‘æ‚hÍ@Šî–{‚U•iŽŒ y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚V@@•›Œ`‘Ô‘f„Ÿ„ŸŠg[Žqi‚d‚o‚cj

 ø¢7-1-NT-(A)@m‹üÜÚŽ«‚Æ”h¶ÚŽ«n 
          ‚m^‚`^‚u^‚`‚c^‚rŠg[Žq‚Ì‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚É (i)ÚŽ«ƒŒƒxƒ‹A(ii)ŒêƒŒƒxƒ‹A
(iii)‹åƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éBi‚½‚¾‚µA‚rŠg[Žq‚ÉÚŽ«ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚Í‚È‚¢j
          ÚŽ«ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ð‚³‚ç‚É‹üÜÚŽ«(inflectional affix)‚Æ”h¶ÚŽ«
(derivational affix)‚É•ª‚¯‚邱‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«‚éB‘OŽÒ‚Í‚»‚Ì”‚ªŒÀ‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚èA‚¢‚í‚Î
•Â‚¶‚ç‚êiclosedj‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚Ü‚½A‚ЂƂ•t‰Á‚³‚ê‚é‚Æ‚»‚êˆÈãd‚Ë‚Ä•t‰Á‚³‚ê‚邱‚Æ
‚ð‹–‚³‚È‚¢Bˆê•ûAŒãŽÒ‚Í‚»‚Ì”‚ª–³”‚É‘¶Ý‚·‚éA‚µ‚©‚àd‚Ë‚Ä•t‰Á‚³‚ꂤ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤
“_‚ÅŠJ‚©‚ê‚Äiopenj‚¢‚éBicf.ˆÀˆäA1996, p.85)
          ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚·‚ׂĂÌÚŽ«‚𕛌`‘Ô‘f‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤‚ªA”h¶ÚŽ«‚Í•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚Å
‚ ‚è‚È‚ª‚ç‚æ‚èŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚É‹ß‚­A‹üÜÚŽ«‚Í‚æ‚è•›Œ`‘Ô‘f–{—¬‚É‹ß‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉʒu‚Ã
‚¯‚ç‚ê‚éB

 ø¢7-1-NT-(B)@m‹t¬n 
       editor ¨ edit ‚̂悤‚ÉAu”h¶v(derivation)‚Æ‚Í‹t‚ɶ‚Ýo‚³‚ê‚éƒP|ƒX
‚ðu‹t¬v(backformation)‚ƌĂÔB‚½‚¾‚µAedit/editor ‚ª”h¶(edit ¨ editor)‚È‚Ì
‚©‹t¬(editor ¨ edit)‚È‚Ì‚©‚ÍA—ðŽj“I‚É‚Í‹»–¡[‚¢‚±‚Æ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚Ä‚àA‹¤Žž“I‚É‚Í‚·
‚Å‚É—¼ŽÒ‚Æ‚à‰¡•À‚Ñ‚É‘¶Ý‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚èA“Á‚ÉŠO‘lŠwKŽÒ‚É‚Í‘å‚«‚È–â‘è‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢
B‚Þ‚µ‚ëAreckless ‚â sightseer ‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‚Í‚ ‚邪 *reck ‚â *sightsee‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‚Í‚È
‚¢A‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½analogy‚ð‹–‚³‚È‚¢ŒÂX‚Ì—á‚Ì•û‚ªŠO‘lŠwKŽÒ‚É‚Í–â‘è‚Æ‚È‚éB

 ø¢7-3-NT-(A)@m—áŠO“I‹K‘¥Œ`n 
          ‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA–{•¶‚̉ðàA
              (i) •ê‰¹/—LºŽq‰¹{-s/z/
             (ii) –³ºŽq‰¹{-s/s/
            (iii) Ž•ŽC‰¹{-es/iz/
‚É‚ÍA‘½‚­‚Ì—áŠO‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚éB‚±‚Ì—áŠO‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɃXƒyƒŠƒ“ƒO‚¾‚¯‚ªˆÙ‚È‚é‚à
‚Ìi(iv)‚Æ(v))‚â‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚ª•À‘¶‚·‚é‚à‚Ìi(vi)‚Æ(vii))‚à‚ ‚éBicf.¬“cA
‰ºApp.286-287)
             (iv) -o ‚ÌŒã
                 1)a.  autos,  photos,  solos,  pianos,  videos,  studios,  
                       kilos 
                   b.  echoes,  heroes,  potatoes,  tomatoes 
                   c.  mosquito(e)s,  volcano(e)s,  tornado(e)s,  zero(e)s
              (v) -y ‚ÌŒã
                 2)a.  days,  boys,  guys,  donkeys,  Kennedys,  Februarys
                   b.  babies,  ladies,  ferries,  parties,  pennies 
             (vi) - f‚ÌŒã
                 3)a. /fs/: beliefs,  chiefs,  roofs,  safes
                   b. /vz/: calves,  leaves,  selves,  wolves,  halves,  lives,
                            shelves,  knives
            (vii) -th ‚ÌŒã

