‘æIIÍ@•¶i‚rj y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚P‚P@@Ɖž

 ø¢11-1-NT-(A)@manaphoricn 
       –{—ˆAanaphorici‘O•ûƉž“Ij‚ÍAKruisinga,E.(Vol.3, $$1014-15)‚È‚Ç‚Ì—pŒê
‚ÅAŽŸ‚Ì—á‚̂悤‚ÉA‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚â’芥ŽŒ‚ªA‚·‚Å‚Éq‚ׂ½Ž–•¿‚âŠÏ”O‚ÉŒ¾‹y‚·‚é—p–@‚ð‚³‚·B
         1) I have a son.  He is seven years old.
         2) We keep a dog and are all fond of the dog.
         3) They will probably win the match. That will please my brother.
        2)‚̂悤‚ɒ芥ŽŒ‚Ìthe‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Ì‚Í‹»–¡[‚¢B‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA‰o‚Ì
‚à‚Ì‚Ídeictic(’¼Ž¦“Ij‚ƌĂÔB

 ø¢11-1-NT-(B)@m‚m/‚`/‚u/‚`‚c/‚r‚Ìd•¡n 
       d•¡‚ÍA–¼ŽŒi‚mjAŒ`—eŽŒi‚`jA“®ŽŒi‚ujA•›ŽŒi‚`‚cjA•¶i‚r)‚Ì‚»‚ê
‚¼‚ê‚Ì•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|i•iŽŒj‚Å‹N‚±‚蓾‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Ì’Pƒ”½•œi”

‚PjA‚`‚m‚`Œ`i”‚QjAŒ`i”‚RjAŒ`—eŽŒi‚`j‚Ì’Pƒ”½•œi”‚PjA‚`‚m‚`Œ`

i”‚QjAŒ`i”‚Rj...‚̂悤‚ÉAã‹L‚T‚‚̕¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|i•iŽŒj‚Å‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚R

‚Âi”‚P`”‚Rj‚ÌŒ`‚ª‰Â”\‚Æ‚È‚éB
       ‚½‚¾‚µA•¶i‚rj‚Ìd•¡‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‚Í’ˆÓ‚ð—v‚·‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎA¡¼Eó–ìip.14)
‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È•¶i‚rj‚ÌƉžŒ`‚̗Ⴊ‚ ‚邪A
         1) They say that she's fat now, but I don't believe {it/so}.
                           [=that she's ...]
         2) John is telling lies.  I agree .
                           [=that John is ...]
1)‚Í•¶i‚rj‚Ìd•¡Æ‰žŒ`‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚æ‚è‚Í•¶i‚rj‚©‚ç“]Š·‚³‚ꂽ–¼ŽŒi‚mjß‚ÌƉžŒ`A
2)‚ÍŽ©“®ŽŒagree ‚Ì—á‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB•¶i‚r)‚ÌƉžŒ`‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA‚Þ‚µ‚ëAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`
‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
         3) Kim may be too ill to attend; if so I'll have to ask you to chair
            the meeting.   (Huddleston & Pullum, p.1462)
       ˆê•ûAŽŸ‚Ì the bastard ‚ª John ‚Æ‚¢‚¤–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚ÌƉžŒ`‚Æ”F‚ß‚é—§ê‚ð‚Æ
‚ê‚ÎA
         4) John borrowed $100 from me, and the bastard never paid me back.
             i¡¼Eó–ì, p.12)
ŽŸ‚Ì the abovei—ᕶ‘åêj‚à‚Ü‚½A•¶i‚rj‚╶͂ÌƉžŒ`‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚é‚©‚à‚µ
‚ê‚È‚¢B
         5) Thus we're against the miniskirts on campus.
             As in the above, ....
‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAQuirk et al.(1972, $$4-36)‚ÍAthe above‚ðƉžŒ`‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB
(cf.‘å’ËE’†“‡Ap.78)

