‘æIIÍ@•¶i‚rj y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚P‚O@@“®ŽŒŒ^

 ø¢10-1-NT-(A)@m“®ŽŒŒ^‚Æ‚Ín 
         “®ŽŒŒ^‚ð•ªÍ‚·‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤u“®ŽŒ‰»ŽqviVZj‚ª‚»‚ÌŒã
‚É‘±‚­ slot ‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄŽ‚ valencyiTesnière,L.(1959)‚Ì—pŒêBcf.r–ØEˆÀˆä, pp.
1545-46)‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í invitation(cf.Baker,C.L., 1989, p.61)‚ÌŒ^‚ð•ªÍ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚æ‚èA
“®ŽŒi‚uj‚̉ºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚ðŽŽ‚Ý‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚Ù‚©‚È‚ç‚È‚¢B
         “®ŽŒŒ^Œˆ’è‚̎臂͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ƂȂ낤B
               (i) Š®Œ‹‚©–¢Š®Œ‹‚©Bi‚u‚©VZ‚©j(cf.10-1-NT-(B))
              (ii) –¢Š®Œ‹‚È‚çAVZ‚É‘±‚­ slot ‚Ì”‚ÍBicf.10-1-NT-(C))
             (iii) ‚»‚Ì slot ‚Ì“Á’¥B‚m^A(D)‚©‚n^‚b‚©B(cf.10-2-NT-(A)) 

 ø¢10-1-NT-(B)@mŠ®Œ‹‚©–¢Š®Œ‹‚©n 
         “`“•¶–@‚Å‚ÍAuŠ®Œ‹vicompletej‚©u–¢Š®Œ‹viincompletej‚©‚Ì–â‘è
‚ÍAcomplement ‚© modifier ‚©‚Ì–â‘è‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽæ‚舵‚í‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½B‚‚܂èA‚ ‚é—v‘f‚É
‘±‚­—v‘f‚ªuŒ‡‚­‚ׂ©‚ç‚´‚év‚à‚Ì‚©Au‚È‚­‚Ä‚à‚æ‚¢v‚à‚Ì‚©‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŠ®Œ‹^–¢Š®
Œ‹‚ªŒˆ‚Ü‚é‚Æ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½B
         ‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAQuirk et al.(1985, p.66)‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚ÅA
             1) Greek is a more difficult language than French.
than French ‚ª more ‚Ì complement‚Å‚ ‚é‚ÆŽå’£‚·‚éB
         ‚Ü‚½A”äŠr“IÅ‹ß‚Ì•¶–@‰Æ‚Ìà–¾‚Å‚àA—Ⴆ‚ÎABaker, C.L.(1989, pp.59
-61)‚Ìê‡Acomplement/modifier‚ðŽŸ‚Ì‚æ‚¤‚ɂƂ炦A
             (i) head  +  complement = minimal phrase
            (ii) minimal phrase +  modifier =  larger phrase
complement ‚Í“Á’è‚Ì head ‚Ì invitation ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•K‚¸Œ»‚ê‚é‚à‚ÌAˆê•ûAmodifier
‚Í•t‰Á‚ªŽ©—R‚È‚à‚Ì‚Æ’è‹`‚·‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì 2-a) ‚Í 2-b) ‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê
‚éB
             2)a. put    +  some money  +  in the bank  +   on Friday
               b. (verb:head)+(complement)+(complement)+(modifier)
         –{—ˆA‚±‚ÌuŒ‡‚­‚ׂ©‚ç‚´‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤”FŽ¯‚Í syntactically ‚ÉŒˆ’肳‚ê‚é‚à
‚Ì‚ÅAsemantically ‚ÉŒˆ’肳‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B‚µ‚©‚µA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚à‚»‚¤‚µ‚½‚悤‚ÉA
ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA‚µ‚΂µ‚Î semantically ‚É’è‹`‚·‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤Žè–@‚ªŽæ‚ç‚ê‚éB‘½‚­‚Ìê
‡A‚±‚ê‚ÍŒ÷‚ð‘t‚·‚邪A‚»‚¤‚Å‚È‚¢ê‡‚à‚ ‚éB
         悸Acomplementation ‚Æ modification ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚ނ‚©‚µ‚¢ê‡‚ª‘½‚¢BŽŸ
‚Ì 3) ‚Æ 4) ‚̉ºü•”‚ÍA‹`–±“I‚È complement ‚Æ‚à ”CˆÓ“I‚È adjunct ‚Æ‚à‚Æ‚ê‚éB
             3) She went to the cupboard.              (Young, D.J., p.103)
             4) He has put the bread on a plate.
         Œ‹‹ÇAQuirk et al. (1985, p.66)‚ÌŒ¾‚¤‚悤‚ÉA
             "...semantic 'satisfaction' is a matter of degree."
‚È‚Ì‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
        ‚³‚ç‚ÉAYoung, D.J.(p.105)‚Ì‹»–¡[‚¢—áB
             5)a.  The Governors presented the chairman with a medal.
               b.  The Governors presented a medal to the chairman.
               c. *The Governors presented the chairman.
               d.  The Governors presented a medal.
         Young‚ÍAu‚à‚µ 5-a), 5-b) ‚Å the chairman/a medal ‚ð complement‚ÆŒÄ
‚Ô‚Ì‚È‚çAto the chairman/with a medal ‚à complement ‚ƌĂԂ̂͂à‚Á‚Æ‚à‚È‚±‚Æ
‚Å‚ ‚év‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邪A‚±‚Æ‚Í‚»‚¤ŠÈ’P‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B‚Þ‚µ‚ëA5-a)`5-d)‚Å‚í‚©‚邱
‚Æ‚ÍAsyntactically ‚É‚Í‚Q‚Â‚Ì present ‚ª‘¶Ý‚µA5-a) ‚Ípresent1{‚m{‚`‚cA
5-b) ‚Ípresent2{‚m ‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒŒ^‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚Å‚ ‚낤Bi5-a)‚ÍApresent`
with a model ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ discontinuous VZ ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤l‚¦•û‚à‚ ‚èHj
         ‚³‚ç‚ÉAŒê—p˜_“IŽ‹“_‚Å‚ÍA“¯‚¶•¶‚Å‚àƒRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‚ÍŠ®Œ‹‚Æ‚Ý‚È
‚³‚ꂽ‚èA–¢Š®Œ‹‚Æ‚Ý‚È‚³‚ꂽ‚è‚·‚éꇂª‚ ‚éB —Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚ÌHer father prevented 
her. ‚ÍA6-B)‚Ì‚¹‚è‚Ó(response)‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍŠ®Œ‹A‚½‚¾‚µA7-A)‚Ì‚¹‚è‚Ó(starter)‚Æ‚µ
‚Ä‚Í–¢Š®Œ‹‚Å‚ ‚éB
             6)A:  Why didn't she marry him?
               B:  Her father (prevented her).
             7)A: *Her father prevented her.
               B:  From WHAT? 
          Š®Œ‹^–¢Š®Œ‹‚ÍAsemantically ‚É‚Íu‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢vAsyntactically ‚É‚Í
u•¡ŽGv‚Æ‚È‚ê‚ÎA‹³ŽºŒ»ê“I‚É‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È "Oh, really?" Test ‚Å‚Ì‚èØ‚ê‚È‚¢‚à
‚Ì‚¾‚낤‚©B
             8)A: I gave her a doll.
               B: Oh, really?
             9)A: I gave her....
               B: *Oh, really?
            10)A: I gave ....
               B:*Oh, really?

