第五章 动词的转换

第二十四课 V-A转换子(V-A CVT):"to", "-ing"

 24-1　[V-A转换子(V-A CVT):"to"] 
　一个带有"to"的动词(V), 经常可以作为形容词(A)使用，如(1a)中的划线部分。
      (1)a.   John has a large family to look after him.
         b. = John has a large family who could look after him.
               约翰有一个能照顾他的大家庭。
　在(1a)中的划线部分，我们观察到动词"look after him"通过转换子"to"的转换过程。
　公式为：
      (2)  to + V  A
　在本书中，我们把动词(V)转换成形容词(A)的转换子"to"称作verb-adjective convertor(V-A CVT), "to"。

　(1a)中的划线部分的树形图为：
      (3)  [a large family](to look after him)
                              A
                           ／    ＼
                        CVT[V-A]   V
                         (to)    (look after him(=John))
　现在看(4a)：
      (4)a.   John has a large family to look after.
         b. = John has a large family whom he should look after.
               约翰有一个大家庭要照顾。
　(4a)中的划线部分是"to"和"look after"的组合。但是"look after"在意思上并不完整，许多英语本族语的人觉得它后面缺少了什么。在本书中我们称"look after"仅仅为一个动词化子(VZ)，并且在它后面由于Equi Rule #3 (参考11-1)而存在一个空隙或者。

　因此，上述句子(4a)严格地表示应如句子(5)。
      (5)  John has a large family to look after ø.   (=4a)
　树形图:
      (6)  [a large family](to look after ø)
                             A
                          ／    ＼
                      CVT[V-A]    V
                        (to)   (look after a large family)
　何时并如何产生呢？当"to V"里的名词和它前面的名词(N)相同时，产生，通过运用法则Equi Rule #3, 产生。
　在(1a)中, "to look after him"中的名词"him"和在它前面的名词"a large family" 是不一样的，而在(4a)中，两个名词("to"前面隐蔽的"a large family"和"look after"后隐蔽的"a large family")是相同的。换言之，在(1a)中没有多余的东西，而在(4a)则有多余。这正是一个Equi Rule #3的例子。

　动词-名词转换子"to"或者动词-副词转换子"to"都不能产生。 这个功能只属于动词-形容词转换子 "to"。
　其它例子:
   (i) to V  A (without ?)
      (7)  Three cheeseburgers to go, please.
           三个奶酪汉堡带走。
      (8)  He has no friends to advise him.
           他没有朋友给他建议。
      (9)  He is the last person to do such a thing.
           他是最后一个做这样事情的人。

  (ii) to V  A (with ø)
     (10)  I have a lot of work to do ø today.
           我今天有很多工作要做。
     (11)  We had no time to lose ø.
           我没有时间可以浪费。
     (12)  These refugees have no house to live in ø.
           这些难民没有房子住。
     (13)  He is a hard person to do business with ø.
           他是一个很难和他做生意的人。
 24-2　[to + 动词（Ｖ）的复杂扩充形Ａ的场合：
　　　　 to be Ｖing，to have Ven,等] 
　一个复杂扩充动词可以通过转换子"to"被转变成形容词(A)。
      (14)  The patient seems to be getting better.
             病人看起来有好转。
      (15)  We seem to have gotten off the point.
             我们似乎跑题了。
　(14)中划线部分的树形图：
      (16)   (to be getting better)
                    A
                 ／    ＼
            CVT[V-A]     V
             (to)     ／    ＼
                 EPD[PROG]    V
                  (be-ing) (get better)
 24-3　[for + N AD] 
　当你想在形容词(A) "to V"上增加{Agent}或{Theme}的意思时，你可以用"for N"的形式。(参考 22-5, 23-4)
    (17)  The library has a lot of books for the children to read ø.
           图书馆里有很多书供儿童阅读。
    (18)  His politeness is a good example for others to follow ø.
           他的彬彬有礼是一个供他人学习的好榜样。
　同时，(17)和(18)中的"for N"部分不是形容词而是副词。