 ø¢11-1-NT-(C)@m“¯ˆê—v‘f‚Ìd•¡¨iꇂɂæ‚èj’Pƒ”½•œ^‚`‚m‚`Œ`^
@@@@@@@@@íœiŒ`jn 

       ‚±‚±‚Å‚Í–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Ìd•¡‚ÉÅ“_‚ð‚ ‚Ä‚ÄA’Pƒ”½•œ^‚`‚m‚`Œ`^íœiŒ`j

‚Ì‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚Ì—á‚ðŒ©‚Ä‚Ý‚æ‚¤B
ƒ–¼ŽŒi‚m)‚Ì’Pƒ”½•œi”‚Pj‚Ì—á„
     (i) Bolinger‚Ì—á
       BolingerAD.(1979, p.291)‚ÍAŽwŽ¦•¨‚Ì–{Ž¿‚ð‹­’²iemphasis on the nature 
of the referentj‚µ‚½‚¢‚Æ‚«–¼ŽŒ‚Í‚­‚è•Ô‚³‚ê‚éA‚ÆŽå’£‚·‚éB
        1) You don't need sulfur for drying apricots;sulfur ruins the flavor.
           (It ruins the flavor.‚Æ‚·‚é‚Æsulfur‚Ìinherent quality‚ð‹­’²‚Å‚«‚È‚¢j
        “¯—l‚ÉAJoe ‚Ì—˜ŒÈ“I‚È«Ž¿inaturally celf-centered)‚ð‹­’²‚·‚é‚Æ‚«‚É‚Í
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
        2) When Joe enters a conversation, Joe expects Joe's friends
           to listen to Joe.
        ŽŸ‚Ì—á‚à‚Ü‚½A‚±‚Ìà‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚é‚悤‚ÉŽv‚í‚ê‚éB2003”N7ŒŽ28“ú‚ÉCNN‚É“oê
‚µ‚½•Ä‘‚Š¯iMr.Myers)‚̃Rƒƒ“ƒg‚Å‚ ‚éB
        3) If Saddam is alive, we will get Saddam.
     (ii) Quirk et al.‚Ì—á
       Quirk et al.(1985, pp.1072-73)‚ÍAŽåß‚©‚ç—£‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é (more peripheral 
to their superordinate clausejcontent disjunct(ex.although-clause) ‚Å‚Í’Pƒ”½
•œ‚Í‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚Ë•s‰Â‚¾‚ªA˜b‚µŽè‚Ì‘Ô“x‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é style disjunct(ex.since-clause)
‚ÌꇂɂÍA‚µ‚΂µ‚΂­‚è•Ô‚µ‚n‚jimore readily allows the repetition of a noun
phrase)‚Æ‚·‚éB
        4) a. Elizabeth enjoyed last night's concert although the program
              was not entirely to ?Elizabeth's/her taste.
           b. Elizabeth enjoyed last night's concert since Elizabeth's/her
              brother told me so.
    (iii) –q–ì‚Ì—á
        –q–ìip.118)‚ÍA’k˜bƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Å‚Í“¯ˆê–¼ŽŒ‚Ì’Pƒ”½•œ‚Í–Ú—§‚‚Ƃ¢‚¤B‚»‚µ‚ÄA
i•¶Í‚ÌjŠe’i—Ž‚̉•¶‚Å Nixon ‚ª”½•œoŒ»‚·‚鎟‚̂悤‚ȃjƒ…|ƒYƒEƒC|ƒN‚Ì—á‚ð‚ 
‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
        5)   My own perception had always been that Nixon simply
           began to erase all of the Watergate material from the tapes
           when he started to worry that they might be exposed.
             But Nixon was the least dexterous man I have ever known
           --- especially at operating tape recorders.  Once, he decided
           to make a practice of dictating his thoughts and reactions
           during evenings and on weekends.  So he instructed me to
           obtain several tape recorders for him to use at Camp David,
           San Clamente and Key Biscayne.
ƒ–¼ŽŒi‚m)‚Ì‚`‚m‚`Œ`i”‚Qj‚Ì—á„
       •ÏŒ`¶¬•¶–@‚Å‚ÍAu‚ ‚é“Œêã‚ÌðŒ‰º‚Å–¼ŽŒ‚ð‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚É•Ï‚¦‚é•ÏŒ`v‚Í
pronominalization ‚ƌĂ΂êA‹`–±“I‚È(obligatory)ƒ‹|ƒ‹‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB‚½‚µ‚©‚É‘½‚­‚Ì
—Ⴊ‚±‚̃‹|ƒ‹‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚éB‚µ‚©‚µ‚È‚ª‚çAÅ‹ß‚Å‚Í‚±‚ê‚É”½—á‚ðo‚µAˆÙ˜_‚𥂦‚é
•¶–@‰Æ‚ào‚Ä‚¢‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAvan Hoek(pp.2-6)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