 ø¢10-1-NT-(C)@mslot ‚Ì”n 
         (i) [‚R“®ŽŒŒ^n
         ‚R‚‚̓®ŽŒŒ^‚ð’ñ¥‚µ‚½‚Ì‚ÍA‚¨‚à‚ÉA\‘¢Žå‹`Œ¾ŒêŠwŽÒ‚½‚¿istructural 
linguistsj‚Å‚ ‚éB”Þ“™‚Ì‚R“®ŽŒŒ^‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBicf.Whitehall,H. 1956,
pp.52-54) 
          Sentence Situation I : Subj. + Predicate 
              1jJesus wept.
          Sentence Situation II : Subj.+ Verb + Complement
              2) The President dominated Congress. 
              3) The sales manager became secretary.
          Sentence Situation III :  Subj.+ Verb + Inner C. + Outer C.
              4) The reporter gave the lady a present.
              5) Tom Sawyer painted the fence white.
‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È 6) ‚ÍASubj{Discontinuous Predicator{Complement ‚Æ‚µ
‚ÄA‘æIIŒ^‚ÉŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚éB
              6) I help them work.
         (ii) Valency
         r–ØEˆÀˆäipp.1545-46) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAValencyiŒ‹‡‰¿“xj‚Í Lucien 
Tesnière(1959) ‚Ì—pŒêB“®ŽŒ‚ª‚Æ‚ésˆ×€‚Ì”‚ðŒ‹‡‰¿(valence)‚Æ‚·‚ê‚ÎA
               “®ŽŒ                          qŒê˜_—
           ˆê‰¿(monovalent)              ˆê€qŒê(e.g. run)
           “ñ‰¿(bivalent)                “ñ€qŒê(e.g. love)
           ŽO‰¿(trivalent)               ŽO€qŒê(e.g. give, put)
‚̂悤‚É•ª—Þ‚³‚ê‚éBi‚½‚¾‚µAQuirk et al.(1985, p.53)‚È‚Ç‚ÍAŽåŒê‚à“®ŽŒ
i‰»Žqj‚àˆê€‚É”‚¦A‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚ð two-element pattern, three-element pattern, 
four-element pattern ‚̂悤‚ɌĂÔj‚±‚Ì•ªÍ‚à‚Ü‚½A‚R“®ŽŒŒ^‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚é‚ÆŽv‚í
‚ê‚éB‚½‚¾‚µA‚R“®ŽŒŒ^‚͉Ȋw“I‚Å‚Ù‚Ú—áŠO‚ª‚È‚¢i¶“kEŠw¶‚ɉR‚ð‚‚©‚È‚¢j
‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚ÅD‚Ü‚µ‚¢‚ªAˆê•û‚ÅA•ªÍE‰ðÍ—Í‚ª—Ž‚¿AŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Í•¨‘«‚è
‚È‚¢•”•ª‚à‚ ‚éB‚©‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Äu“®ŽŒ‚̊‹«‚Ì”‚¾‚¯“®ŽŒŒ^‚Í‚ ‚év‚È‚Ç‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚½‚Ì
‚Å‚ÍŠwK‰p•¶–@‚É‚È‚ç‚È‚¢B‚»‚±‚Å‚¢‚­‚‚®‚ç‚¢‚ª“K“–‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹c˜_‚É‚È‚éB
         (iii) [‚RˆÈã‚Ì“®ŽŒŒ^n
          ‚±‚ê‚Ü‚ÅA“®ŽŒŒ^‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í•¶Œ^‚Ì•ªÍ‚ðŽŽ‚Ý‚½•¶–@‰Æ‚Í‘½‚¢B‚»‚ꂼ‚ê
‚ªŽå’£‚·‚é“®ŽŒŒ^‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í•¶Œ^‚Ì”‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚Æ‚¨‚è‚Å‚ ‚éB
              A. Onions, C.T.(1904, 1971): ‚T“®ŽŒŒ^(forms of the predicate)
              B. Palmer, F.R.(1974) : ‚Q‚V“®ŽŒŒ^(verb patterns)
              C. Hornby,A.S.(1942,1954,1975):'54‚Å‚Q‚T“®ŽŒŒ^A
                                             '75‚Å‚Q‚Ti‚­‚킵‚­‚Í‚S‚T)
              D. Baker, C.L.(1989, pp.68-95): ‚P‚W“®ŽŒŒ^(minimal verb 
                                                phrases)
              E. ˆÀ“¡’å—Yi1983, p.4jF‚W•¶Œ^B
              F. Hoekstra et al.(1980, p.129): ‚Q‚P“®ŽŒŒ^
              G. Quirk et al.(1985, p.53): ‚V•¶Œ^(clause types)
‚±‚±‚Å‚ÍA‘ã•\“I‚È2‚ÂiA.‚ÆG.)‚ðŒ©‚éB
              A. Onions, C.T.(pp.4-8)‚Ì Five Forms of the Predicate ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚æ
‚¤‚È‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBi—ᕶ‚Í”²ˆj
              I. First Form of the Predicate
                  1) Day dawns.
                  2) He died.
             II. Second Form of the Predicate
                  3) Croesus was rich/a king.
                  4) Many lay dead.
            III. Third Form of the Predicate
                  5) Rats desert a sinking ship.
                  6) Nobody wishes to know.
             IV. Fourth Form of the Predicate
                  7) We taught the dog tricks.
                  8) They showed me the way.
              V. Fifth Form of the Predicate
                  9) Nothing makes a Stoic angry.
                 10) They elected him Consul.
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŽógŒ`‚Í‚»‚ꂼ‚êA‡T, III, IIŒ^‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB
                 11) Abel was killed by Cain.
