‘æ‚hÍ@Šî–{‚U•iŽŒ y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz

‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚U@@ŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f„Ÿ„Ÿ•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj

 ø¢6-1-NT@m‚S‚‚߂̕¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[n 
         Jespersen, O.(pp.96ff)‚ÍAprimary ‚Ì–¼ŽŒi‚mjAsecondary ‚Ì“®ŽŒi‚uj
‚ÆŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄA•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚Ítertiary ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚R”Ô–Ú‚Ì•iŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉʒu‚¯‚éB
         ¶¬•¶–@‚É‚ÍA‚`‚c‚É‚ ‚½‚éŒêœb”Íáe‚Í‘¶Ý‚¹‚¸A‘ã‚í‚è‚É‘f«‚Ì•¡‡‘Ì [-N,
-V] ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì PP ‚ªÝ’肳‚ê‚éB(cf.8-4-NT-(B))

 ø¢6-2-NT@m•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚̈Ӗ¡n 
         Downing & Locke(pp.551-552)‚É‚ÍA•›ŽŒƒOƒ‹[ƒviAdvG)‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•\‚³‚ê‚é
ˆÓ–¡‚ªŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB(ˆê•””²ˆj
 ƒTypes of meanings expressed by AdvGs„
         (i) Circumstantial adverbs:where and when things happen
               1) Position:Put the chairs here/outside/upstairs.
               2) Direction:Push it inwards/down/through/out/away.
               3) Moment:They will be coming tomorrow/sometime/then/soon/later.
        (ii) Process adverbs:how things happen
               4) Manner:She spoke hesitantly.
               5) Respect:The concert was a success artistically but not 
                          financially.
       (iii) Modal adverbs:
               6) Possibility:You are certainly right.  Perhaps I'm wrong.
               7) Restriction:That is hardly true. It is only a half-truth.
               8) Necessity:The houses are necessarily/compulsorily pulled down.
               9) Volition:The boss has reluctantly/unwillingly raised my wages.
        (iv) Degree adverbs:
              10) Comparison:Sheila is more/the most/less/the least industrious
                             as a student.
              11) Intensification:She lives all alone but seems quite happy.
         (v) Focusing adverbs:
              12) Restriction:That is merely a detail. He is solely interested 
                  in money.
              13) Reinforcement:Even a child knows that.
        (vi) Conjunctive adverbs:
              14) Sequence:First it's important to get a job and secondly to save.
              15) Equation:You must take plenty of food, and likewise warm clothes.
              16) Reinforcement:The house is small and furthermore has no garden.

 ø¢6-3-NT-(A)@m•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ÌŒ`n 
         r–ØEˆÀˆäipp.47-52)‚ÍAPalmer, H.E.(1924, p.353)‚È‚Ç‚É‚È‚ç‚¢A•›ŽŒ
i‚`‚c)‚ðŒ`‚Ìã‚Å(i)Œê‚©‚ç‚È‚éu’PˆêŒ`v‚ÆA(ii)‚QŒêˆÈã‚©‚ç‚È‚éu•¡‡Œ`v‚É•ª
‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚»‚µ‚Ä(i)‚Í‚³‚ç‚É very ‚È‚Ç‚Ì”ñ”h¶•›ŽŒAeasily ‚È‚Ç‚Ì”h¶•›ŽŒA slow 
‚È‚Ç‚¢‚í‚ä‚é flat adverb ‚ɉºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚³‚êA(ii)‚Í‚³‚ç‚Évery strong ‚È‚Ç‚â‘O’uŽŒ‹å
‚È‚Ç‚Ì•›ŽŒ‹åA‚»‚ê‚É•›ŽŒß‚ɉºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚³‚ê‚éB
         ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì(i)`(iv)‚ð‚·‚×‚Ä•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚ƌĂÔB
             (i) ‚ЂƂ‚̎åŒ`‘Ô‘f‚©‚ç‚È‚é•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj ivery, hard, etc.)
            (ii) -ly ‚È‚Ç•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚ð‚Æ‚à‚È‚¢‚Q‚ˆÈã‚ÌŒ`‘Ô‘f‚©‚ç‚È‚é•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj
                                                 (slowly, clockwise, etc.)
           (iii) ‚Q‚ˆÈã‚̌ꂩ‚ç‚È‚é•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‹å   (very slowly, etc.)
            (iv) •›ŽŒi‚`‚cjß  (When I told a lie, etc.)