                 4)a.  /s/:deaths,  smiths

                   b.  /ðz/:sheathsi¬¼‚Ù‚©‚Å‚Í/s/&/ðz/j

                   c.  /s/ or /ðz/:oaths/wreaths

 ø¢7-3-NT-(B)@m’Ê—áA•¡”/’P”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`n 
          ‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`‚ÌŒ`‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ä‚àA(i)’Ê—áA•¡”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‚à‚ÌA‚ÆA
(ii)’Ê—áA’P”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‚à‚ÌA‚ª‚ ‚éB    
          (i) ’Ê—áA•¡”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì
         1)  buttocks,  clothes,  congratulations,  customs,  contents,  funds,
           goods,  leftovers,  manners,  odds,  outskirts,  savings,  steps(a 
           flight of steps),  surroundings,  thanks,  valuables,  belongings, 
           explosives,  pajamas,  pants,  scissors,  binoculars,  glasses, etc.
         (ii) ’Ê—áA’P”‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚©Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì
         2) the United States,  measles,  mathematics,  physics,  news, etc.

 ø¢7-3-NT-(C)@m•¡‡Œê‚Ì•¡”Œ`n 
          •¡‡Œê‚Ì•¡”Œ`‚É‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB1) ` 6) ‚ÍA‘ã•\“I‚È—áB
          (i) ÅŒã‚ÌŒê‚ð•¡”Œ`‚É‚·‚é‚à‚Ì
              1) good-for-nothings(‚ë‚­‚Å‚È‚µ)
         (ii) ʼn‚ÌŒê‚ð•¡”Œ`‚É‚·‚é‚à‚Ì
              2) lookers-on(Œ©•¨lj
        (iii) (i)‚Æ(ii)‚Ì—¼•û‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì
              3) mother-in-laws/mothers-in-law
              4) father-in-laws/fathers-in-law
              5) court marshals(less formal)/courts marshal(formal) (Swan,p.524)
         (iv) 2‚‚̌ê‚ð‚Æ‚à‚É•¡”Œ`‚É‚·‚é‚à‚Ì
              6) women writers(——¬ì‰Æj

 ø¢7-4-NT@m‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`‚Ì—¼•û‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ìn 
          •s‹K‘¥•¡”Œ`‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍA‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚Ì—¼•û‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍA
(i)‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚ª“¯‹`‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ÆA(ii)•Ê‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚‚à‚ÌA‚É•ª‚©‚ê‚éB‘ã•\“I‚È
—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚é‚ÆB
          (i) ‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚ª“¯‹`‚Ì‚à‚Ì>
              1) nucleus - nuclei/nucleuses
              2) radius - radii/radiuses
              3) formula - formulae/formulas[z]
         (ii) ‹K‘¥Œ`‚Æ•s‹K‘¥Œ`‚ª•Ê‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì>
              4) antenna - antennas(ƒAƒ“ƒeƒi)/antennae(GŠpj
              5) die - dies(ƒ_ƒCƒXŒ^)/dice(ƒTƒCƒRƒ)

 ø¢7-5-NT-(A)@mthe:given info/topic  vs  a(n):new info/commentn 
           ˆê”Ê“I‚ÉA‹Œî•ñ(given info)‚Í the ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä“±‚©‚êAVî•ñ(new info)‚Í
a(n) ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä“±‚©‚ê‚éB
           Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.271)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
           ...given information, tends to take the definite article, while new 
           information, somewhat independently of word order, tends to take the
           indefinite article.
           ‚Ü‚½ABaker, C.L.(1989, p.179) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAthe ‚Íregistered —p–@Aa(n)
‚Í unregistered —p–@‚Æ‚È‚éB
           ... A definite noun phrase must be used if the entity is already
           registered in the discourse; an indefinite noun phrase must be
           used if the entity is unregistered.
Baker ‚̗ᕶ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì‚Æ‚¨‚èB
               1)a.  On the way to market yesterday, we met a man and
                     a woman.  The man was playing a fiddle, and the
                     woman was playing a guitar.i‚±‚Ì the ‚Í‚n‚jj
                 b.? On the way to market yesterday, we met the man and
                     the woman.  The man was playing a fiddle, and the
                     woman was playing a guitar.i‚¢‚«‚È‚è the ‚Í "odd")
                 c.? On the way to market yesterday, we met a man and
                     a woman.  A man was playing a fiddle, and a woman
                     was playing a guitar.ia ‚ÌŒJ‚è•Ô‚µ‚Í "unnatural")