　(17)中划线部分的树形图：
      (19)  [a lot of books] (for the children to read ø )
                                   A
                               ／      ＼
                            AD             A
                         ／   ＼        ／    ＼
                  CVT[N-AD]     N  CVT[V-A]     V
                 (for) (the children) (to) (read a lot of books)
 24-4　[V-A转换子(V-A CVT):"-ing"] 
　像转换子"to"一样， "-ing"也可以附在动词(V)上构成形容词(A)，如(20a)：
    (20)a.   Mary smiled at the baby sleeping in the cradle.
        b. = Mary smiled at the baby who was sleeping in the cradle.
             玛丽冲着睡在摇篮里的婴儿微笑着。
　换言之，
    (21)  V + -ing  A
　本书中，这种"-ing"类型叫做 verb-adjective convertor(V-A CVT), "-ing"。(20a)中划线部分的树形图：
    (22)  (sleeping in the cradle)
                     A
                  ／    ＼
              CVT[V-A]    V
               (-ing)  (sleep in the cradle)
　其它例子：
    (23)  The man living next door seldom goes out.
           住在隔壁的男人很少出门。
    (24)  I'd like a room facing the lake, if possible.
           如果可能的话，我想要面冲着湖的房间。
    (25)  We received a letter from Jim saying he's sick in bed.
           我们收到吉姆的信说他病了。
    (26)  He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.
           他好像是一本活词典。
 24-5　[不明确的Ving形 (ii)] 　　参考. 22-9
　对比以下两句。
      (27)a. a sleeping BABY (=a baby who is sleeping)
             一个正在睡觉的婴儿
          b. a SLEEPING car (= a car for sleeping)
             一辆卧车
　考虑声调，(27a)对应(28a)，(27b)对应(28b)。
      (28)a. a brown CASE (= a case which is brown)
             一个棕色箱子
          b. a BOOK case  (= a case for books)
             一个书箱。
　换言之，(27a) 中的"sleeping"是一个非常接近真正形容词(A)的形容词(A)，而在(27b)中的"SLEEPING"是一个非常接近名词(N)的形容词。
　树形图：
      (29)  (sleeping baby)
                   N
               ／    ＼
              A         N
          ／     ＼   (baby)
       CVT[V-A]    V
        (-ing)   (sleep)

      (30)  (sleeping car)
                   N
                ／    ＼
              A         N
           ／    ＼    (car)
      CVT[OM-NI]   N
        (ø)     ／    ＼
            CVT[V-N]    V
             (-ing)   (sleep)
 24-6　[(being) Ven: A] 
　比较下列句子。
      (31)a.  We've got three days to go.
          b.  We've got three days remaining.
          c.  We've got three days left.
               我们还剩三天。
　以上三句具有同样的意思。在(31a)中动词"go"通过V-A CVT "to"被转换，在(31b)中动词"remain"通过V-A CVT "-ing"被转换。那么(31c)呢？

　肯定的是，(31c)中的"left"包括{Passive被动}和形容词(A)的功能。因此它的树形图为
      (32)    ((being) left ø)
                     A
                  ／    ＼
             CVT[V-A]     V
             (-ing)    ／    ＼
                   EPD[PASS]   V
                    (be-en)  (leave three days)
        (在"being"开头的形容词短语中，前面的"being"往往可以省略。)
　其它例句：
       (33)  He bought a boomerang made in France.
             他买了个法国制造的回飞棒。
       (34)  I'll keep my fingers crossed for you.
             我会为你祈祷的。
       (35)  He had his decayed tooth pulled out.
             他把他的龋齿拔掉了。
       (36)  There were a lot of wounded soldiers in the hospital.
             在医院里有很多受伤的士兵。
       (37)  We had to drive with the window closed.
             我们不得不关上窗户驾驶。
 24-7　[to + V A　与　V + -ing A] 
　任何动词都可以通过"to"或"-ing"变成形容词，但依情况不同会稍微产生新的意思。
      (38)a.  John has a large family looking after him.
             =John has a large family who are looking after him.
               约翰有一个大家庭照顾他。
          b.  John has a large family to look after him.
             =(38a)
             =John has a large family who could look after him.
               约翰有一个大家庭可以照顾他。
　结果，"to V"在某些情况下可以被接受，但在其它一些情况下则不能，"Ving"也是如此。
      (39)a.  John has a large family to look after ø.
               约翰有个大家庭要照顾。
          b. *John has a large family looking after ø.
      (40)a. *My hometown is a harbor to face the Pacific Ocean.
          b.  My hometown is a harbor facing the Pacific Ocean.
               我的故乡有个面向太平洋的海港。
Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba.
All rights reserved.