第五章 动词的转换

第二十三课 V-AD转换子(V-AD CVT): "to", "-ing",等

 23-1　[V-AD转换子(V-AD CVT): "to"] 
　带有"to"的动词(V)可以有副词(AD)的功能。
      (1)  We went to 7-eleven to buy some ice cream.
           我们去7-eleven便利店去买冰激凌。
　这是一个转换的例子，因为(1)中的划线部分是由转换子"to"和动词"buy some ice cream"组成的。
　其规则为：
      (2)  to + V  AD
　我们称这类转换子为一个verb-adverb convertor(V-AD CVT), "to"。例句(1)中相关部分的树形图为：
      (3)  (to buy some ice cream)
                   AD
                ／    ＼
           CVT[V-AD]    V
             (to)    (buy some ice cream)
 23-2　[V-AD转换子（V-AD CVT） to 的含义] 
　动词-副词转换子(V-AD CVT), "to", 可以有不同的词汇意思以及转换的语法功能。
    (i) Purpose 目的
      (4)  You need a visa to go to that country.
           你需要一个签证去那个国家。
      (5)  I'm here to meet you.
           我在这儿见你。

   (ii) Cause/Reason 原因
      (6)  He was surprised to hear the news.
           他听到那个消息很惊讶。
      (7)  I'm very glad to meet you.
           我非常高兴见到你。

  (iii) Base of Judgment 判断的依据
      (8)  He must be very rich to have such a big jet.
           他一定很富有而拥有这么大的喷气式飞机。
      (9)  How careless you were to take the wrong train!
           你太马虎了，乘错了火车。

   (iv) Result 结果
     (10)  My grandpa lived to be ninety.
           我的爷爷活到九十岁。
     (11)  The police rushed into the room only to find it vacant.
           警察冲进房间仅仅发现它是空的。

    (v) Condition 条件
     (12)  He will get angry to hear such a thing.
           他听到这样的事会生气的。
     (13)  To tell the truth, I'm thinking of quitting my job.
           实话实说，我想辞掉工作。
 23-3　["to" +动词(Ｖ)的复杂扩充形AD的场合: to have Ven,
　　　　 not to V, 等] 
　一个复杂的扩充动词可以通过"to"转变成一个副词。
      (14)  I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
             很抱歉让你等待。
      (15)  What did you do to be hated like that?
             你做什么了被如此仇恨？
　(14)中划线部分的树形图：
      (16)  (to have kept you waiting)
                    AD
                 ／    ＼
          CVT[V-AD]      V
            (to)      ／    ＼
                   EPD[PERF]   V
                   (have-en)  (keep you waiting)
　一些紧跟"hope", "expect", "mean", "intend", "wish"等词过去式(PST)的"to have Ven"组合，并没有{Past过去}或{Perfective完成}的意思；它们的意思是{Subjunctive虚拟语气}。　　参考 26-6
      (17)a.   He hoped to have come.
               他希望已经回来了。
          b. = He hoped to come, but couldn't.
               他希望回来，但没回来。
      (18)a.   She intended to have attended the meeting.
               她打算参加那个会议。
          b. = She intended to attend the meeting, but didn't.
               她打算参加那个会议，但没有。
 23-4　[for + N AD] 　　参考22-5(for + N A)
　比较下面两个句子。
     (19)a.   She opened the door for him to go out.
         b. = She opened the door that he might go out.
　　　　　　　她打开门让他可以出去。
　(19a)和(19b)中的划线部分都是副词(ADs)，并且有同样的意思。(19a)中的划线部分是由两个转换："for + him"和"to + go out"组合的结果。
　树形图:
     (20)  (for him to go out)
                     AD
                 ／       ＼
              AD             AD
           ／     ＼      ／    ＼
       CVT[N-AD]   N  CVT[V-AD]    V
          (for)  (him)   (to)     (go out)
　其它例句:
     (21)  For education to be improved we must have efficient
           organization.
           为了改进教育，我们必须有有效率的组织。
     (22)  The brand-new car was changed for the sumo-wrestler to 
           be able to get in and out of it easily.
           这种新车是为了方便相扑选手进出方便而改良的。
 23-5　[V-AD转换子(V-AD CVT): "-ing"] 
　像转换子"to"一样, "-ing"可以附在动词(V)上使之成为副词(AD)，如在(23a)中。
      (23)a.   Seeing him, she ran away.
          b. = When she saw him, she ran away.
               看到他，她就跑开了。
　公式为:
      (24)  V + -ing  AD
　我们称这种转换子为verb-adverb convertor(V-AD CVT), "-ing"。(23a)中划线部分的树形图为：
      (25)  (seeing him)
                  AD
               ／    ＼
          CVT[V-AD]    V
            (-ing)  (see him)
 23-6　[V-AD转换子（V-AD CVT）-ing 的含义] 
　动词-副词转换子(V-AD CVT) "-ing"有多种词汇意思，如同它有多种转换的语法功能一样。
    (i) Incidental State 伴随状态
     (26)  The young couple stood ashore looking at the sunset.
　　　　　　那对年轻夫妇坐在岸边观看日落。
     (27)  The audience sat quietly, waiting for the show to begin.
　　　　　　观众静静地坐着，等待演出开始。
   (ii) Time 时间
     (28)  Doing the dishes, John hit on a good idea.
　　　　　　刷着盘子，约翰突然想出了一个好主意。
     (29)  I was caught cheating in the English exam.
　　　　　　我在英语考试中作弊被抓到了。

  (iii) Cause/Reason 原因
     (30)  Having no money, I can't go with you.
　　　　　　因为没有钱，我不能和你去。
     (31)  Being young, he was very energetic.
　　　　　　因为年轻，他精力充沛。