                 12) I am asked my opinion by you.
                 13) He was declared a traitor by the Court.
          “ú–{‚̉pŒê‹³ˆç‚Å‚à‚Á‚Æ‚à’·‚­A‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àL‚­Žg‚í‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½‚¢‚í‚ä‚é
u‚T•¶Œ^v‚Í‚±‚Ì Onions ‚É—R—ˆ‚·‚é‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éBŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBi—ᕶ‚Í
ˆÀˆäA1982, pp.35-36)
              I. ‚r{‚u
                  14) These birds sing sweetly.
             II. ‚r{‚u{‚b
                  15) They are canaries. 
            III. ‚r{‚u{‚n
                  16) The canaries sing a merry song.
             IV. ‚r{‚u{‚n{‚n
                  17) The canaries give us sweet music.
              V. ‚r{‚u{‚n{‚b        
                  18) The canaires' song make us happy.
ã‚ÅA‚riŽåŒêjA‚ni–Ú“IŒêjA‚bi•âŒêj‚ÍA•iŽŒ–¼‚Å‚Í‚È‚­A•¶‚Ì’†‚É‚¨‚¯‚é
‘¼‚ÌŒê‚Æ‚ÌuŠÖŒWv‚ð•\‚·ŠT”O‚Ì–¼Ì‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚É’ˆÓ‚µ‚½‚¢B
          ŽŸ‚ÉAG. ‚Ì Quirk et al.(1985, p.53)‚ª’ñ¥‚·‚é 7 clause types ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì
‚悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB(A:obligatory adverbials, p.56)
    19)  TYPE    SUB         VERB       OBJ       COMP      ADVERBIAL
         SV      Someone     was laughing
         SVO     My mother   enjoys     parties
         SVC     The country became               totally
                                                  independent
         SVA     I           have been                      in the garden
         SVOO    Mary        gave       the visitor
                                                  a glass of milk
         SVOC    Most people consider   these     rather
                                        books     expensive
         SVOA    You         must put   all the             upstairs
                                        toys
         ã‹L A.`G. ‚Ì–â‘è“_‚ÍAˆÈ‰º‚Ì‚S‚‚ł ‚éB
         (i) •¶Œ^‚Æ“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚Í‚Á‚«‚肵‚È‚¢B
        (ii) •iŽŒ(parts of speech)‚Æ‹@”\(function)‚̬“¯‚ª‚Ý‚ç‚ê‚éB
       (iii) •¡•¶‚Ì•ªÍ‚ÉŒü‚©‚È‚¢B
        (iv) ”‚ª‘½‚·‚¬‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB
          “Á‚ÉA(iv)‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄŒ¾‚¦‚ÎAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ÅA“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì”‚ðˆÀˆÕ‚É‘‚â‚·
‚±‚Æ‚ÍT‚µ‚ނׂ«‚Å‚ ‚낤B•¶–@‚Ìà“¾—Í‚Í‘‚µ‚Ä‚àAˆê•û‚ÅK“¾‚Ì‘¬“x‚â’B¬Š´
‚Ì“_‚Å–â‘肪o‚Ä‚­‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB•¶–@‚ð”­MŒ^‚łƂ炦‚é‚©ŽóMŒ^‚łƂ炦‚é‚©
‚ÅAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Ì—‘z“I‚È“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì”‚͈قȂé‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚邪A‚¢‚¸‚ê‚É‚µ‚ëAŠw¶
E¶“k‚̃Œƒxƒ‹‚ɇ‚Á‚½”‚ªuˆ•ûv‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚éB
          ‘½‚­‚Ì‹³Žt‚ÍAchorus reading ‚È‚Ç‚ð’Ê‚µ‚Ä‘ÌŒ±“I‚ÉŠw¶E¶“k‚̃Œƒs
|ƒg”\—Í‚Í‚T`‚VŒêi‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í bits, chunks)‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ð’m‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB(cf. ‰Í–ìA
1980, pp.35-37 in Š_“c(1984),uƒŠƒXƒjƒ“ƒO‚ÅÅ‚à•·‚«Žæ‚è‚â‚·‚¢’PˆÊ‚Í2`6Œê’ö
“x‚Ì‚Ü‚Æ‚Ü‚è‚Ì‚ ‚é‹åvj
          Miller, G.A.  ‚ÍAthe seven seas, the seven wonders, the seven 
days of the week ‚È‚Ç‚Ì‚¢‚í‚ä‚é "magical number seven" ‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Í‹ô‘R‚̈ê’v
(coincidence)‚Æ‚µ‚È‚ª‚ç‚à(p.96)AlŠÔ‚Ì tone, pitch ‚È‚Ç‚ÌŽ¯•Ê”\—Í‚ª‚V+/-‚Q
’PˆÊ‚ÉŽûÊ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ð”F‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚éB(the span of absolute judgement ... is 
usually somewhere in the neighborhood of seven.)(p.90)
          ‚±‚ê‚ç‚Í\•ª‚ɉȊw“Iª‹’‚Æ‚Í‚¢‚¦‚È‚¢‚É‚µ‚Ä‚àA–³”‚Ì“®ŽŒ‚ð‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚Ë
•ï‚Ýž‚Þ“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì”‚ÌãŒÀ‚Í‚T`‚X‚ ‚½‚è‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂ낤‚©B