 ø¢7-5-NT-(B)@mspecific indefinite  vs  non-specific indefiniten 
          Kaplan J.P.(p.166) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•s’èiindefinitej‚Ì a(n) ‚É‚Í(i)u˜bŽÒ
‚à’®ŽÒ‚à‚»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢v”ñ“Á’è“Iinon-specificj‚È—p–@‚ÆA(ii)u˜bŽÒ‚Í‚»
‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邪A’®ŽÒ‚Í‚»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢v“Á’è“I‚Èispecificj—p–@‚ª‚ ‚é
‚Æ‚¢‚¤BŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚Í(i)‚ÌA2) ‚Í(ii)‚Ì—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
           1)  Nancy wants to marry a Canadian. She has flown to
               Winnipeg to try and meet a nice one.
           2)  Nancy wants to marry a Canadian. Her family has  
               met him and they're dead set against it.
          ‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñAã‚Å a Canadian ‚ªŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚̂悤‚É the Canadian‚Æ‚È‚ê‚ÎA
the ‚Íu˜bŽÒ‚à’®ŽÒ‚à‚»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚év’èidefinitej—p–@‚Æ‚È‚éB
           3)  Nancy wants to marry the Canadian. Her father wouldn't accept
               him, though.
‚È‚¨AˆÀˆäi1982, p.62)AˆÀˆä(1996, p.129)‚É‚à“¯—l‚̉ðà‚ª‚ ‚éB

 ø¢7-5-NT-(C)@mo‚ ‚ép(ando‚ЂƂ‚Ìp)n 
          a(n) ‚É‚Íí‚Éo•s’èp‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª‚ ‚邪Aí‚Éo‚ЂƂ‚Ìp‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ
‚ÍŒÀ‚ç‚È‚¢BŽŸ‚Ì—á(McCawley, p.87)‚ÅA
              1) a.  Yesterday there occurred a tragic event.
                 b.  Yesterday there occurred two tragic events.
                 c. *Yesterday there occurred that tragic event.
1-a) ‚Ì a ‚ÍAo•s’èp{o‚ЂƂ‚Ìp‚Å‚ ‚邪AŽŸ‚Ì—á(”ª–ØAp.218)‚Å‚ÍA
             2) a. We ordered a coffee.                {o‚ЂƂ‚Ìp
                b. A silence dropped between them.     |o‚ЂƂ‚Ìp
2-a)‚Ì a ‚Í”‚ð•\‚µA2-b) ‚Ì a ‚Í‚¢‚í‚ä‚éŽí—Þ‚ð•\‚·—p–@‚Å *one silence ‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦
‚¸A”‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B ‚È‚¨A‚±‚̂悤‚È non-quantitative ‚Ì a(n) ‚É‚Â
‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAHuddleston & Pullum(p.372)‚ðŽQÆ‚³‚ꂽ‚¢B

 ø¢7-5-NT-(D)@ma(n) ‚ÌÈ—ªn 
          –{—ˆ‚ÍAa(n) ‚ð‚‚¯‚ÄŽg‚í‚ê‚é‰ÂŽZ–¼ŽŒ‚àƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€‚Ì’†‚ł͂‚¯‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ
‚ª‘½‚¢B(cf. 7-8-NT-(H))
               1)a. get a license to hunt
                 b. produced on license
               2)a. in a day or two
                 b. day by day
               3)a. *a strange kind of a mammal
                 b.  a strange kind of mammal (’rãE’rãAp.40)

 ø¢7-6-NT@m/ey/‚Æ”­‰¹‚³‚ê‚é a n 
          Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.272)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚‚̃P[ƒX‚Å
a ‚Í /ey/ ‚Æ”­‰¹‚³‚ê‚éB
          (i) The stressed form of the indefinite article is /ey/ and is usually
              a citation form:
                 1) The indefinite article is most frequently realized as a.
         (ii) However, on rare occasions this stressed form also occurs as an 
              emphatic contrastive form in natural speech, as in the Peanuts 
              cartoon script .... 
                 2) "Peanuts" cartoon:
                    Frame 1:Girl standing at front door with Snoopy says:
                            there's a dog here who wants to come in.
                    Frame 2:Snoopy thinks:
                            Not "A dog"..."The" dog!i‚ ‚̃Xƒk[ƒs[‚³‚Ü‚ªA‚Å
                                                      ‚µ‚åj

 ø¢7-7-NT@ma(n){‚`{‚m‚•n 
          (i) ˆÀˆäi1994, p.57)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
           Ž¿—Ê–¼ŽŒ‚É‚ÍAa ‚â the ‚͂‚©‚È‚¢B‚½‚¾‚µAŒÀ’èCüŒê‹å‚ª‚‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚ĉÂ
ŽZ–¼ŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄÄ•ª—Þ‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚Í‚±‚ÌŒÀ‚è‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B
               1) What we need most of all is peace.(*a/*the peace) 
               2) A peace like the one we know now is exceptional in history. 
         (ii) de Cheneip.85j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
               3) a delicious wineu‚¨‚¢‚µ‚¢ƒƒCƒ“i‚̈êŽíjv
‚ÍA–{—ˆ‚È‚ç‚Εs‰ÂŽZ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Í‚¸‚Ì–¼ŽŒ(‚m)‚ªAu‚m‚ÌŽí—Þv‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚̉ŽZ–¼ŽŒ‚Æ‚µ
‚ÄŽg‚í‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é—áA‚Æ‚È‚éB
        (iii) ‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȓ‚àB iSwanA1995Ap.139)
              4)a.  We need a secretary with a first-class knowledge of German.
                b. *We need a secretary with first-class knowledge of German.
              5)a.  My parents wanted me to have a good education.
                b. *My parents wanted me to have good education.
 ˆê•û‚ÅA
              6)a.  My father enjoys very good health.
                b. *My father enjoys a very good health.
              7)a.  We're having terrible weather.
                b. *We're having a terrible weather.