   (iv) Condition 条件
     (32)  Turning left, you'll see a big overpass.
　　　　　　向左转，你会看见一个很大的天桥。
     (33)  Judging from his appearance, he didn't pass.
　　　　　　从他的表情判断，他没及格。
     (34)  He is doing rather well, considering his age.
　　　　　　考虑到他的年龄，他做得相当好了。

    (v) Concession 让步
     (35)  Admitting what you say, I still think you are mistaken.
　　　　　　我承认你所说的，但我仍然认为你是错的。
     (36)  Granting that he was drunk, that is no excuse for his 
           rudeness.
　　　　　　承认他醉了，但那不是他无理的理由。
 23-7　[-ing + 动词(Ｖ)的复杂扩充形 ＡＤ的场合：
　　　　 being Ｖen, having Ｖen,等] 
　就像"to"的情况一样，一个复杂的扩充动词可以通过动词-副词转换子(V-AD CVT), "-ing"被转换成一个副词(AD)。
      (37)a.   (Being) Written in simple English, the book is easy
               to read.
          b. = As it is written in simple English, the book is easy
               to read.
               这本书用简单的英语写成，很容易读。
　(37a)中的划线部分的树形图为：
      (38)  ((Being) Written ø)
                        AD
                     ／    ＼
                CVT[V-AD]    V
                 (-ing)   ／    ＼
                      EPD[PASS]   V
                       (be-en)   (write the book)
　其它例子。
      (39)  (Being) Tired, I soon fell asleep.
             我累了，不久就睡着了。
      (40)  Given the radius, you can find the circumference.
             给出半径，你就可以算出圆周。
      (41)  Having finished dinner, we began to play cards.
             吃完晚饭，我们开始玩牌。
      (42)  Not knowing what to say, he remained silent.
             不知道说什么，他保持沉默。
      (43)  Having been weakened by successive storms, the bridge 
            was no longer safe.
             不断地被暴风雨削弱，那座桥不再安全了。
 23-8　[(with) N + Ving] 
　"N's Ving"的组合不能成为副词(AD), 因为"N's"不是副词。如果你想在状语" Ving"上添加{Agent}或{Theme}的意思，, 你就必须用"with N"，如(44b).
      (44)a. *Mary's being away at school, I don't have to stay at
              home.
          b.  With Mary being away at school, I don't have to stay
              at home.
               玛丽在学校，我不用非得待在家里。
　(44b)中划线部分的树形图：
      (45)  (with Mary being away at school)
                       AD
                   ／      ＼
               AD             AD
            ／     ＼       ／    ＼
        CVT[N-AD]    N  CVT[V-AD]   V
          (with)  (Mary)  (-ing) (be away at school)
　(44b)中划线部分也可以用不同的方式来分析；N-AD CVT "with"加上名词短语"Mary being away at school"的组合。 按照这种分析，(44b)的树形图应为:
      (46)  (with Mary being away at school)
                       AD
                    ／    ＼
              CVT[N-AD]     N
                (with)   ／    ＼
                       N         A
                    (Mary)    ／    ＼
                           CVT[V-A]   V
                            (-ing)  (be away at school)
　有时候，(44b)中的"with"变成，如在(47)中。
      (47)  Mary being away at school, I don't have to stay at home.
　(47)的树形图可以是(48)或者(49)。
      (48)  (ø Mary being away at school)
                      AD
                   ／     ＼
               AD             AD
            ／     ＼       ／    ＼
        CVT[OM-NI]   N  CVT[V-AD]   V
          (ø)    (Mary)  (-ing) (be away at school)

      (49)  (ø Mary being away at school)
                       AD
                   ／      ＼
            CVT[OM-NI]       N
              (ø)        ／    ＼
                       N           A
                     (Mary)     ／    ＼
                           CVT[V-A]     V
                            (-ing)    (be away at school)
 23-9　[作为名词(N) "there"] 
　在下面，"there"被当作名词(N)。
      (50)a.  There being a fork in the road, we lost the way.
          b.  There a fork in the road, we lost the way.
          c.  With there being a fork in the road, we lost the way.
               路上有岔口，我们迷路了。
 23-10　[when/while Ving] 
　下面(51)中的另一个转换子"when"被添加来确定"-ing"的词汇意思。
      (51)  When hunting, a snake is very careful.
             在猎食时，蛇非常小心。
　相似地，
      (52)  While traveling abroad, you often run across people who
            stimulate your imagination.
             当在国外旅行时，你经常会碰见能刺激你想象的人们。
　然而，
      (53)  Though *being/ø poor, they were happy.
             虽然贫穷，但是他们很开心。
      (54)  Whether *being/ø rich or poor, all people have to work.
             无论富人还是穷人，所有的人都不得不工作。
 23-11　[to + V AD　与　V + -ing AD] 
　状语"to V"和状语"Ving"在分配上通常是互补的。
      (55)a. *To have no money,  I can't go with you.
          b.  Having no money, I can't go with you.
               因为没有钱，我不能跟你走。
      (56)a. *Mary is busy to prepare for the exam.
          b.  Mary is busy preparing for the exam.
               玛丽在忙着准备考试。
      (57)a.  He was surprised to hear the news.
               他听到新闻很惊讶。
          b. *He was surprised hearing the news.
　通常，两种分配的意思为：
    (i) <Meanings of the V-AD CVT "to" 的意思>
          Purpose 目的,  Cause/Reason 原因,  Base of judgement 判断的依据,
          Result 结果,  Condition 条件
   (ii) <Meanings of the V-AD CVT "-ing" 的意思>
          Incidental State 伴随状态,  Time 时间,  Cause/Reason 原因,
          Condition 条件,  Concession 让步
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