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第六章 句子的转换 |
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第二十五课 句子-名词转换子(S-N CVT): "that", "if",等
25-1 [S-N转换子(S-N CVT): "that"/"if"等]
一个在句首带有"that"的核心句(K-S)可以变成一种名词(N)。
(1)a. Bill told a lie. 比尔说谎了。
b. I know that Bill told a lie. 我知道比尔说谎了。
c. I know the news. 我知道那个消息了。
(1b)和(1c)中的划线部分可以互换，两者都是名词。我们认为(1b)中的名词(N)是通过在(1a)上添加"that"而形成的。换言之，
(2) that + K-S
上述的"that"可以被称作是一个转换子，它把一个核心句(K-S)转换成了一个名词(N)。我们称它为一个sentence-noun convertor(S-N CVT), "that"。(1b)中划线部分的树形图为：
(3) (that Bill told a lie)
N
／ ＼
CVT[S-N] K-S
(that) (Bill told a lie)
如果把整个(1b)当作核心句，我们可以通过添加"that"得到一个新句子。
(4) You know that I know that Bill told a lie.
你知道我已经知道比尔说谎了。
(4)的划线部分的树形图如下：
(5) (that I know that Bill told a lie)
N
／ ＼
CVT[S-N] S
(that) (I know that Bill told a lie)
／ ＼
N V
(I) ／ ＼
VZ N
(know) (that Bill told a lie)
／ ＼
CVT[S-N] K-S
(that) (Bill told a lie)
由转换子"that"而形成(1b)和(4)的划线部分，被称作一个名词从句，即noun clause。一个名词从句有以下三个特征。
(i) 它具有"N + V"结构，因此也具有一个必须的扩充子PRS/PST。
(ii) 它含在一个句子(S)里。
(iii) 它具有名词的功能。
25-2 [that从句的Ｎ性] 在名词或名词短语出现的地方，都可以产生由"that"引导的名词从句。
(6)a. The rumor is true. 谣言是真的。
b. That Cindy is pregnant is true. 那个辛迪怀孕是真的。
(7)a. George told me a funny story. 乔治告诉我一个有趣的故事。
b. George told me that he had met a funny girl.
乔治告诉我他遇到一个有趣的女孩。
(8)a. The trouble is Johnny's bad manners. 麻烦的是约翰的没礼貌。
b. The trouble is that Johnny's too much mischievous.
麻烦的是约翰太淘气。
然而，在某些情况中，当常规名词出现时，带有"that"的名词从句可能并不出现。
(9)a. I'm sure of her easy success. 我确信她很容易成功。
b. *I'm sure of that she will succeed easily.
我们认为在名词中，有nouniness的度。例如，考虑一下带有"to/-ing"的名词短语和带有"that"的名词从句之间名词性(nouniness)的度。
(10)a. I want to take the 1:30 train. 我想乘1:30的火车。
b. *I want that I take the 1:30 train.
(11)a. They enjoyed swimming there. 他们在那儿游泳很愉快。
b. *They enjoyed that they swam there.
25-3 ["that"的省略：构造的再分析(reanalysis)] (12a)中的转换子"that"在(12b)中可以被省略。
(12)a. I think that John told a lie. 我认为约翰说谎了。
b. I think John told a lie. 我认为约翰说谎了。
从另一个角度看，在(12b)中，存在OM-NI CVT,  (参考8-6)。
(13) ( ø John told a lie)
N
／ ＼
CVT[OM-NI] K-S
( ø ) (John told a lie)
更加非正式的表达方式为：
(14) John told a lie, I think. 约翰说谎了，我想。
一些人可能会感觉，(14)中的"I think"现在成为了一个副词(AD)。如果是那样的话，(14)的树形图应该为：
(15) (John told a lie, I think)
S
／ ＼
K-S AD
(John told a lie) (I think)
这里出现的是结构的再分析。请看更多例句：
(16)a. I'm afraid that it will rain. 我想恐怕要下雨了。
b. I'm afraid it will rain. 我想恐怕要下雨了。
c. It will rain, I'm afraid. 要下雨了，恐怕。
(17)a. Don't you think that they should stay home?
你不认为他们应该待在家里吗?
b. Don't you think they should stay home?
你不认为他们应该待在家里吗?
c. They should stay home, don't you think?
他们应该待在家里，你不认为吗？
(18)a. The trouble is that our quarterback is ill in bed.
麻烦的是我们的橄榄球四分位病倒在床了。
b. The trouble is, our quarterback is ill in bed.