 ø¢7-8-NT-(A)@mthe ‚Ì•p“xn 
          Hofland & Johansson ‚Ì LOB RANK LIST ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAthe ‚Í 68315 ‰ñ‚ÅA
‘S’PŒê‚Ì’†‚ňê”Ô•p“x‚ª‚‚¢B‚¿‚È‚Ý‚É‚QˆÊ‚Í of ‚Ì 35716 ‰ñ‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢7-8-NT-(B)@mdefinite ‚Æ‚Ín 
         u‘ŠŽè‚ª‚»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚éA‚Ƙb‚µŽè‚ªl‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚év(I expect you to be able
to identify the referent, Huddleston & Pullum, p.368)‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚̉ºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚Í
–{•¶‚Å‚ÍARutherford, W.(1998, p.31)‚âˆÀˆä(1982, p.63)‚ðŽQl‚É‚µ‚Ä‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚½B
          Rutherford ‚ÍADefiniteness ‚ð‚ ‚ç‚í‚·the ‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈꇂɎg‚í
‚ê‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
              (i) inherently unique common nouns:
                    1)  the earth,  the moon,  ...
             (ii) visible to speaker and/or hearer:
                    2)  the door,  the window, ...
            (iii) generally expected or assumed to be present:
                    3)  the police station,  the post office, ...
             (iv) prior mention:(I bought a new house)
                    4)  It/The house has seven rooms/The place is terrific.
              (v) associative anaphora(parts,attributes):(I bought a new house)
                    5)  The kitchen is rather large/the price was high.
             (vi) inherent property:
                    6)  the jovial and witty Henry Kissinger
                           cf.a sullen and snappish Henry kissinger 
                           cf.*a/*the Henry Kissinger
            (vii) referent-establishing relative clauses:
                    7)  I talked with the one/only/last student who needed help.
                           cf.?I talked with the one/only/last student.
           (viii) referent-establishing noun complement:
                    8)  the fact that the world is round
                    9)  the need to eliminate guns
             (ix) apposition
                   10)  The/*A color blue is my favorite.
              (x) genericness:
                   11)  The lizard is a reptile.
          ˆÀˆäi1982, pp.63-65j‚ÍA’芥ŽŒ‚ÍAˆê”ʂɘb‚µŽè‚É‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‚¾‚¯‚Å‚È‚­A
•·‚«Žè‚É‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‚àA‚»‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŽw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªŠù’m‚Å‚ ‚é‚Ƙb‚µŽè‚ªl‚¦‚é
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚Èꇂɗp‚¢‚ç‚ê‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB   
             (i) ‚·‚Å‚Éq‚ׂç‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚ð•\‚·ê‡
                   12)  I saw a bench in the shade.  I went to the bench and 
                        sat down.
            (ii) ŽüˆÍ‚Ì󋵂ł»‚ê‚Æ‚í‚©‚é‚à‚Ì‚ð•\‚·ê‡
                   13)  Shut the door, please.  It's cold.
           (iii) ŒÀ’肳‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚ð•\‚·ê‡
                   14)  The water of the fountain was cool.
            (iv) Å㋉‚ð•\‚·ê‡
                   15)  Who is the tallest in this class?
             (v) —Bˆê–³“ñ‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ð•\‚·ê‡
                   16)  The sun set below the horizon.
            (vi) Ží—Þˆê”Êi•¶Í‘Ìj‚ð•\‚·ê‡
                   17)  The owl cannot see well in the daytime.
           (vii) Šµ—p‚ð•\‚·ê‡
                   18)  People in the country rise early in the morning.
‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍA‚³‚ç‚ÉAˆÀˆäi1994, pp.440-441)‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉŠÈŒ‰‚É‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB
             (i) Žw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªæs‚ÌŒ¾Œê“I•¶–¬‚©‚ç‚í‚©‚éê‡B
                   19)  Have you heard about Tom?  The poor boy has fallen 
                        down the stairs.
            (ii) Žw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª–¼ŽŒ‚ÌŒã‚É‚­‚錾Œê“I•¶–¬‚©‚ç‚í‚©‚éê‡B
                   20)  The girl who left just now is John's daughter.
           (iii) Žw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªŒ¾ŒêŠO‚Ì•¶–¬i‰ï˜b‚Ìê–Êj‚©‚ç‚í‚©‚éê‡B
                   21)  Do not feed the animals.
            (iv) Žw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª•·‚«Žè‚Ì‚à‚ˆê”Ê“I’mŽ¯‚©‚ç‚í‚©‚éê‡B
                   22)  How deep is the Mediterranean?