          (i)Reinhart,T.(1976‚È‚Ç)‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä’ñ¥‚³‚ꂽ 'c-command' ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠT”O‚Í
Chomsky,N.(1981) ‚Ì Binding Conditions of Government-Binding Theory ‚Ì core‚Æ
‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邪A‚±‚Ìc-command—˜_‚Å‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ªà–¾‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B(p.6)
        6) a.*I spoke to him about finances in Ben's office.
              (him ‚ª Ben ‚ð c-command ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢‚Ì‚É–j
        7) a.*Her wish is that Sally will become a physicist.
           b. Her mother is Sally's best friend.
       (ii)ˆê•ûA‚b‚f(Cognitive Grammar)‚̘g‘g‚Ý‚Å‚ÍAanaphora constraints ‚Í“Æ
—§‚µ‚½ syntactic principles ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­A‚Q‚Â‚Ì nominals ‚ÌŠÔ‚Ì 'reference point'
 ( =Chafe's 'starting point' )‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é semantic ‚ÈŠÖŒWiprominence ‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í 
salience‚ ‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª reference point ‚Æ‚È‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤l‚¦•û)‚ð‚ ‚ç‚í‚·B(p.5)
      ‚±‚Ì‚b‚f‚̘g‘g‚Ý‚Å‚ÍA'prominence'‚É‚Í‚r‚t„‚c‚n„‚h‚n„‚n‚a‚kicf.Keenan
 and Comrie, 1977j‚Ì hierarchy ‚ª‚ ‚è(p.10)A‚Ü‚½ head ‚Ì complements ‚Ì•û‚ª
modifiers‚æ‚èmore prominentip.11)‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB‚»‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì 8-b) ‚͈Ӗ¡“I‚È
prominence ‚ª word order ‚æ‚è—Dæ‚·‚é—á‚Æ‚µ‚Äà–¾‚³‚ê‚éB
        8) a.*He saw a skunk near Ralph.     (van Hoek, p.66)
           b.*Near Ralph, he saw a skunk.
      ‚µ‚©‚µA‚±‚̂悤‚È‚b‚f‚̘g‘g‚Ý‚Å‚àŽŸ‚̂悤‚Èmain/embedded sentences ‚Ì—á 
‚ªà–¾‚Å‚«‚È‚¢BŽŸ‚Ì9-b)‚̂悤‚ÈBrugman and Lakoff(1987)‚Ì—á‚Í main  clause
(primary reference point)‚©‚çembedded sentence(secondary reference point)‚Ö‚Ì 
conceptual path ‚Ì—¬‚ê‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚b‚f‚Ìl‚¦•û‚Å‚ÍŽè‚É•‰‚¦‚È‚¢‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB(p.92)
        9) a.*Mary hit him just before John got up.
           b. Mary hit him before John had a chance to get up.
van Hoek ‚ÍA9-a)‚ÍŒ»ŽÀ‚É‹N‚±‚Á‚½‚Å‚«Ž–(event)A9-b)‚ÍŽåßA]‘®ß‚ÌŠÔ‚É
conceptual discontinuity ‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æà–¾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
       (iii)Œ‹‹ÇAvan Hoek ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAc-command ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ syntactic ‚Șg‘g‚Ý‚É‚æ‚é 
"pronominalization" ‚Ìà–¾‚àA‚b‚f‚̘g‘g‚Ý‚É‚æ‚é semantic ‚È"reference points" 
‚Ìà–¾‚à‚Æ‚à‚ÉŠ®‘S‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
       Œ‹‹ÇAŒ»’iŠK‚Å‚ÌA‚±‚Ì–{‚ÌŒ‹˜_‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍABolinger, D.(1979, ‚.290)‚ÌŒ¾‚¤
‚悤‚ÉAu‚¢‚ pronoun ‚ðŽg‚¢A‚¢‚–¼ŽŒ‚ð‚»‚Ì‚Ü‚Ü repeat ‚·‚é‚Ì‚©‚ð’m‚邽‚ß‚É‚Í
—˜_‚Ì‹c˜_‚æ‚è‚à‚Á‚Æ‚¢‚ë‚¢‚ë‚ȃRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg‚ð‚µ‚Á‚©‚è‚ÆŒ©’è‚ß‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚év(What
we need at this point is not more theory but a steady look at the possibilities
in a variety of situations and contexts.)‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂ낤B

