‘æIIÍ@•¶i‚rj y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚X@@•¶‚ƌĉž

 ø¢9-1-NT-(A)@m•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[F•¶i‚rjn 
          ‚m{‚u‚Ì‘g‚݇‚킹‚ª“]Š·‚̈ê—á‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚É‹^–â‚ðŠ´‚¸‚él‚Í­‚È‚¢‚Æ
Žv‚¤‚ª‚m‚ª‚u‚ð“]Š·‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æl‚¦‚é‚Ì‚©A‹t‚ÉA‚u‚ª‚m‚ð“]Š·‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æl‚¦‚é‚Ì
‚©‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Í‹c˜_‚Ì‚í‚©‚ê‚é‚Æ‚±‚ë‚Å‚ ‚낤B
          Lyons, J.(p.327)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAJespersen,O. ‚ÍA—BˆêŠî–{“I‚È•iŽŒ‚𖼎Œ‚Æ
l‚¦A‚»‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚ª“®ŽŒ‚âŒ`—eŽŒ‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄCüimodifyj‚³‚ê‚é‚Æl‚¦‚½B
              ...For Jespersen, nouns were categories of the first degree;
              ...Nouns are modified by verbs(including adjectives),...
         ˆê•ûALong, R.B.(p.36j‚ÍA“®ŽŒiverbsj‚ÌŠî–{“I‚È modifier ‚ÍŽåŒê
isubjectsj‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
             Verbs ... Their most characteristic modifiers are subjects.
         ‚Ü‚½APeters, A.M.(p.471)‚ÍA"criticizable" ‚Æ’f‚è‚È‚ª‚ç‚àAsignalling 
head-of-phrase‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAsubject pronoun‚ð det, aux, prep ‚È‚Ç‚Ì‚¢‚í‚ä‚éfunction 
words ‚Æ“¯—ñ‚Ɉµ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚±‚ÌuŠ´Gv‚ð‚»‚Ì‚Ü‚Ü‰„’·‚·‚é‚ÆAŽåŒê‚ª‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ìê
‡A‚m‚ª‚u‚ð“]Š·‚·‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤•ªÍ‚Æ‚È‚éB  (cf.11-3-NT-(C))
         ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚ ‚¦‚Ä‚Ç‚¿‚ç‚©‚ÉŒˆ‚ß‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤Ž–‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢B

 ø¢9-1-NT-(B)@m•¶(‚r)‚Ì’è‹`n 
         ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚m{‚u‚Ì\‘¢‚ðŽ‚¿A‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄŠÔ‚ÉoŒÄ‰žp‚ÌŠg[Žq PRS/PST
icf.9-4`j‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì‚¾‚¯‚ð•¶i‚rj‚ƌĂÔB
             1) John likes onions.          icf.9-4j
             2) John doesn't like onions.   icf.18-4j
             3) Does John like onions?      icf.19-4j
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚ÍAPRS/PST‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¢‚Ì‚Å•¶i‚rj‚Ƃ͌Ă΂Ȃ¢B
             4) John's arrival
             5) I want you to come on time.
             6) (You) Go ahead.
         ‚Ü‚½A‚m{‚u‚Ì\‘¢‚ðŽ‚¿A‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄPRS/PST‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì‚Å‚àAŽŸ‚̉ºü•”
‚̂悤‚È—á‚ÍA•¶i‚rj‚Ƃ͌Ă΂Ȃ¢B
             7) I know that Bill told a lie.             icf.25-1j
             8) Because I overslept, I missed the train. icf.26-1j
             9) The fish that was caught by John was big.icf.27-1j
‚±‚ê‚ç‚̉ºü•”‚ÍA‚à‚Æ‚à‚Æ•¶i‚rj‚©‚çì‚ç‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚ÅAPRS/PST‚ðŽ‚‚ªA‚æ‚è‘å‚«
‚È•¶i‚rj‚Ì’†‚É–„‚ßž‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚èA‘S‘Ì‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚mißjA‚`‚cißjA‚`
ißj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä“­‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
          ‚È‚¨A•¶i‚r)‚Ì’è‹`‚Ì•Ï‘J‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAr–ØEˆÀˆä(pp.96-98)‚ÉŠÈŒ‰‚É‚Ü‚Æ
‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB“`““I‚ÈuŽåŒê(‰½‚ɂ‚¢‚Ęb‚·‚Ì‚©){q•”(ŽåŒê‚ɂ‚¢‚ĉ½‚ªq‚ׂç‚ê
‚é‚Ì‚©jv‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Ƃ炦•û‚©‚çA•ÏŒ`¶¬•¶–@‚Ì‚r¨NP AUX PDP(Rosenbaum,P.S. 1967)
‚É‚¢‚½‚é‚Ü‚Å‚ª‰ðà‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB
          ‚È‚¨AÅ‹ß‚Ì‹@”\•¶–@(cf. Downing & Locke, pp.6-7)‚Å‚ÍA‰pŒê‚Ì•¶
(clausej‚ð‚RŽí—ÞiExperimental/Interpersonal/Textual)‚ÌØ‚èŒû‚ÅŽŸ‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ
‚·‚éBi‚½‚¾‚µAHalliday, M.A.K., pp.179ff‚Å‚ÍAIdeational/Interpersonal/
Textual‚Ì‚R‚Âj—Ⴆ‚ÎA10) ‚Ì•ªÍ‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
            10) Janice     will give      Chris       the adress   tomorrow.
Experiential   Agent      Process        Recipient   Affected     Circumstance
Interpersonal  Subject    Finite         Indirect    Direct       Adjunct
                          Predicator     Object      Object
Textual        Theme      Rheme ------------------------------------------