 ø¢10-2-NT-(A)@m‚n^‚b‚©‚m^A(D)‚©n 
         “®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì•ªÍ—Í‚ð‚‚߂邽‚ß‚É‚ÍA“®ŽŒ‰»Žq(VZ)‚ÌŒã‚É‘±‚­ slots ‚Ì’†g
‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄAŒø‰Ê“I‚È«Ši‚¯‚ð‚·‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚éBŒó•â‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA‚ЂƂ‚ɂ͂n^‚b
‚ðŽg‚¤•û–@‚ÆA‚à‚¤‚ЂƂ‚ɂ͂m^A(D)‚ðŽg‚¤•û–@‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
         (i)‚n^‚b‚̃ƒŠƒbƒg({)EƒfƒƒŠƒbƒg(|)
             ({)“®ŽŒ‰»Žq(VZ)‚Æ‚n/‚b‚Ƃ̈Ӗ¡“IE“Œê“IŠÖŒW‚ðׂ©‚­•ªÍ‚Å‚«‚é
             (|)‚n/‚b‚Ì”»’è‚ÍŒê‹å’P“Æ‚Å‚Í‚Å‚«‚È‚¢ 
             (|)‚n/‚b‚Å‚ÍA‚mßAA(D)ßA‚È‚Ç‚Ì analogy ‚ª•Â‚´‚³‚ê‚é  
        (ii)‚m^A(D)‚̃ƒŠƒbƒgEƒfƒƒŠƒbƒg
             ({)Œê‹å‚̈Ӗ¡‚ªŒˆ‚Ü‚ê‚΂m^A(D)‚àŒˆ‚Ü‚é
             (|)‚`‚Æ‚`‚c‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚΂ł«‚È‚¢
             (|)‚m/A(D)‚Å‚ÍAß‚â‹å‚̃Œƒxƒ‹‚Åover-analogy ‚ª‚Å‚é
         Œ‹˜_“I‚ÉA‚m^A(D)‚Í’PŒê‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð’m‚Á‚½‚Æ‚½‚ñ‚É‚í‚©‚é‚Ì‚ÅA‚n^‚b‚æ‚è
‚à more lexical/less syntactic  ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¦A‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ĉ‹‰‚ÌŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚Í
‚æ‚èD‚Ü‚µ‚¢‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Í‚n^‚b‚Å‚Í‚È‚­‚m^A(D)‚ð—p‚¢‚½“®
ŽŒŒ^‚ð’ñˆÄ‚·‚éB