ƒ–¼ŽŒi‚m)‚ÌŒ`i”‚Rj‚Ì—á„

      ¡¼Eó–ìi1990, p.12j‚ÍAŠù’m«‚𖾎¦‚·‚é‚Æ‚Æ‚à‚Éç’·«‚ð팸‚·‚é‹@”\ 

‚ðŽ‚ÂƉžŒ`‚Ì‚¤‚¿A‚âPRO‚ðu–³Œ`ƉžŒ`v‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAthey‚âthemselves‚È‚Ç‚Ìu—LŒ`

ƉžŒ`v‚Æ‚Æ‚à‚ɉ¡‚È‚ç‚тłƂ炦‚Ä‚¢‚éBˆÈ‰ºA10), 11), 13), 14), 15)‚Í—LŒ`Ɖž
Œ`A12), 16) ‚ª–³Œ`ƉžŒ`‚Ì—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
        10) The candidates said that they would win.     [the candidates]
        11) The candidates hate [themselves/each other]. [the candidates]
        12) John persuaded Mary PRO to feed {*himself/herself}     [Mary]
        13) They broke a Chinese vase. That was valuable.[a Chinese vase]
        14) John borrowed $100 from me, and the bastard never paid me back.
                                                         [John]
        15) The tall boy in this room is younger than the one in that room.
                                                         [tall boy]

        16) Jack's old car runs better than Mary's .   [old car] 
‚±‚̂悤‚Éd•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚P‚Æ”‚Q‚ð‰¡•À‚тɂƂ炦‚é—§êicf.Bolinger)‚ÆA”‚Q‚Æ”‚R
‚ð‰¡•À‚тɂƂ炦‚é—§ê(cf.¡¼Eó–ìj‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚邪A‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Í”‚PA”‚QA”‚R‚ð‚R
‚Â‚Æ‚à‰¡•À‚тɂƂ炦‚é—§êicf.–q–ìj‚ð‚Æ‚éB

 ø¢11-1-NT-(D)@mæs–¼ŽŒ•s—v‚Ì‚`‚m‚`Œ`i‚h‚È‚Çjn 
       I ‚â you ‚È‚ÇA•K‚¸‚µ‚àƒeƒLƒXƒgã‚Å‚Í–¾‚ç‚©‚Èd•¡‚ªŒ©‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢i‚‚܂èA 
æs–¼ŽŒ‚ª‚È‚­A“Ë‘R“oê‚·‚éj‚à‚Ì‚à‚±‚±‚Å‚Í‚`‚m‚`Œ`‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤B‚»‚Ì——R‚Æ‚µ‚Ä 
ŽŸ‚Ì (i)`(iv)‚ðŽQÆ‚³‚ꂽ‚¢B
       (i)¡¼Eó–ìi1990, p.18)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
       Ɖž‚ÍA“Œê“I‚ɃRƒ“ƒgƒ|ƒ‹‚³‚ê‚éu•\‘wƉžv‚ÆŒê—p˜_“I‚ɃRƒ“ƒgƒ|ƒ‹‚³
‚ê‚éu[‘wƉžv‚É‘å•Ê‚³‚ê‚éB‚»‚µ‚ÄA‚h‚âyou‚Í[‘wƉž‚̈êŽí‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB‚Ü‚½A‚±
‚Ìu[‘wƉžv‚ÍAHalliday-Hasen ‚̘g‘g‚Ýicf.r–ØEˆÀˆä, pp.100-104)‚Å‚ÍuƒeƒN
ƒXƒg“àƉžiendophora)v‚ɑ΂·‚éuŠOŠEƉžiexophora)v‚É‚ ‚½‚é‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
        1) Halliday-Hasan(1976)‚̘g‘g‚Ý
                   anaphora
                   ^        _
         reference           substitution
       (“¯ˆê•¨ŽwŽ¦j          i‘ã—pj
      ^        _             ^        _
 exophora      endophora    one,does,       