 ø¢9-2-NT@m‚Q‚‚̎ž§n 
         “`““I‚ÈŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA“®ŽŒi‚uj‚ÌŽž§‚É‚Í will/shall ‚É‚æ‚é–¢—ˆŽž§
ifuture tensej‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤l‚¦•ûicf.Declerck,1991,‚È‚Çj‚ªˆê”Ê“I‚ÅAŽó“®‘Ô‚â
Š®—¹Eis‘Š‚È‚Ç‚ðŽž§‚̈ꕔ‚Æl‚¦‚P‚QŽž§‚ðŽå’£‚·‚é—§êicf.Celce-Murcia & 
Larsen-Freeman, 1983, pp.61-66j‚à‚ ‚Á‚½B‚µ‚©‚µAŒ»Ý‚Å‚ÍA
             (i)  ‰pŒê‚Ì“®ŽŒ‚ÍAŒ»ÝŒ`‚ƉߋŽŒ`ˆÈŠO‚Í“ÆŽ©‚Ì‹üÜŒê”ö‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¢B
                 iu“®ŽŒ‚ÌŽž§‚ðŒêŒ`•Ï‰»‚È‚ÇŒ`‘Ô‚Éd“_‚ð’u‚¢‚ÄŒ©‚ê‚ÎA‚n‚d
                    ˆÈ—ˆ‰pŒê‚ÌŽž§‚ÍŒ»Ý‚ƉߋŽ‚Ì‚QŽí—Þ‚¾‚¯v(’†”öEŽ™“‡Ap.104)j
            (ii)  –¢—ˆŽž§‚ð•\‚·‚Æ‚³‚ê‚é will/shall ˆÈŠO‚É‚à–¢—ˆ‚ð•\‚·Œê‹å‚ª‚ ‚èA
                 iis/was going to ‚Ío–¢—ˆp‚ð•\‚·Œ»Ý/‰ß‹ŽŒ`j
                  ˆê•û‚Å will/shall ‚É‚Í–¢—ˆˆÈŠO‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð•\‚·—p–@‚ª‚ ‚éB
                 iI will do it right now. ‚Ì will ‚ÍoˆÓŽup‚ð•\‚·j      
‚È‚Ç‚Ì——R‚ÅŽž§‚Í‚Q‚‚ł ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤l‚¦•û(cf. Palmer,F.R. 1974;Quirk et al.,1985;
Downing & Locke,p.353;Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1999, p.103)‚Ì•û‚ªˆê”Ê“I
‚É‚È‚è‚‚‚ ‚éB‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚±‚Ì—§ê‚Åo–¢—ˆp‚ð•\‚· will ‚Í‚ ‚­‚Ü‚ÅuTense 
Marker ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­AModal‚Å‚ ‚évicf.McCallum-Bayliss, H. p.92)‚Æ‚·‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íu–¢—ˆŒ`v‚Í‘¶Ý‚¹‚¸Ao–¢—ˆp‚ð•\‚· will ‚Ío”\—Íp‚ð•\‚· can ‚â
o‹`–±p‚ð•\‚· must ‚Æ“¯—lo–@«p‚Ì‚uŠg[Žq(cf.12-3)‚̂ЂƂ‚Ƃµ‚Äݒ肳‚ê‚éB