 ø¢6-3-NT-(B)@m-lyn 
           Peters, A.M. (in Fletcher & MacWhinney, p.466)‚ÍA‚±‚̂悤‚È -ly  ‚ð
 "adverbializer"(•›ŽŒ‰»Žqj‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éBi‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA-er ‚ð"agentive" A-ness
‚â -ity‚ð"nominalizer" A-ize‚ð"causative" A -er ‚ð"comparative" ‚ȂǂƌĂѕª
‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚éj‚±‚Ì–{‚Ìu“]Š·ŽqviCVTj‚ÆŽ—‚½”­‘z‚Å‹»–¡[‚¢B
          -ly ‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍA–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚É•t‰Á‚³‚êAŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚ðì‚éAŒ¾‚í‚ÎA
"adjectivalizer"(Œ`—eŽŒ‰»Žqj‚Æ‚Å‚àŒÄ‚Ԃׂ«‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚éB
               1) monthly, friendly, bubbly, lovely 
          ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚¢‚í‚ä‚é flat adverbs ‚ÍA
               2)  He spoke loud and clear.
               3)  I'll doubtless see you tomorrow.
               4)  Take it easy.  (r–ØEˆÀˆä p.522)
               5)  Think different.(MacƒRƒ“ƒsƒ…-ƒ^-‚ÌLj

‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j{OM-NI“]Š·ŽqiOM-NI CVTj‚Ì‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɶ‚Ýo‚³‚ê

‚éB(—á‚Í 2) ‚Ì loud and clear)
               6) (loud and clear)
                   ‚`‚c
                  ^   _
              CVT[OM-NI]  ‚`
               ()    iloud and clear)

 ø¢6-4-NT-(A)@m‚`‚c‚̶‹N•ª•z‚Æì—pˆæn 
         McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.632)‚ÍAprobably, intentionally, completely ‚Ì
‚R‚‚̕›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚̶‹N•ª•z‚ªŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚é‚Æ‚±‚ë‚©‚çA
         1)       The enemy   will   have   destroyed the village 
                 È          È    È      È                      È^CÈD
probably         OK          OK    OK      ??                      –    OK
intentionally    –          –    OK      OK                      OK    –
completely       –          –    H      OK                      OK    –
         2)       The village will have  been  destroyed  by the enemy.  
                 È          È    È    È  È          È          È^CÈD
probably         OK          OK    OK    H  ??          –          –    OK
intentionally    –          –    H    OK  OK          OK          OK    –
completely       –          –    H    H  OK          OK          H    –
probably ‚Í‚r‚ðAintentionally ‚Í‚uf‚ðAcompletely ‚Í‚u‚ð modify ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é
‚Æl‚¦‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB‚Ü‚½A‚±‚ÌŒ©•û‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚±‚ê‚ç‚R‚‚̕›ŽŒ‚Í‚»‚ꂼ‚ê
ad-‚rCad-‚uf, ad-‚u‚ƌĂԂׂ«‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
    ‚½‚¾‚µA‚`‚c‚̶‹N•ª•z‚Æì—pˆæ‚ÌŠÔ‚Éãk–§‚ÅŠm‚©‚È‘ŠŒÝŠÖŒW‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚Ç‚¤‚©‚É‚Â
‚¢‚Ä‚Í‹c˜_‚Ì—]’n‚ª‚ ‚éB‚»‚à‚»‚àA‚ ‚é‚`‚c‚Ìì—pˆæ‚ª‚Ç‚±‚Ü‚Å‚È‚Ì‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤”»’莩
‘Ì‚ªƒlƒCƒeƒCƒu‚ÌŠÔ‚Å‚à‚µ‚΂µ‚Έӌ©‚ª‚í‚©‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗᕶ‚ÅA
               3) Max left yesterday.
yesterday ‚Í“®ŽŒileftj‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ‚·‚é‚Ì‚ªˆê”Ê“I‚Å‚ ‚邪AKaplan,J.P.(p.124j‚ÍA
(time modifiers‚Í‚Ý‚Èj S modifying ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB‚Ü‚½A•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Ìì—pˆæ‚Í
•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚̈ʒu‚¾‚¯‚Å‚È‚­ƒRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg‚É‚æ‚Á‚ĉe‹¿‚ðŽó‚¯‚邱‚Æ‚à‘½‚¢B•›ŽŒ
i‚`‚c)‚ÌoŒ»êŠ‚Æì—pˆæ‚Æ‚ÌŠÖŒW‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍASwan, M.(1995, pp.20-27)‚âˆÀˆä
(1996, pp.150ff)‚ªÚ‚µ‚¢‚ªAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚`‚c‚̈ʒu‚Æì—pˆæ‚ÌŠÖŒW‚ð‰ðà‚µ‚·‚¬‚é
‚±‚Æ‚ÍT‚܂˂΂Ȃç‚È‚¢‚ÆŽv‚¤B

 ø¢6-4-NT-(B)@m•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Ì•Ä—p–@‚Ɖp—p–@n 
          Swan,M.(pp.26-27)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚É‚Í•Ä—p–@‚Ɖp—p–@‚ňقȂé
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
             1)a. Am: He probably has arrived by now.  (US normal?)
               b. Br: He has probably arrived by now.
             2)a. Am: Britain long has been known as a land of law and order.
                  Br: Britain has long been known as a land of law and order.
             3)a. Am: Labor Party often has criticized police actions.
               b. Br: Labour party has often criticised police actions.