 (ŠOŠEƉžj (ƒeƒNƒXƒg“àƉžj  so, etc.
—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È’k˜bƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Å‚ÍA
        2)  A:Did the gardener water my hydrangeas?
            B:He said so. 
ƒeƒNƒXƒg“àƉž‚Í He = the gardenerBŠOŠEƉž‚ÍHe = ‚`A‚a‚ª‚Æ‚à‚É’m‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é—¯Žç
”Ô‚ÌA—Ⴆ‚ÎAJohn‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
       (ii)van Hoek(pp.48-49)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
       morphology/syntax/discourse‚̃Jƒx‚ð‚Æ‚è‚Í‚ç‚Á‚½‚b‚f‚̘g‘g‚Ý‚Å‚ÍAuspeaker
‚Í‚·‚Å‚É discourse context ‚̈ꕔ‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚ÅiŒ¾Œê•\Œ»‚Æ‚µ‚ÄæsŽŒ‚Í•K—v‚È
‚­jAŽ©•ª‚ð objectively ‚É’ñŽ¦‚µ‚½‚¢‚Æ‚«‚¾‚¯ I ‚ðŽg‚킸 full noun phrase ‚ðŽg
‚¤vBŽŸ‚Ì—á‚̂悤‚ÉB
        3) Sometimes he can't believe what an idiot his father is.
           (his father ‚ð I ‚Æ‚µ‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Í his son's perspective ‚ð‚Æ‚è“ü‚ꂽ
             ‚©‚Á‚½‚©‚çj
       (iii)Bolinger, D.(1979, p.290)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
       ƒRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg‚ÅŽw‚µŽ¦‚³‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª–¾‚ç‚©‚ÈꇂÍAæs‚·‚é–¼ŽŒ‚ª‚È‚­‚Ä‚à‘ã
–¼ŽŒ‚ÍŽg‚í‚ê‚éB
        4) (Irate patient storms into office and accosts nurse) Where is he?
‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚̂悤‚È deictic use of the pronoun ‚̃P|ƒX(p.291)‚à‚ ‚éB
        5)  Who's he? (speaker points)
       Quirk et al.(1985, p.861)‚ª situational recoverability ‚ª‚ ‚é pro-form 
‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚鎟‚Ì—á‚à“¯‚¶‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
        6)  Is she badly hurt? 
       (iv)Bolinger, D.(1979, p.293)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
       ‚»‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚ª characterize ‚³‚ê‚éiPrior Identification, Familiarity ‚É’Ê‚¸
‚éjꇂɂÍæs‚·‚é–¼ŽŒ‚Í•s—vB
        7)a. *His pen is in John's pocket.
          b.  His pen is John's constant companion.
                   (Our picture of him is with pen in pocket)
       ‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAI, you ‚È‚Ç‚Í‚`‚m‚`Œ`‚Æ‚µ‚Ę_‚¸‚éB

 ø¢11-1-NT-(E)@m‚SŽí—Þ‚ÌF+/-d•¡A+/-‹`–±“In 

       “`“•¶–@‚Å‚¢‚¤ ellipsis ‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚Q‚‚̃^ƒCƒv‚ª‚ ‚éB

                 1)  Yes, they are ().                 +d•¡ opt.

                 2)  () Sorry I couldn't be there.     -d•¡ opt.