 ø¢10-2-NT-(B)@m‚n^‚b‚Å‚à‚È‚­‚m^A(D)‚Å‚à‚È‚¢semantic rolesn 
          ‚n^‚b‚Å‚à‚È‚­‚m^A(D)‚Å‚à‚È‚¢“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì•ªÍ•û–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAˆÓ–¡–ðŠ„
(semantic roles)‚É‚æ‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
          Quirk et al. (1985, p.753) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚ǂ̂悤‚ȈӖ¡–ðŠ„‚ðŽ‚ÂŒê‹å
‚ªŽåŒê‚É‚È‚è‚â‚·‚¢‚©‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È priority order ‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
              agentive „ external causer/positioner „ instrument  „
              affected „ temporal/locative/eventive „ prop word it
ˆê•ûA–Ú“IŒê‚ƈӖ¡–ðŠ„‚Æ‚ÌŠÖŒW«‚ð˜_‚¶‚½‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Í Downing & Locke (pp.42ff)
‚ª‚ ‚éBi—ᕶ‚Í”²ˆj
          ƒDirect Object ‚ƈӖ¡–ðŠ„„
              The Direct Object is associated with a wide variety of 
          semantic roles, some of which are illustrated in the following 
          examples:
             1) He headed the ball into the net.  (Affected)      (p.42)
             2) She writes children's stories.    (Effected)
             3) The burglars used an acetylene lamp to break open the safe.
                                                  (Instrument)
             4) I felt sudden pain in my arm.     (Phenomenon)
             5) Do you always tell the truth?     (Verbiage)
             6) We sang songs round the camp fire.(Range)
          ƒIndirect Object ‚ƈӖ¡–ðŠ„„
                 The semantic roles associated with the Indirect Object are
          more restricted than with the Subject and the Direct Object.  
                 The Indirect Object is typically associated with the 
          Recipient of the action.
             7) The doctor gave the injured man treatment for shock. (p.46)
                 Also associated with the Indirect Object is the Beneficiary,
          or 'intended Recipient' as in the following examples:
             8) I'll get you some coffee.(p.47)
          EEE
                 Both Recipient and Beneficiary Indirect Objects are 
         prototypically realised by Nominal Groups and less typically by
         WH-nominal relative clauses:
             9) Ken has taught his wife to drive.    (NG)
            10) Lend whoever calls the bicycle pump in the shed.   (Nom.Cl.)
            11) I'm giving reading magazines less importance lately.(-ing cl.)
            12) Let's give before lunch-time priority.   (PrepG)  (p.47)
‚±‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡–ðŠ„‚ð“¹‹ï—§‚Ä‚ÉŽg‚Á‚½•¶–@‚ÍA‚©‚È‚è‚Ì•ªÍ—Í‚ð”­Šö‚·‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎA
ŽŸ‚Ì Jim gave Sue cookies. ‚̂悤‚Èu“ñd–Ú“IŒê\•¶v(double object construc-
tion)‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Ì de Chene, B.(pp.57-67)‚Ìà–¾‚ðŒ©‚æ‚¤B
            13)a.  Sue took Jim the letter. (=16 a.)
               b. *Sue took the mailbox the letter.
ã‚ÅA–³¶•¨‚Å‚ ‚éthe mailbox ‚Í’…“_‚Å‚ ‚邪A—\’肳‚ê‚éŽó—ÌŽÒ‚Å‚Í‚ ‚肦‚È‚¢B
‚»‚µ‚ÄA13-b) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 14) ‚É”½‚·‚é‚Ì‚Å”ñ•¶‚Æ‚È‚é‚Æà–¾‚·‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
            14j—^Ši\•¶‚ÆŒð‘Ö‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é“ñd–Ú“IŒê\•¶‚É‚¨‚¯‚é...–Ú“IŒê‚ÍA
                Žå‘è‚Ì—\’肳‚ê‚éŽó—ÌŽÒi...j‚Å‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃç‚È‚¢B    
          ‚±‚̂悤‚ÉA’P‚È‚étake‚m‚mŒ^‚Å‚Í 13-a) ‚Æ 13-b) ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚Í‚Å‚«‚È‚¢‚ªA
            15)a.  takeiŽó—ÌŽÒj(Žå‘è)
               b. *takei’…“_j iŽå‘èj        
‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡–ðŠ„‚ðŽg‚Á‚½“®ŽŒŒ^‚Å‚ ‚ê‚ÎA•ªÍ—Í‚ª–¾‚ç‚©‚É‚‚܂邱‚Æ‚ªŠú‘Ò‚Å‚«
‚éB‚µ‚©‚àAˆÓ–¡–ðŠ„‚Í universal ‚É‹ß‚¢‚Ì‚ÅŠO‘Œê‚Æ‚µ‚ĉpŒê‚ðŠw‚ÔŽÒ‚É‚ÍŽg‚¢
‚â‚·‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤ƒƒŠƒbƒg‚à‚ ‚éB¡Œã‘å‚¢‚ÉŠú‘Ò‚³‚ê‚邪Aˆê•û‚ÅAˆÓ–¡–ðŠ„‚Ì”‚ª‘½
‚­A‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì”‚ª‚Ó‚­‚ç‚Ý‚»‚¤‚ÈŠ‚ªŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍŒœ”O‚³‚ê‚é‚Æ
‚±‚ë‚Å‚ ‚éB
          Œ¾‚¤‚Ü‚Å‚à‚È‚¢‚ªA‚±‚ê‚ç semantic roles ‚ð—p‚¢‚½•¶\¬‚Ì•ªÍ‚Í
Fillmore, C. ‚ÌŠi•¶–@iCase Grammarj‚̉e‹¿‚ðŽó‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚éBŠi•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA•¶‚ÌŠî
–{“I‚È•ªÍ‚ÍANP, VP ‚Ȃǂ̃JƒeƒSƒŠ|(categorial terms)•Ê‚Å‚Í‚È‚­Aagent,
instrument ‚È‚Ç‚ÌŠi‹@”\ifunctional terms) ‚Ås‚¤B
          ‚±‚±‚Å‚ÍAŠi•¶–@‚̉ðà‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŠÈŒ‰‚È Brown & Miller(p.322) ‚ðЉî
‚·‚éB
          ... as 'Case grammar'. This school of grammar suggests that the 
          'most basic' representation of a sentence should be not in 
          'categorial' terms(..NP,VP,etc),...,but 'functional' terms.  Thus,
                In the basic structure of Sentences...we find what
                might be called the 'proposition', a tenseless set  
                of relationships involving verbs and nouns ...sepa- 
                rated from what might be called the 'modality' con- 
                stituent....The first base rule, then, is...
                      Sentence ¨    Modality  +   Proposition 
                                                     (Fillmore, C. 1968, 24) 
          The proposition constituent is further expanded as a verb together
          with a number of nodes specified in terms of such labels as [agent]
          [instrument], etc. 
‚±‚Ì•û–@‚ÍAãk–§‚Å•ªÍ—Í‚ªã‚ª‚锽–ÊA•ª—Þ‚ª×‚©‚­‚È‚è‚·‚¬‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ‡“_‚ª‚ 
‚éB‚±‚Ì•¶–@‚Ì‚à‚¤‚ЂƂ‚̌‡“_‚ÍA‚m‚Æ‚o‚o‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ðdŽ‹‚µ‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚Å‚ ‚éB
—Ⴆ‚ÎAput the eggs in the fridge ‚ÅAput ‚Í‚R‚‚̖¼ŽŒi‚mj‹å‚ð‚µ‚½‚ª‚¦‚é 
three-NP verb (Subject‚ð‚Ó‚­‚Þ) ‚Å‚ ‚é(Kaplan, J.P.(p169))‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚·‚é‚Ì
‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚m‚Æ‚o‚o‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ÍŠî–{‚Æ‚È‚éd—v‚ȃRƒ“ƒZƒvƒg‚È‚Ì‚Å‚±‚Ì•û–@
‚Í“±“ü‚µ‚È‚¢B