 ø¢9-3-NT@mŒÄ‰žiagreementjn 
          •¶’†‚Ì‚Q‚ˆÈã‚̌ꂪA”ElÌE«EŠi‚È‚Ç‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‘ŠŒÝ‚Ɉê’è‚ÌŒ`‘Ô“I“Á
’¥‚ðŽ¦‚·‚±‚Æ‚ðuŒÄ‰žviconcord ‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í agreement)‚ÆŒ¾‚¤BŒÄ‰ž‚É‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à
‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚邪A                   
             (i) ŽåŒê‚ÆqŒê“®ŽŒ‚Ƃ̌ĉžm‹·‹`‚̌ĉžn
            (ii) –¼ŽŒ‚Æ‚»‚ê‚ðŽó‚¯‚é‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ƃ̌ĉž
           (iii) Œ`—eŽŒ‚Æ‚»‚ꂪCü‚·‚é–¼ŽŒ‚Ƃ̌ĉž
                 ithis+’P”–¼ŽŒAthese+•¡”–¼ŽŒ‚È‚Ç)
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA(i) ‚ðŒÄ‰žA (ii) ‚ðƉž‚ƌĂыæ•Ê‚·‚éB
          ‰pŒê‚̌ĉž‚ÍAŽž§iŒ»Ý‚©‰ß‹Ž‚©j‚ðŽ¦‚·‚Æ“¯Žž‚É‚»‚Ì‘O‚Ì–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Æ‚Ì 
ŒÄ‰žŠÖŒW‚ð•\‚·A‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚ªd—v‚Å‚ ‚éB
          ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‰pŒê‚ÌuŒÄ‰žv‚ÍoŒÄ‰žp(AGR)‚Ì‚uŠg[Žq‚Å‚ ‚éPRSiŒ»Ýj‚ 
‚é‚¢‚ÍPSTi‰ß‹Žj‚É‚æ‚Á‚Äs‚í‚ê‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB(cf.9-8-NT-(A))

 ø¢9-4-NT@mPRS{‚ucomn 
         Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, pp.101-102)‚ÍAphrase structure 
rules ‚Ì‚Ù‚©‚É minor change‚ðŽ{‚· "mapping rules"‚È‚é‚à‚Ì‚ðÝ’è‚·‚éBsubject-
verb agreement ‚â have-en be-ing work ‚ð have been working ‚É®‚¦‚émorphological
 rules ‚ª‚±‚ê‚É‚ ‚½‚éB
         “Á‚ÉAagreement ‚ÌꇂÍAŽåŒê‚ÌlÌA”‚ð -past/-pres ‚Å•\‚³‚ê‚鎞§ 
Œ`‘Ô‘f(tense morpheme)‚Ìã‚ɃRƒs[(copy)‚·‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ`‚ð‚Æ‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉB
             1)  John -pres[+3+sg] have to have be-en work-ing in the library.
                 ¨ John has to have been working in the library.
         ‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA‰‹‰ŠwKŽÒ‚Ìê‡Auæs‚·‚é–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ª‚RlÌ’P”‚Ìê‡v‚Æ
‚¢‚Á‚½‰ðà‚æ‚èuæs‚·‚é–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ª  he/she/it‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í‚»‚ê‚ç‚ÅŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ç‚ê‚é–¼
ŽŒ‚Ìê‡v‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½‰ðà‚Ì•û‚ª‚í‚©‚èˆÕ‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B