 ø¢7-8-NT-(C)@massociative anaphora: then 
          –{•¶’†‚̗ᕶ(29)‚ÍARutherford, W.(p.31)‚©‚ç‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
              1) I bought a new house. The kitchen is rather large.
‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉARutherford ‚Í‚±‚̂悤‚È the ‚ð associative anaphora ‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éB
          ˆÀˆäi1982, p.63)‚ÌŽŸ‚Ì The (builder) ‚â the (villagers) ‚à“¯‚¶—á‚Æ
l‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
              2) There was a temple in a village.  The builder was an old man
                 and he was loved by the villagers.

 ø¢7-8-NT-(D)@ma(n)/the/‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯n 

         a(n)/the/‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAׂ©‚¢ƒ‹|ƒ‹‚ðŠo‚¦‚é‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚­AŽŸ‚Ì

‚悤‚È‚¨Žè–{(Jones, L., p.47)‚ðˆÃ‹L‚·‚é‚Ì‚ª‹ß“¹‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B

         As a writer, I seem to spend  most of the time working in my office

    at  home, sitting alone in front of a/the computer.  In fact, the only

    people I see regularly are the members of my family when they get home from

     work or  school.  Otherwise, I don't have much contact with  people,

    and I'm sorry that I haven't kept in  touch with the friends I made at 

    college.  I often get  letters and   phone calls from the/ people at 

    the publisher's, though, and I try to get out of the house at least once a 
    day ....

 ø¢7-8-NT-(E)@ma/the ‚Í Det ‚© ‚` ‚©n 
          ‚wf—˜_‚Å‚ÍA‚m‚o‚ð‚‚­‚éDET ‚Æ‚mf‚ð‚‚­‚é‚`‚Æ‚ð‹æ•Ê‚·‚éBŽŸ‚̂悤
‚ÉB(Thomas, L., 1993, p.88) 
                        NP
                     ^     _
                  DET          ‚mf
                   b       ^     _
                   b     ‚`        ‚m
                   b     b        b
                  the    fat       dog
         ˆê•ûADet‚È‚Ç‚à‚`‚Æ‚Ý‚È‚·•¶–@‰Æ‚à‚¢‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAAlexander, L.G.(1988,
 p.80)‚ÍAmy, its ‚È‚Ç‚ð adjectives ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•ª—Þ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB

 ø¢7-8-NT-(F)@mthe: stressed/unstressedn 
          Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.272)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
       ... the ... has four different pronunciations. The two pronunciations 
       ... unstressed forms are:
/ before consonant sounds
                the book/unit/song
          /ðiy/ before vowel sounds
                the apple/orange/elephant

       The third and fourth pronunciations -- stressed /ð/ and stressed /ðiy/ 

       are stressed versions of the above forms, which alternate as possible 
       citation forms. 
           Emphatic use of the definite article is pronounced as stressed /ðiy/:

       Citation:  The word the has four pronunciations.(stressed /ð/ or /ðiy/)

       Emphatic:  I met THE Elizabeth Taylor. (stressed /ðiy/)

 ø¢7-8-NT-(G)@mthe{‚`n 
          ‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È the + ‚`‚©‚ç‚È‚é–¼ŽŒi‚m)‹å‚ª‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŒ©‚ç‚ê‚éB
              (i) l(=people)‚ð•\‚·
                  1) the blind
                  2) the unemployed
             (ii) •¨(=things)‚ð•\‚·
                  3) the supernatural
                  4) the latest
‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌŒ`‚Í‚½‚Ô‚ñ‚ɃCƒfƒCƒIƒ€“I‚ÅAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚Í”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢B
                  5) *the foreign
                  6) *the happy
                  7) *the loved                        ˆÀˆä(1994, p.334)
         ˆÀˆä(1994, pp.333ff)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA—Ⴆ‚ÎAthe blind ‚Í Œ`—eŽŒ‹NŒ¹‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚Æ
‚µ‚ÄA‚¢‚í‚ÎAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê‚éB
             8) (the) blind
                       ‚m
                   ^     _
                 ‚`        
                (blind)    
‚½‚¾‚µA‚à‚¤ˆê‚‚̉”\«‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È•ªÍ‚àl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB

             9) (the) blind 
                      ‚m
                  ^      _
                ‚`          ‚m
               (blind)     (people ¨ )  

