose ø ?)
WH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-Q] K-S
(what) (You lost something)
(39) (Where did you lose it ø ?)
WH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-Q} K-S
(where) (You lost it somewhere)
句子(36)和(37)生成过程如下。
(40) what + [You lost something]
↓ Step 1 (INF-WH-Q)
[You lost what?]
↓ Step 2 (Q)
[Did you lose what?]
↓ Step 3 (Front Wh-Word)
[What did you lose ø ?]
(41) where + [You lost it somewhere]
↓ Step 1 (INF-WH-Q)
[You lost it where?]
↓ Step 2 (Q)
[Did you lose it where?]
↓ Step 3 (Front Wh-Word)
[Where did you lose it ø ?]
其它例句：
(42) Whom did they choose ø as president?
他们选谁当总统了？
(43) How much did you pay ø for such a lemon?
这样的一个瓜你付多少钱？
(44) When is she coming back ø? 她什么时候回来？
(45) Why did he think so ø? 他为什么会那样想？
21-7 [句首的Wh-Words] 当wh-word出现在核心句(K-S)的句首时，我们只用第一个步骤。
(46) What happened? 发生什么了？
(47) Who hit upon the idea first? 谁第一个想出这个主意的？
(46)和(47)生成过程如下。
(48) what + [Something happened]
↓ Step 1: INF-WH-Q
[What happened?]
(49) who + [Someone hit upon the idea first]
↓ Step 1: INF-WH-Q
[Who hit upon the idea first?]
其它例句：
(50) What seems to be the problem? 看起来是什么问题？
(51) Who invented the cotton gin? 谁发明的轧棉机？
最后，扩充子WH-Q引起以下几个步骤。
<WH-Q>
步骤一：把INF-WH-Q加到核心句上，包括some-word。
步骤二：添加Q，但只有当wh-word 不在句首的时候方可。
步骤三：把wh-word放在前面。(
21-8 [WH感叹句(WH-EXCL-S)] 参考25-8两个wh-words, "what"和"how",可以产生一个没有{WH-Q}意思的新句子，但有 {Exclamation感叹}的意思。
(52) What a cold day it was! 多么冷的天气啊！
(53) How happy she is! 她多高兴啊！
我们称这些句子为wh-exclamation 或者 WH-EXCL-S。这些句子通过S EPD {Wh-Exclamation} 或 WH-EXCL由带有"very"的核心句生成。
(54) what + [It was a very cold day]
(52)和(53)的树形图：
(56) (What a cold day it was!)
WH-EXCL-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-EXCL] K-S
(what) (It was a very cold day)
(57) (How happy she is!)
WH-EXCL-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-EXCL] K-S
(how) (She is very happy)
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John lost his claim what? (B1)
(4) what + [John lost his dadada]
出现)
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Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba. All rights reserved. |
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