 ø¢10-2-NT-(C)@mobligatory ‚`‚cn 
          ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì•ªÍ‚Å‚n/‚b‚Å‚à‚È‚­AˆÓ–¡–ðŠ„‚Å‚à‚È‚¢‚m/A(D)‚ð
Žg‚¤B‚u‚Ì’†‚Ì•s‰ÂŒ‡‚Ì—v‘f‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA‚m‚Æ‚`‚Ì‚Ù‚©‚É‚`‚c‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚Í–¾‚ç‚©‚Å
‚ ‚éB
              1)a. *They lay. 
                b.  They lay on the grass.
              2)a.  The maid put the flowers in the vase. (McCawley, p.17)
                b. *The maid put the flowers. 
                c.  The flowers were put in the vase. 
                d. *The flowers were put. 
          ‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì‚`‚c‚ÍAuêŠv‚ð•\‚·‚à‚Ì‚ª‘½‚¢‚ªA•K‚¸‚µ‚àuêŠv‚¾‚¯‚Æ‚Í
ŒÀ‚ç‚È‚¢B
              3)  This pen writes well/poorly. 
              4)  The bread cuts easily. (Lobeck, p.260)
              5)  The new Volkswagen handles beautifully. (ibid.)
          ‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚Å‚ÍAu“®ŽŒŒ^v‚ð‰z‚¦‚½•¶Œ^ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Å obligatory
‚`‚c‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ª‚ ‚éB
              6)  America was discovered by Columbus.
ã‚ÅA 6) ‚Ì by Columbus ‚ÍA‚Í‚Á‚«‚è‚Æ‚µ‚½Žóg‚̃‚ƒ`ƒx[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“(cf.15-6 )‚É
‚æ‚Á‚¯‚ç‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚ÅA‚»‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å‚Í optional ‚È‚`‚c‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢Biby Columbus
‚ª‚È‚¢ê‡‚É‚ÍAdiscovered = discovered, not invented ‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡‚Æ‚È‚èA
discovered ‚ª‹­’²‚³‚ê‚éj