 ø¢9-5-NT-(A)@mPST+‚ucomn 
         ‰‹‰ŠwKŽÒ‚É‚ÍA-(e)d ‚Ì”­‰¹‚ƃXƒyƒŠƒ“ƒO‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÌŽw“±‚ª•K—v‚Å‚ ‚낤B
         ƒ”­‰¹„
             (i)  ’¼‘O‚ÌŒê‚ÌŒê”ö‚̉¹‚ª/t/,/d/ ‚Ìê‡A
                         ¨   /id/   (ex.visited)
            (ii)  ’¼‘O‚ÌŒê‚ÌŒê”ö‚̉¹‚ª/t/ˆÈŠO‚Ì–³º‰¹‚Ìê‡A
                         ¨   /t/    (ex.worked) 
           (iii)  ’¼‘O‚ÌŒê‚ÌŒê”ö‚̉¹‚ª/d/ˆÈŠO‚Ì—Lº‰¹‚Ìê‡A
                         ¨   /d/    (ex.played) 
         ƒƒXƒyƒŠƒ“ƒO„    (cf.¬“cA1997, ã, p.12)
             (i)  -E ‚ÅI‚í‚é“®ŽŒ‚Ìê‡A
                  1)a. hope ¨ hoped 
                    b. date ¨ dated
            (ii)  •ê‰¹{Žq‰¹‚ÅI‚í‚é“®ŽŒ‚Ìê‡A
                  2)a. stop ¨ stopped
                    b. rob ¨ robbed
                  3)a. rain ¨ rained
                    b. offer ¨ offered
                  4)a. prefer ¨ preferred
                    b. control ¨ controlled
           (iii)  ‚Q‚‚̎q‰¹‚̘A‘±‚ÅI‚í‚é“®ŽŒ‚Ìê‡A
                  5)a. start ¨ started 
                    b. fold ¨ folded
            (iv)  -Y ‚ÅI‚í‚é“®ŽŒ‚Ìê‡A
                  6)a. enjoy ¨ enjoyed
                    b. pray ¨ prayed
                  7)a. study ¨ studied
                    b. try ¨ tried
             (v)  -IE ‚ÅI‚í‚é“®ŽŒ‚Ìê‡A
                  8)a. die ¨ died
                    b. lie ¨ lied

 ø¢9-5-NT-(B)@m‰ß‹ŽŒ`‚̈Ӗ¡n 
         Quirk et al.(1985, p.186) ‚â—é–ØEˆÀˆäòip.187j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‰ß‹ŽŽž§‚Í
”­˜bŽžiSTSpeech Time)‚æ‚è‚à‰ß‹Ž‚ð•\‚·B‚±‚̉ߋŽ‚É‚ÍAo—ˆŽ–‰ß‹Žievent past)A
ó‘ԉߋŽistate past)AKŠµ“I‰ß‹Žihabitual past)‚Ì‚R‚‚Ìꇂª‚ ‚éB
             (i) Event Past                        (Quirk et al., 1985, p.186)
                 1) The eruption of Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii.
            (ii) State Past
                 2) Archery was a popular sport for the Victorians.
           (iii) Habitual Past
                 3) In ancient times, the Olympic Games was held at Olympia
                    in Southern Greece.

 ø¢9-8-NT-(A)@m‚uŠg[ŽqoŒÄ‰žpFPRS/PSTn 
         ‚uŠg[Žq {ŒÄ‰ž}(PRS/PST) ‚Ì“­‚«‚ð‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚é‚ÆAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚‚Ƃ¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚é 
             (i) Œ»Ý‚©‰ß‹Ž‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð‰Á‚¦‚éBiŽž§j
            (ii) æs–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ÌlÌE”‚ɉž‚¶‚½Œ`‚ð—^‚¦‚éB(ŒÄ‰ž)
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚¢‚í‚ä‚錻݌`‚Æ‚Í PRS + ‚u ‚ÌŒ`A‰ß‹ŽŒ`‚Æ‚Í PST + ‚u ‚ÌŒ`‚Å‚ ‚éB 
‚uŠg[Žq PRS/PST‚ÍA‚m{‚u‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠÂ‹«‚Ì’†‚Å‹`–±“I‚ÈŠg[Žq‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚É’ˆÓB