‚±‚̂悤‚É ellipsis ‚̃|ƒCƒ“ƒg‚Í recoverability ‚Å‚ ‚èA•K‚¸‚µ‚à repetition ‚Å 
‚Í‚È‚¢BŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ê‚ÎA ellipsis ‚Íí‚É optional ‚Å‚ ‚èAd•¡‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚È‚¢‚©‚Í–³ 
ŠÖŒW‚Å‚ ‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAQuirk et al.(1985, p.858)‚ÍA coordination ‚â subordination
 ‚È‚ÇStructure Expansion ‚ɑ΂·‚é Structure Reduction ‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä Pro-forms(12.8
-30) ‚Æ Ellipsis(12.331-70) ‚ðˆÊ’u‚¯‚éBŽŸ‚Ì 3-b) ‚Æ 3-c) ‚ª‚»‚Ì—á(p.82)‚Å‚ ‚éB
                3)a. unreduced       Yes, they ARE paying me for the work.
                  b. pro-form        Yes, they ARE doing so.
                  c. ellipsis        Yes, they ARE.
       Quirk et al.‚ÌŒ¾‚¤ ellipsis ‚ÍApro-form ‚Æ‚Æ‚à‚É reduction ‚Ì•ûô‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚Ì‚Q‚‚ÍAsyntax ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Å‚ ‚ê discourse ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Å‚ ‚êArecoverable
‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ª‘O’ñB
         Swan, M.(1995, pp.172-180)‚àA(i) to avoid repetition ‚Æ (ii)when the 
meaning can be understood without them  ‚Ì‚Q‚‚Ìꇂð‹æ•Ê‚¹‚¸“¯‚¶ellipsis ‚Ì—á
‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
    (i)‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAirepetition‚ ‚èj
        4)a. a knife and (a) fork    (p.172)
          b. Do you want large eggs?/No, I'll have small (eggs).  (p.173)
          c. I haven't paid./I haven't (paid) either.             (ibid.)
          d. Are you and Gillian getting married?/We hope to(...).(ibid.)
    (ii)‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAirepetition‚È‚­context‚ňӖ¡–¾‚ç‚©‚Èê‡j
        5)a. (Have you) seen Lucy?         (p.173)
          b. I knew (that) she didn't want to help me. (p.174)
          c. Start when (you are) ready.               (ibid.)  
          d. See you (on) Monday night.                (ibid.)

‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄASwan ‚Ì ellipsis ‚à‚Ü‚½A{recoverablei‚Íoptional)‚Å‚ ‚èA{d•¡

/|d•¡‚Ì—¼•û‚Ìê‡‚ð‚³‚·B
       ‹»–¡[‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ÉAThomas,A.L.(1979, pp.43-68) ‚ÍAd•¡‚Ì‚ ‚é‚à‚Ì‚ð ellipsisA
d•¡‚Ì‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚ð elision ‚ƌĂыæ•Ê‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB

         (i)d•¡‚ ‚èAoptional‚È<ellipsis>

        6)   A:Alf wants me to mend his car.

             B:I wouldn't  [mend his car/do so/]  if I were you.

        (ii)d•¡‚È‚µAoptional‚È<elision>

        7)  [/I'll]  see you later.

       Thomas ‚Ì ellipsis/elision ‚ªAd•¡‚ª‚ ‚é/‚È‚¢‚Í‚Æ‚à‚©‚­optional‚ȃӂðŽw 

‚·‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éˆÈãAd•¡‚Ì‚ ‚é^‚È‚¢‚Í‚Æ‚à‚©‚­ obligatory ‚È‚ð‚³‚ª‚·‚±‚Ƃ͈Ӗ¡‚ª

‚ ‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢BŒó•â‚Æ‚È‚é‚Ì‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì (iii) ‚Æ (iv)‚Å‚ ‚éB

       (iii)d•¡‚ ‚èAobligatory ‚È

        8)a. something to drink 

          b. be-en + VZ +  

          c. the book which I bought    yesterday

          d. What do  you think  of it?

        (iv)d•¡‚È‚µAobligatory ‚È

        9)a. two sheep+

          b. We-work+-on Saturdays.

          c. [/*To] Turn off the tap was all I did.(Quirk, et al. 1985, p.1067)

                  cf.[*/That] John told a lie is obvious.