‚±‚Ì‚ÍA•¶–¬‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‚í‚©‚éA‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAd•¡‚É‚æ‚ç‚È‚¢optional ‚È‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢7-8-NT-(H)@ma(n)/the ‚ÌÈ—ªn 
          ˆÀˆä(1994, p.439)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŠ¥ŽŒ‚É‚ÍA(i)’芥ŽŒ theA(ii)•s’芥ŽŒ a(n)A
(iii)ƒ[ƒŠ¥ŽŒ‚Ì‚RŽí‚ª‚ ‚éB
              1)  the book,  the milk
              2)  a book
              3)  books,  milk
‚±‚Ì‚¤‚¿Aƒ[ƒŠ¥ŽŒ‚ÉŒ©‚ç‚ê‚é‚QŽí—ނ̈Ӗ¡‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚‚ª‚ ‚éB(p.448)
           (i) ‘Ì“I—p–@
              4)  Mangos are a kind of fruit.
          (ii) ‚ ‚éW‡‚Ì’†‚Ì•s’蔂̬ˆõ‚ÉŒ¾‹y‚·‚é—p–@
              5)  Please don't lock the door yet.  There are still people
                  to come.
          Huddleston & Pullum(p.409) ‚ÍA“úí¶Šˆ‚ňê”Ê“I‚ÈêŠAŒð’ÊŽè’iAHŽ–
‚È‚Ç‚Ì•\Œ»‚âƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€•\Œ»‚Å‚ÍŠ¥ŽŒ‚ª‚‚©‚È‚¢‚Æ‚·‚éB
              6)  Ed is in hospital/went to school/went off stage.
                                        [activities linked to locations]
              7)  They are out of place/off target/on call.
                                        [indications of status]
              8)  We went by bicycle/communicate by email. 
                                        [transport and media]
              9)  We had lunch on the terrace.
                                        [meals]
             10)  at dawn,  by daybreak,  before sunrise
                                        [times]
             11)  arm in arm,  back to back,  day after day
                                        [repeated nouns]
             12)  from father to son,  from beginning to end
                                        [matched nouns]
‚½‚¾‚µA
             13)a.  Ed is in bed. (resting/sleeping) (ibid.) 
                b.  There are fleas in the bed.
             14)a.  Ed is in prison.(serving time) 
                b.  There was a riot in the prison.
‚Ü‚½A
             15)a. *Ed is at desk.(studying)  (ibid.)
                b. *Ed is at computer.(working)
                c. *Ed is in kitchen.(cooking)
          ‚È‚¨AQuirk et al.(1985, p.246)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì16-b)‚̂悤‚ÉAarticle contrast
‚Ì‚È‚¢–³Š¥ŽŒino articlej‚Æ‚»‚ê‚ðŽ‚ƒ[ƒŠ¥ŽŒ(zero article)‚Æ‚ð‹æ•Ê‚·‚éB
             16)a. I like Sid.   [NO ARTICLE]
                b. I like music. [ZERO ARTICLE]
                   cf. I think the music is too loud in here.

 ø¢7-9-NT-(A)@m‚mŠg[Žq:o•s’èp/o’èp/o”—Êp/oŽwŽ¦pn 
         ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íicf.7-5`7-9jA‚mŠg[ŽqiŒêƒŒƒxƒ‹j‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚S‚‚ðŽæ‚è‚ 
‚°‚½B
         (i) ‚mŠg[Žqo•s’èpINDFFa(n)
        (ii) ‚mŠg[Žqo’èpDEFFthe
       (iii) ‚mŠg[Žqo”—ÊpQUANTFone, some, a few, a little, many, much, 
                                    no, etc.
        (iv) ‚mŠg[ŽqoŽwŽ¦pDEMFfirst, last, this, those, each, every, 
                                  all, etc.
‚±‚ê‚ç‚Í•¶–@‰Æ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‚ÍAdeterminers, numerals, quantifiers ‚ȂǂƌĂ΂ê‚éB
         Quirk et al.(1985, p.253)‚Å‚ÍAdeterminatives ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚ç
‚ê‚éB
      <Determinatives>
         (i) Central determiners: the, a(n)
        (ii) Predeterminers: all, both, half, double (the sun), one-third (the 
                             time), such (a surprise), etc.
                             (*all both girls(mutually exclusive))
       (iii) Postdeterminers:
                a) numerals:three, first, etc.
                b) quantifiers: few, a large number of, many, a lot of, etc.
       ‚Ü‚½ALobeck, A.(p.96)‚Å‚ÍAGrammatical Categories in Noun Phrases ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB
         (i) Determiners:articles(the/a)
                         demonstratives(this/that/these/those)
                         possesive determiners(my/your/...)
                         WH-determiners(which teacher/whose class, ...)
        (ii) Numerals:cardinal(eight/fifteen/ninety-six, ...)
                      ordinal(fifth/seventh/sixteenth, ...)
                     "general" ordinal(last/next/previous, ...)
       (iii) Quantifiers:definite(all/each/both/every,...)
                         indefinite(many/some/few/most/several,...)
‚±‚̂悤‚ÉA•¶–@‰Æ‚É‚æ‚èAdeterminers/numerals/quantifiers‚̃Jƒx‚Í‚»‚ꂼ‚ê”÷–­
‚ɈقȂéB