 ø¢6-4-NT-(C)@m•¶––‚Ì‚`‚c:Vî•ñn 
          ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Í\‘¢ãiÈ—ª‰Â”\‚È‚Ç‚Ì——R‚ÅjŒy‚­ˆÊ’u‚Ã
‚¯‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚ªA•¶––‚Ì•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ÍAˆÓ–¡‚Ìã‚Å‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚Îd—v‚È“­‚«‚ð‚·‚éB
‚»‚Ì——R‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
             (i)ˆê”Ê“I‚É‚Í•¶––‚ÉVî•ñ‚ª‚­‚é 
            (ii)ˆê”Ê“I‚É‚Í•¶––‚É‚`‚c‚ª‚­‚é
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA
           (iii) ˆê”Ê“I‚É•¶––‚ÉVî•ñ‚ð‚à‚‚`‚c‚ª‚­‚éB
          ŽŸ‚Ì—áŽQÆBicf. –ÈŠÑ‚Ù‚©Ap.9 )
          ... it is usually the last of the phrases which feels most important.
              1)  A man suddenly came into the room with a gun.
                   (the man's suddenly coming into the room was less surprising
                    than the fact that he was carrying a gun.)
              2)  A man with a gun came into the room suddenly.
                   (the suddenness of his entry was more important than his 
                    having been carrying a gun at the time.) 

 ø¢6-4-NT-(D)@mŽg‚¢•û‚̂ނ‚©‚µ‚¢•›ŽŒi‚`‚cjn 
          ‚»‚Ì‘¼AŠO‘lŠwKŽÒ‚É‚Æ‚Á‚ÄŽg‚¢•û‚̓‚¢•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAŽŸ
‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB
      (i) <quite>
             quite ‚Í u‚Æ‚Ä‚à=veryv‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å‚àu‚©‚È‚è=fairly,ratherv‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å
‚àŽg‚í‚êAŽŸ‚̗ᕶ‚ÍAmE‚Å‚Í2‚‚̈Ӗ¡‚ ‚èB 
                1) That's quite good.
     (ii) <fairly  vs  rather>
             fairly ‚Í–]‚Ü‚µ‚¢idesirable)Ž‘Ž¿‚ð•\‚µArather ‚Í‚»‚¤‚Å‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚ð
•\‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA
                2)a. fairly warm(warm enough)  (Quirk et al. 1985, p.446)
                  b. rather warm(too warm)
    (iii) <very vs much>
            Œ`—eŽŒ‚ðCü‚·‚é‹­ˆÓŒê (adjectival intensifier) ‚Ì very ‚Æ  “®ŽŒ‚ðC
ü‚·‚é‹­ˆÓŒê (verbal intensifier) ‚Ì much/very muchA ‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½ƒ‹-ƒ‹‚ÍA
                3)a.  Margaret is very similar to her mother.(Mc., 1988, p.183)
                  b. *Margaret very resembles her mother.
                4)a. *Margaret is similar to her mother very much.
                  b.  Margaret resembles her mother very much. 
‚­‚¸‚ê‚‚‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚镶–@‰Æ‚à‚¢‚éB (cf. ˆÀˆäA 1944, p.625) 
     (iv) <enough  vs  sufficiently>
            enough ‚Æ sufficiently ‚ÍA“¯‚¶ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚ ‚邪A“oê‚·‚éꊂªˆÙ‚È‚éB
                5)a. John is old enough/*sufficiently to get married. 
                  b. John is sufficiently/*enough old to get married.

 ø¢6-5-NT@mꊂð•\‚·•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ÆŽž‚ð•\‚·•›ŽŒi‚`‚cjn 
          ꊂð•\‚·•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚ÆŽž‚ð•\‚·•›ŽŒi‚`‚c)‚ª‹¤‹N‚·‚é‚Æ‚«‚É‚ÍAˆê”Ê‚É‘O
ŽÒ‚ª“®ŽŒi‚u)‚É‹ß‚¢ˆÊ’u‚ðè‚ß‚éB‚±‚ê‚Í‘OŽÒ‚Ì•û‚ª‹ïÛ“I‚ÅŒãŽÒ‚Ì•û‚ª‚æ‚è’ŠÛ“I‚Å
‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤Ž–ŽÀ‚Æ[‚¢ŠÖŒW‚ª‚ ‚é‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éBde Villers & de Villers(pp.97-98)‚É‚æ
‚ê‚ÎAŒêœb‚ÌK“¾‡˜‚É‚à Location(where‚È‚Çj¨Time (when‚È‚Çj‚Ì—¬‚ꂪ‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢
‚¤B

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