 ø¢10-2-NT-(D)@m•¶Œ^‚©“®ŽŒŒ^‚©n 
         ‰pŒê‚Å‚Í•¶Œ^‚à“®ŽŒŒ^‚à“¯‚¶A‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹c˜_‚ª‚ ‚邪‚»‚ê‚ÍŠÔˆá‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ
Žv‚¤B•¶Œ^‚Æ“®ŽŒŒ^‚Å•ªÍ‚ªˆÙ‚È‚éA‚¢‚í‚ä‚éAŽógŒ`‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB 
—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 1-b) ‚ÍA“®ŽŒŒ^‚ª“¯‚¶‚ÅA•¶Œ^‚͈قȂé—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
             1)a.  John kicked the vendor.

               b.  The vendor was kicked  by John. (‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAcf.15-3)

         ‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAOnions ‚â Quirk at al.(1985) ‚Å‚ÍA•¶Œ^‚Æ“®ŽŒŒ^‚̬“¯‚ªŒ©
‚ç‚ê‚éB
    <Onions>
             2)a.  Cain killed Abel. (3rd form of the predicate)
               b.  Abel was killed by Cain.  (1st form)
             3)a.  The Court declared him a traitor.  (5th)
               b.  He was declared a traitor by the Court. (2nd)
    <Quirk, et al>
         Quirk et al.(1985,  p.58)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì4-b), 5-b) ‚ª Clause Type SVO ‚Æ
SVOC ‚Ì passive form ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
             4)a. A number of people saw the accident.   [SVO:‚r‚u‚nd]
               b. The accident was seen (by a n. of p.)  [SVO:‚r‚upass(A)]
             5)a. Queen Victoria considered him a genius.[SVOC:‚r‚u‚nd‚bo]
               b. He was considered a genius (by Q.V.)   [SVOC:‚r‚upass‚bs(A)]

 ø¢10-2-NT-(E)@m‚V“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì–â‘è“_n 
              (i) ‚`‚©‚`‚c‚©‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª“‚¢
          ‰pŒê‚Ì‚¢‚í‚ä‚é‘O’uŽŒ‹å‚É‚Í‚`—p–@‚Æ‚`‚c—p–@‚ª‚ ‚èAŠî–{“I‚É‚Í‚±‚ê
‚ç‚ÌŠÔ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚Í‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
                  1) My uncle in Chicago has three cars.
                  2) My uncle has three cars in Chicago.
             (ii) overanalogy ‚̊댯«    
          ‚mA‚`A‚`‚c‚ðŽg‚¤“®ŽŒŒ^‚Å‚ÍA‚m/‚`/‚`‚cß‚â to ‚u/‚uing‚Ì ‚m/‚`/
‚`‚c—p–@‚Ö‚Ì analogy ‚ªŒø‚«AŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•Ö—˜‚Å‚Í‚ ‚邪A”½–ÊA wrong
analogy ‚â overanalogy ‚̊댯«‚à‚ ‚éBŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‘½”‚ ‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
                  4)a. I hate to work/working on weekends.  (]ìAp.316)
                    b.*I hate that I should work on weekends.
                  5)a. We enjoyed walking around the garden.
                    b.*We enjoyed to walk around the garden.
                  6)a. I wanted to go there.
                    b.*I wanted going there.
            (iii) ƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ}ƒeƒCƒbƒN‚ȗႪ‚ ‚é
          ŽŸ‚Ì 7-a) ‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚é‚©‚ç‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚ÄA 7-b) ‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚킯
‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B
                  7)a. I want my coffee black.
                    b.*I want you careful. 
‚‚܂èAwant ‚É want ‚m‚`Œ^‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B“¯—l‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 8) A9) ‚ª‚ ‚é
‚©‚ç‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚ÄAsell ‚m‚m‚`Œ^‚âgive ‚m‚m‚`Œ^‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B
                  8)  I sold him my car almost new. 
                  9)  She gave us our coffee black. (Quirk et al. p.738)
‚³‚ç‚ÉAlive a happy life ‚̂悤‚ȃCƒfƒCƒIƒ€‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚ç‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Ä live ‚mŒ^‚ª
‚ ‚é‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B‚±‚ê‚ç‚Í‚·‚ׂăCƒfƒCƒIƒ}ƒeƒCƒbƒN‚ÅŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA’†Šj‚Å‚Í
‚È‚­Žü•Ó•”‚É‚¨‚©‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB(cf.”ª–ØApp.35-37)
            (iv) “®ŽŒŒ^‚ÌŠO‘¤‚Ì–â‘è    
          •¶i‚r)‚Ì\‘¢‚ª‚í‚©‚邽‚ß‚É‚ÍA”ª–Øipp.64-65)‚ªŒ¾‚¤‚悤‚ÉAu•â•¶
\‘¢‚΂©‚è‚Å‚È‚­A‚ǂ̂悤‚ÈŽåŒê‚ð‚Æ‚é‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚àd—v‚È–â‘è‚Å‚ ‚évBŽŸ‚Ì