麻烦的是我们的橄榄球四分位病倒在床了。
然而，在某些情况下，"that"不能被省略。
(19)a. That John told a lie is obvious. 约翰说谎是很明显的。
b. *John told a lie is obvious.
(20) The book argues that eventually the housing supply will
increase. (AHBEU, p.40) 那本书认为最终住房供给会增加的。
如果你在(20)中省略"that"，"eventually"的作用域就会变得不清楚，因此整个句子就会变得不明确。25-4 [S-N转换子(S-N CVT): "if/whether"] 像转换子"that"一样, 句子-名词转换子，即sentence-noun convertor(S-N CVT)"if" 可以添加到一个核心句(K-S)上而形成一个名词从句。
(21) John wonders if Mary told a lie. 约翰想知道是否玛丽说谎了。
树形图：
(22) (if Mary told a lie)
N
／ ＼
CVT[S-N] K-S
(if) (Mary told a lie)
这个S-N CVT "if"通常可以和"whether"互换。
(23) John wonders if/whether Mary told a lie.
约翰想知道是否玛丽说谎了。
(24) I wonder if/whether you've received my e-mail.
我想知道你是否已经收到我的电子邮件。
(25) I asked him if/whether he could speak Japanese.
我问他是否他能讲日语。
然而，
(26)a. Whether he made a mistake is unknown.
他是否犯了错误还不知道。
b. *If he made a mistake is unknown.
25-5 [that从句 与 if从句] 比较以下句子。
(27)a. John wonders that Mary told a lie.
约翰对于玛丽说谎感到惊讶。
b. John wonders if Mary told a lie.
约翰想知道是否玛丽说了谎。
转换子"that"只含有{Nominalization}的意思，然而转换子"if"不仅含有{Nominalization名词化}的意思，而且还有{Yes/No Question疑问}的意思。因此，两个转换子之间意思的差别为：
(i) that = {Nominalization名词化}
(ii) if = {Nominalization名词化} + {Yes/No Question疑问}
观察以下句子中"that"和"if"的意思差别。
(28)a. Do you know that she's coming to the party?
你知道她要来聚会的事儿吗？
b. Do you know if she's coming to the party?
你知道她是否要来聚会吗？
(29)a. I don't mind that young people marry young.
我不介意年轻人早结婚。
b. I don't mind if young people marry young.
我不介意年轻人是否早结婚。
25-6 [S-N转换子(S-N CVT):"where", 等] (30)中的划线部分也是一个名词从句。
(30) I don't know where John lives.
我不知道约翰住在哪里。
注意它满足名词从句的三个条件。
(i) 它具有"N + V"的结构，因此也具有PRS/PST。
(ii) 它含在一个句子(S)里。
(iii) 它具有名词(N)的功能。
以上的名词从句有两重含义。
(i) {Nominalization名词化}
(ii) {WH-Q WH疑问}
我们认为sentence-noun convertor(S-N CVT) "where"通过以下步骤把核心句(K-S)转换成了名词从句。
(31) where + [John lives somewhere]
↓Step 1: Substitute "where" for "somewhere".
[John lives where]
↓Step 2: Move "where" to the front.
↓ (ø comes out.)
[where John lives ø]
一些其它带有{Nominalization名词化}和{WH-Q疑问}的wh-words单词。
(32) I wonder who drove the car to the beach and back.
我想知道谁驾车去了海滩又回来了。
(33) The astronaut talked about what space was like.
那个宇航员谈论了宇宙是什么样子的。
(34) Do you have any idea when he will be back?
你知道他什么时候回来吗？
(35) John wonders why Mary never wears a miniskirt.
约翰想知道为什么玛丽从来不穿迷你裙。
其他一些则和名词短语一起移到前面。
(36) Can you guess how many pockets this jacket has?
你能猜出这件夹克有多少口袋儿吗？
(37) Do you know whose car this is?
你知道这是谁的车吗？
因此，例如，(36)是由以下方式而产生的。
(38) how many + [this jacket has some pockets]
↓步骤一：把"some"替换成"how many"。
[this jacket has how many pockets]
↓步骤二：把"how many"和"pockets"一同移
↓ 到前面。(ø 出现。)
[how many pockets this jacket has ø]
(*how many this jacket has ø pockets)
总结起来，由S-N CVT wh-word引起的步骤为：
<S-N CVT wh-word>
步骤一：在核心句(K-S)中把some-word替换成wh-word。
步骤二：把wh-word移到前面。(ø 出现。)
下面的(39)和(40)，带有两个wh-words，是个例外。
(39) Gee, you're twins? I can't tell which is which.