       Œ‹‹ÇA‚É‚ÍAd•¡‚É‚æ‚趂¸‚é‚à‚Ì‚ÆAd•¡‚É‚æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚èA‚³‚ç‚É‚»

‚ꂼ‚ê‚É‹`–±“I‚È‚à‚Ì‚Æ”CˆÓ“I‚È‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚Îd•¡‚É‚æ‚éê‡A

d•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚R‚¾‚¯‚ª“K—p‚³‚ê‚éê‡A‚Í‹`–±“I‚Æ‚È‚èA”‚RˆÈŠO‚É‚à”‚P‚│Q‚ª

“K—p‚³‚ê‚éꇂɂÍA ‚Í”CˆÓ“I‚Æ‚È‚éB“¯—l‚ÉAd•¡‚É‚æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚ÌꇂɂàA‹`–±

“I‚ÈꇂƔCˆÓ“I‚Èꇂª‘¶Ý‚·‚éB

 ø¢11-2-NT-(A)@m”‚P and/or ”‚Q and/or ”‚Rn 
       d•¡‚ª‹N‚±‚é‚ÆA”‚P`”‚R‚Ì“à‚Ì‚P‚ÂA‚Q‚ÂA‚Ü‚½‚Í‚R‚‚ª“K—p‚³‚ê‚éB‚±‚Ì
‚±‚Æ‚ÍA‚`‚m‚`Œ`‚ÌoŒ»i”‚Q‚Ì“K—pj‚É‚Í optional ‚Èê‡‚Æ obligatory ‚Ìꇂª
‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚éB

        1) My car isn't working.  I'll have to buy a new [car/one/*]. #1 or #2

        2) My car isn't working.  I'll have to use Mary's [car/*one/].#1 or #3

        3) My car isn't working.  I'll have to abandon [it/*].        #2

        4) A:Do you want large eggs?

           B:No, I'll have small [eggs/ones/].                     #1,#2or#3

        5) A:John lost his claim tag.

           B:[John/He/]  lost his WHAT?                            #1,#2or#3

       Œ‹‹ÇA”‚P`”‚R‚Ì‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚Ì‘I‘ð‚É‚ÍA‚»‚Ìud•¡v‚ª‚Ç‚Ì‚­‚ç‚¢ clumsy ‚Å
u‚¤‚Á‚Æ‚¤‚µ‚¢v‚©‚ªŠÖ‚í‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚ê‚Í•¶–¬‚âƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€«‚Æ
[‚­ŠÖ‚í‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚ÆŽv‚í‚êAŒ»Žž“_‚Å‚Ìà“¾—Í‚ ‚郋[ƒ‹‰»‚͂ނ‚©‚µ‚¢BŽŸ‚̂悤‚È
“‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB

        6)a. I washed */my face.        [:0%/my:100%]

          b. I skipped /my breakfast.   [:60%/my:40%]

          c. I went to /?my school.     [:90%/my:10%]

‰E’[‚Ì“‚ÍAŽ„‚̃Cƒ“ƒtƒH[ƒ}ƒ“ƒg‚̂ЂƂè(Alec:030214)‚É‚æ‚épossibility in context
(„’èj‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢11-2-NT-(B)@md•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚Q‚Æ”‚R‚Ìì—pˆæn 
        d•¡‚ª‹N‚±‚é‚ÆA‚»‚Ìd•¡•”•ª‘S‚Ä‚ªd•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚Q^”‚R‚Ìì—pˆæ‚Æ‚È‚éê
‡‚ÆA‚»‚̈ꕔ‚Ì‚Ý‚ªì—pˆæ‚Æ‚È‚éꇂª‚ ‚éB
       (i) d•¡•”•ª‘S‚Ä‚ª”‚Q^”‚R‚Ìì—pˆæ‚Æ‚È‚éê‡B
               1)‚ÍLobeck,A.(p.53)‚Ì—áB2)‚Æ3)‚Í¡¼Eó–ìip.12)‚Ì—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
       1)a. [Books by Chomsky] are on sale at Barnes and Noble and 
              Carrie wants to buy them.
         b.*[Books by Chomsky] are on sale at Barnes and Noble and 
              Carrie wants to buy them by this well-known linguist.
       2) The tall boy in this room is younger than the one
          in that room. (one:=tall boy, =/=boy)

       3) Jack's old car runs better than Mary's .