10) ‚â 11) ‚ðà–¾‚·‚邽‚ß‚É‚ÍA’P‚Éupass ‚É‚ÍApass+‚m Œ^‚Æ pass+Œ^‚ª‚ ‚év

‚Æ‚¢‚¤à–¾‚Å‚Í–¾‚ç‚©‚É•s\•ª‚Å‚ ‚éB
                 10)a.  The bill passed the Commons.
                    b.  The Commons passed the bill.
                 11)a.  The bill passed.
                    b  *The Commons passed.
          ‚³‚ç‚ÉA10-2-NT-(C)‚Å‚àˆµ‚Á‚½‚ªAŽŸ‚Ì by Columbus ‚ÍA“®ŽŒŒ^‚ÌŠO‘¤
‚Å‹c˜_‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
                 12)  America was discovered by Columbus.
          ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA‚ ‚é“®ŽŒ‚ªŽógŒ`‚ð‚Æ‚é‚©‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤î•ñ‚ª‚ ‚é
‚Æ–¾‚ç‚©‚É•Ö—˜‚Å‚ ‚éB‚mc‚Æ‚mu‚Ì•\Ž¦‚Æ“¯—lA•Ö—˜‚³‚Ɗ댯«‚Æ”w’†‡‚킹‚Ì•”•ª
‚à‚ ‚邪A–{•¶’†‚Ì‚V“®ŽŒŒ^‚Ì‚¤‚¿‚m‚ð‚³‚ç‚ÉŽóg‰Â‚Ì‚à‚Ìi‚m+Pj‚ÆŽóg•s‰Â
(‚m-pj‚Æ‚É•ª‚¯‚½AŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚P‚R“®ŽŒŒ^‚ðl‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«‚éB

                 13) ID‚u‚y{

                    IID‚u‚y{‚m+p
                   IIID‚u‚y{‚m-p
                    IVD‚u‚y{‚` 
                     VD‚u‚y{‚`‚c
                    VID‚u‚y{‚m+p{‚m+p 
                   VIID‚u‚y{‚m+p{‚m-p 
                  VIIID‚u‚y{‚m+p{‚`
                    IXD‚u‚y{‚m+p{‚`‚c
                     XD‚u‚y{‚m-p{‚m+p    iex.bring)
                    XID‚u‚y{‚m-P{‚m-P     (ex.buy)
                   XII. ‚u‚y{‚m-p{‚`
                  XIII. ‚u‚y{‚m-p{‚`‚c  
‚½‚¾‚µAŒµ–§‚É‚Í‚u‚Ì’†‚Ì‚m‚ª passive ‚̬”Û‚ðŒˆ‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚é‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢‚Ì‚ÅA‚±‚Ì
‚m+p  vs  ‚m-p‚̉ºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAŠë‚¤‚³‚ðŠ´‚¶‚él‚ª‘½‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B

 ø¢10-4-NT@m‘½Œ|‚Ì“®ŽŒ‰»Žqi‚u‚yjn 
          ‘½Œ|‚Ì‚u‚y‚ÍA‚»‚Ì•›ì—p‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚΂µ‚Î ambiguous ‚È\‘¢‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·B
              1)a. I found a missing key.       (VZ+N)
                b. I found a key missing .      (VZ+N+A)
                c. I found a key missing for a week. (ambiguous)
1-a) ‚ÍAVZ{‚mŒ^‚Åu‚È‚­‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½Œ®‚ð‚݂‚¯‚½v‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡A1-b) ‚ÍAVZ{‚m{‚`
Œ^‚ÅAuŒ®‚ª‚ЂƂ‚Ȃ­‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚É‹C‚¢‚½v‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚ ‚éB‚µ‚©‚µA1-c)
‚ÍAVZ{‚mŒ^i‚PTŠÔŒ©‚‚©‚ç‚È‚©‚Á‚½Œ®‚ðŒ©‚Â‚¯‚½j‚Æ‚àAVZ{‚m{‚`Œ^iŒ®‚ª‚ЂÆ
‚‚PTŠÔ‚ÌŠÔ‚È‚­‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚É‹C‚¢‚½j‚Æ‚à‰ðŽß‚Å‚«žB–†‚Å‚ ‚éB

Copyright(C) 2004 Masaya Oba. All rights reserved.