 ø¢9-8-NT-(B)@m‚RŽí—ނ̌ĉžn 
         ŽÀ‚ÍA‰pŒê‚̌ĉž‚É‚ÍA‚±‚±‚Åq‚ׂ½(i)‚ucomŒ^A(ii)‚ubeŒ^‚Ì‚QŽí—Þ‚Ì‚Ù‚©
‚ÉŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ»ÝŒ`‚P‚ÂA‰ß‹ŽŒ`‚P‚‚Ì(iii)MODŒ^‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚邪ڂµ‚­‚ÍŒãqB(cf.12-
8, 12-9)      
               (i) ‚ucomŒ^  

                     1)a. PRS + ‚ucom  ¨  ‚u{-/-(e)s

                       b. PST + ‚ucom  ¨  ‚u{-(e)d ‚È‚Ç
              (ii) ‚ubeŒ^   
                     2)a. PRS + ‚ube  ¨  am/is/are `
                       b. PST + ‚ube  ¨  was/were`
             (iii)  MODŒ^    
                     3)a. PRS + MOD  ¨ can ‚È‚Ç 
                       b. PST + MOD  ¨ could ‚È‚Ç

 ø¢9-8-NT-(C)@m•sŠ®‘S‚Ȍĉžn 
         ŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈA”‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é•sŠ®‘S‚Ȍĉž‚ÍA‘‚«Œ¾—t‚Å‚Í‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚ËŒë—p‚Æ‚³‚ê‚é
‚ªA˜b‚µŒ¾—t‚Å‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚ΗªŽ®iinformalj‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í”ñ•W€isubstandardj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‹–—e
‚³‚ê‚éB
             1)  Either your eyesight or your brakes are/?is at fault.
                                (Quirk et al., 1985, p.758)
             2)  Neither of them know the truth. (ˆÀˆäA1994Ap.319)
             3)  One in five pregnancies are still unwanted.
‚±‚ê‚ç‚Í principle of proximity(Quirk et al. 1985, p.762)‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í‹ßڌĉž
iconcord of proximity, ˆÀˆäA1994,  p.319)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ÅA–¼ŽŒ‹å‚Ì’†‚ňӖ¡
ã’†S‚Æ‚È‚é–¼ŽŒ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­AŒã‚É‘±‚­“®ŽŒ‚É‚à‚Á‚Æ‚à‹ß‚¢–¼ŽŒ‚Ɍĉž‚·‚é—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
         ‚Ü‚½AuŽåŒê‚ªˆÓ–¡“I‚É•¡”‚Æ‚Í‚Á‚«‚肵‚È‚¢‚Æ‚«‚Í’P”ˆµ‚¢‚Æ‚·‚év(to
treat singular as the unmarked form)ê‡‚à‚ ‚éB 
             4) There's hundreds of people on the list. 
                                (Quirk et al., 1985, p.756) 
             5) Who is making all that noise?   (ibid.)
             6) His house is very big. There is  a billiard room and a library
                in it.  (ˆÀˆäA1994Ap.319j
             7) Where's your sister and her husband?  (ibid.)
         ‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚ÍA•sŠ®‘S‚Ȍĉž‚ÆŒ¾‚¤‚æ‚è‚ÍA’P”A•¡”‚ÌŠ´‚¶•û‚Ì
–â‘è‚Å‚ ‚낤B(cf. ˆÀˆäA1994, p324-332)
             8) Twelve years is a long time.  (p.324)
                   cf. Twelve long years have passed since her arrest. 
             9) The B.B.C. is[are] producing a new series of documentaries
                on the Middle East.           (p.330)
            10) Oxford have won the latest boat race.   (p.332)

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