天哪，你们是双胞胎？我都分不出谁是谁了？
(40) A picnic? Sounds great! Let's decide who should
bring what.
野餐？太棒了！我们决定一下谁应该带什么吧。
观察一下wh-words怎样对应some-words。
wh-words some-words
(41)a. what ... something, etc.
b. who(m) ... someone, etc.
c. whose ... someone's, etc.
d. where ... somewhere, etc.
e. when ... sometime, etc.
f. why ... for some reason, etc.
g. how ... somehow, etc.
h. which ... one or the other, etc.
i. how often ... some times, etc.
25-7 [EPD? CVT?] 比较下列句子。
(42)a. I don't know where John lives.
我不知道约翰住哪儿。
B. Where does John live?
约翰住哪儿？
前面的"where"是一个转换子(CVT)，它把核心句(K-S)转换成了一个名词(N)，而后者是一个扩充子(EPD)，它把同样的核心句(K-S)扩充成了一个wh-question疑问句(WH-Q-S)。树形图：
(43) (where John lives ø )
N
／ ＼
CVT[S-N] K-S
(where) (John lives somewhere)
(44) (Where does John live ø ?)
WH-Q-S
／ ＼
EPD[WH-Q] K-S
(where) (John lives somewhere)
在下面句子中，转换子"what"和扩充子"what"恰好产生同样的结果。
(45)a. He asked me what followed. (CVT[S-N])
他问我接着有什么？
b. What followed? (EPD[WH-Q])
接着有什么？
25-8 [{WH感叹}的Ｓ－Ｎ转换子(S-N CVT)：how/what] 参考21-8转换子"what"和"how"有时表达{Wh-Exclamation感叹}的意思，而不是{WH-Q}的意思。
(46) It is incredible how fast she can run. (Quirk, p.1055)
不可思议她能跑得那么快。
(47) I remember what a good time I had at your party.
记得在你的聚会中我度过了多么愉快的时光。
在以上将要被转换的核心句(K-S)中应该有"very"在里面。因此，(46)里的划线部分的树形图为：
(48) (how fast she can run ø )
N
／ ＼
CVT[S-N] K-S
(how) (she can run very fast)
25-9 [形式语"it"..."that/whether/WH从句] 当一个被"that/if(whether)/wh-word"引导的名词从句很长的时候，从句通常移到句尾，形式语"it"移到它所在的位置。因此，
(49)a. It is a miracle that he is safe.
b. That he is safe is a miracle.
他平安无事真是一个奇迹。
(50)a. It is doubtful whether we should sign such a contract.
b. Whether we should sign such a contract is doubtful.
我们时候应该签署这样的一个协议值得怀疑。
(51)a. It has not been decided when the next meeting will be
held.
b. When the next meeting will be held has not been decided.
下一次会议什么时候召开还没有决定。
(52)a. It doesn't matter to me what has become of him.
b. What has become of him doesn't matter to me.
他变成什么样与我没有关系。
(53)a. It's still an open question why they built the pyramids.
b. Why they built the pyramids is still an open question.
他们什么时候建造的金字塔仍然是一个谜。
这种类型的"it"有时是必须的。
(54)a. It is said that he took dirty money.
听说他拿了不正当的钱。
b. *That he took dirty money is said.
(55)a. Is it my imagination that this baggage is heavier than
usual?
这个行李比往常的重，是我的错觉吗？
b. *Is that this baggage is heavier than usual my
imagination?
(56)a. He made it clear that he was against the proposal.
他明确地表明他反对这项建议。
b. *He made that he was against the proposal clear.
25-10 [总结：Ｓ－Ｎ转换子（S-N CVT)] 总结起来，共有三种S-N CVTs。
S-N CVTs : {Meanings含义}
(i) "that" : {Nominalization名词化}
(ii) "if/whether": {Nominalization名词化} + {Yes/No Question疑问}
(iii) "wh-words"(what/where/etc) : {Nominalization名词化}+{Wh-Question疑问}
请看由三种S-N CVTs所引导的三种名词从句。
(57)a. I wonder that the girl loves a frog.
我对那个女孩喜欢青蛙很惊讶。
(
|
N
that + [The girl loves a frog])
b. I wonder if the girl loves a frog.
我想知道那个女孩是否喜欢青蛙。
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