 ø¢7-9-NT-(B)@mher ‚Í‚`‚©EPD‚©n 
          ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA—Ⴆ‚Î Mom's ‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚ðŽ‚ÂŒ`—eŽŒi‚`)‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚í
‚ê‚éB (cf. 8-2)
              1) (Mom's)
                  ‚`
                ^  _
            ‚m          CVT[N-A]
           (Mom)         (-'s)
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAANA{Mom's ‚©‚綂܂ê‚é her ‚à‚Ü‚½Œ`—eŽŒi‚`)‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éBhis, 
your, my ‚È‚Ç‚à“¯—l‚Å‚ ‚éB ‚±‚Ìà–¾‚͈ê•û‚Å her ‚ª this ‚â every ‚Æ“¯—l Det ‚ 
‚é‚¢‚Í‚mŠg[Žq‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤à–¾‚æ‚è clumsy ‚Å‚ ‚é‚悤‚ÉŽv‚í‚ê‚éB
          Det ‚Ìê‡A“¯ˆê‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚É‚Q‚ˆÈã‚‚¯‚邱‚Æ‚Í‚Å‚«‚È‚¢(mutually 
exclusive)‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Ì‚ª“Á’¥‚¾‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB(cf.ˆÀˆäA1996, p.474)
              2)a. *this her book
                b.  this book of hers
              3)a. *a my own house
                b.  a house of my own
          ‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—áŠO‚à‚ ‚éB
              4)  her every dress(ˆÀˆäA1996, p.474)
‚±‚Ì‚ ‚½‚èA‚mŠg[Žqi‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í Detj‚ÆŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚Æ‚Ì‹«ŠEü‚ª clear ‚Å‚È‚¢—á‚Æ
‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂ낤‚©B

 ø¢7-10-NT@mlessn 
          ˆÀˆäi1996, p.349j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAless ‚ð—p‚¢‚½•\Œ»‚ðA“Á‚Éu—ò“™”äŠrv
icomparison of inferiorityj‚ƌĂԂ±‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚éB—ò“™”äŠr‚ÍA
              1) Mary is not as tall as Tom. 
‚̂悤‚É not as/so ...as ‚ð—p‚¢‚Ä•\‚·‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«A‚±‚¿‚ç‚Ì•û‚ªA’Ê—áAless‚ð
—p‚¢‚½•\Œ»‚æ‚è‚àD‚Ü‚ê‚éBi“¯‚¶‚Å‚È‚¢A‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚Í‚æ‚è­‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚Æ
˜_—ã‚͈قȂé‚Ì‚¾‚ªAŒ¾Œêã‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚Γ¯‹`‚Æ‚È‚éj

 ø¢7-11-NT@m”äŠr‹‰^Å㋉‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¢Œ`—eŽŒi‚`j^•›ŽŒi‚`‚cjn 
          ˆÀˆäi1994, p.60)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA’iŠK“I‚ÈŒ`—eŽŒ‚Æ•›ŽŒ‚ÍA”äŠr‚ð‹–—e‚·‚邪A
”ñ’iŠK“I‚È‚à‚Ì‚Í‹–—e‚µ‚È‚¢B
             1)  more[most] foolish 
             2)  more[most] carefully
‚½‚¾‚µA
             3) *more[*most]  atomic
             4) *more[*most] absolutely
‚»‚Ì‘¼‚ÉA”ñ’iŠK“I‚Å”äŠr‹‰EÅ㋉‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAperfect, unique
‚È‚Ç‚ª‚ ‚éB

 ø¢7-12-NT-(A)@m‚Q‚‚̂m‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ‚·‚é and/given 
          –{•¶’†‚̗ᕶ(76)‚͉º‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚ðŽ‚‚Ƃµ‚½‚ªA
              1)  (ham and eggs)
                      ‚m
                  ^  |   _
                ‚m    EPD    ‚m
               (ham)   (and)  (eggs)
‚±‚ê‚Í McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.524)•—‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È[‘w\‘¢‚©‚ç Conjunction 
Spreading Rule ‚Æ Conjunction Deletion Rule ‚ðŒo‚Ķ‚Ü‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
              2)  (ham and eggs)
                      ‚m
                  ^  |   _
                and   ‚m     ‚m
                    (ham)  (eggs)
‚Æ‚±‚ë‚ÅAã‚Ì 2) ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚Æ‹»–¡[‚¢‘ÎÆ‚ð‚È‚·B
              3)  (give her a ring)
                     ‚u
                 ^  |   _
               give  ‚m     ‚m
                    (her)  (a ring)
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAand ‚Í EPDAgive ‚Í CVT ‚Å‚ ‚邪A‚Æ‚à‚É•¡”€‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ‚·‚é•›Œ`‘Ô
‘f‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹¤’Ê“_‚ª‚ ‚éB
       ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍAand‚âgive‚ªŒ‹‹Ç‚ǂ̂悤‚È•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·‚©‚Æ
‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ªÅ‚àd—v‚Å‚ ‚éB‚³‚ç‚ÉA‚±‚ê‚炪\¬—v‘f‚Ì•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|‚ð•Ï‚¦‚é‚©A
•Ï‚¦‚È‚¢‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤”FŽ¯‚ª‚Å‚«‚ê‚΂Ȃ¨—Ç‚¢‚ÆŽv‚¤B

 ø¢7-12-NT-(B)@mplus:‚`‚c/CVT/EPDn 
          Quirk et al.(1985, p918,p920ff)‚ÍAlinkers ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŒêƒOƒ‹|ƒv‚ðݒ肵A
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚éB
          <LINKERS>
               (i) Coordinators (and, but,plus,..)
              (ii) Subordinators(although,for,so-that,..)
             (iii) Conjuncts(yet,..)              
‚Ü‚½A‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌŠÔ‚É‚Í gradience ‚ ‚èip.927)‚Æ‚µAfor ‚È‚Ç‚Í(i)‚Æ(ii)‚Ì’†ŠÔ‚É
ˆÊ’u‚¯‚ç‚ê‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
          ŽŸ‚Ì‚R‚Â‚Ì plus ‚ÍA(i), (ii), (iii) ‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚Ì—á‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚éB
                1) Three plus two are five.
                2) Three plus two is five.
                3) You get the knife,the bowl, and the book. Plus you get the
                   free knife sharpener. (AHBEU, p.25)
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA1) ‚Í EPDA2) ‚Í CVTA3) ‚Í ‚`‚c ‚Æ‚È‚éB

 ø¢7-12-NT-(C)@m‚w and ‚x?‚x and ‚wn 
           ˆê”ʘ_—‚Ì¢ŠE‚Å‚ÍA‚ӂ‚¤A‚w and ‚x‚x and ‚w ‚Å‚ ‚邪AŒ¾Œê‚Ì
¢ŠE‚Å‚ÍA•K‚¸‚µ‚à‚»‚¤‚Í‚È‚ç‚È‚¢B(cf. Quirk et al. 1985, 13.4)
               1)a.  Mary studies at a university and John works at a 
                     factory.
                 b. =John works at a factory and Mary studies at a
                            university.
               2)a.  He died and he was buried in the cemetery.
                 b. =/= He was buried in the cemetery and he died.
‚±‚ê‚Í2”Ô–Ú‚Ìunit ‚ªA‚µ‚΂µ‚Î focal prominence ‚ðŽ‚‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
          ˆê•ûAŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÍŠµ—p“I‚È‘g‚݇‚킹‚Å‚ ‚邪A(i)`(vii)‚̂悤‚ȃ}ƒCƒi[
ƒ‹[ƒ‹‚ª“­‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB(cf. Givón,T. p.276, ˆê•””²ˆ)
          (i) Near„far:
               3)a.  now and then
                 b. *then and now
               4)a.  here and there
                 b. *there and here
         (ii) Adult„young:
               5)a.  father and son
                 b. *son and father
        (iii) Male„femal„young:
               6)a.  men, women, and children
                 b. *children, women and men
         (iv) Singular„plural:
               7)a.  one and all
                 b. *all and one
               8)a.  ham and eggs
                 b. *eggs and ham
          (v) Large„small
               9)a.  large and small
                 b. *small and large
         (vi) Animate„inanimate
              10)a.  life and death
                 b. *death and life
        (vii) Positive„negative
              11)a.  more or less
                 b. *less or more
              12)a.  good or bad 
                 b. *bad or good

 ø¢7-12-NT-(D)@mand ... respectivelyn 
          and ‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚΂ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚È\‘¢‚ƈӖ¡‚ð¶‚ÞB
              1)  John and Mary are married.   (Quirk et al. 1985, p.170)
1) ‚É‚ÍA(i)uƒWƒ‡ƒ“‚ƃƒAƒŠ‚ÍŒ‹¥‚µ‚Ä•v•w‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚ép‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚ÆA(ii)uƒWƒ‡
ƒ“‚àƒƒAƒŠ[‚à‚»‚ꂼ‚ê•Ê‚Ì‘ŠŽè‚ÆŒ‹¥‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚ª‚ ‚èAžB–†‚Å‚ ‚éB
          ŽŸ‚Ì•¶‚É‚¢‚½‚Á‚Ä‚ÍAžB–†‚³‚ð’Ê‚è‰z‚µ‚Ä‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚LjӖ¡‚ð‚È‚³‚È‚¢B
              2)  John and Mary played tennis against Susan and Bill.
                                               (Quirk et al. 1985, p.954)
‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌžB–†‚³‚Ì‚¢‚­‚‚©‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È Respectively Construction
iMcCawley J.D., 1988, p.536j‚É‚æ‚Á‚ĉñ”ð‚³‚ê‚éB
              3)  George and Martha ordered spaghetti and lasagna respectively.

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