                           (:=old car, =/=car) 

       (ii)d•¡•”•ª‚̈ꕔ‚ª”‚Q^”‚R‚Ìì—pˆæ‚Æ‚È‚éê‡B
               ŽŸ‚Ì4)‚ÍHuddleston & Pullum(p.1538)A5)‚ÍMcCawley,J.D.i1988, 
               p.210j‚©‚ç‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
       4) A:Jill has misspelt our name.
          B:So she has!

       5)a.  Fred must have been singing songs, and Nancy must  too.

         b.  Fred must have been singing songs, and Nancy must have  too.

         c.  Fred must have been singing songs, and Nancy must have been 
             too.

 ø¢11-3-NT-(A)@mlÌ‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ÌŒë—pn 
         Felix & Hahn(pp.223-238) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚P‚X‚W‚O”NA‰pŒê‚ð‹³Žº‚ÅŠw‚ÔƒhƒCƒc
l¶“ki‚P‚OÎ`‚P‚RÎj‚V‚O–¼‚Ì‘ã–¼ŽŒilÌ‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Æ‚»‚ÌŠ—LŠij‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éŒë—p‚ð
’²‚ׂ½Œ‹‰ÊA
           case > number > person > gender
‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½features ‚ÌŠK‘wihierarchyj‚ª‚ ‚Á‚½‚Æ‚¢‚¤Bip.223)
   (i) «igender)‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é‚à‚Ì  ‚S‚WD‚R‚Q“ip.232)
         —áFa) A:Has your mother a car-key, too?/B:Yes, he has.
             b)   He is in her room.
   (ii) lÌiperson)‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚R‚OD‚O‚O“
         —áFa) A:Have you a coat?/B:No, she hasn't.
             b)   She has a handbag in your hand.
‚ª‘½‚­B
   (iii) ”inumber)‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é‚à‚Ì  ‚P‚OD‚O‚O“
         —áFa) A:Why was he no longer there?/B:They was escaped.
             b)   The farmers sell his goods.
   (iv) lÌ‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ÆŠ—LŠi‚ÌŒë—p    ‚VD‚T“
         —áF     Are your at home?
   (v) Šiicase)‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é‚à‚Ì      ‚SD‚P‚U“
         —áF     I can't remember he.
‚ª­‚È‚©‚Á‚½B‚±‚ê‚ç‚̃f[ƒ^‚ÍA”팱ŽÒ‚½‚¿‚ÌL‚P‚ªƒhƒCƒcŒê‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ðl‚¦‚é‚Æ
‹»–¡[‚¢B
         ‚Ü‚½AFillmore, C.(1976)‚É‚ÍA‚·‚ׂĂ̑㖼ŽŒ‚Ì‘ã‚í‚è‚É'she'‚ðŽg‚¤Žq‹Ÿ‚Ì
—Ⴊ‚ ‚èAFelix, S.W.(1977,1979)‚É‚ÍA‰Šú‚É‚Í[{pronoun]‚Æ‚¢‚¤‘f«‚µ‚©‚È‚¢i‚µ
‚½‚ª‚Á‚Ä‚ ‚é‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ª‘¼‚Ì‘S‚Ä‚Ì‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ì‘ã—p‚ð‚·‚éjŽžŠú‚ª‚ ‚éA‚Ƃ̃Œƒ|[ƒg‚ª‚ ‚é
‚Æ‚¢‚¤B(p.229)

 ø¢11-3-NT-(B)@m‚m0‚̈ʒu ¨ ŽåŠin 
        “ú–{l‚É‚Æ‚Á‚Ä«E”ElÌ‚ÌƉž‚ÍA“ú–{Œê‚É‚à•„‡‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚邽‚ß
(ship-she/her‚Ȃǂނ‚©‚µ‚¢‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚邪j‚»‚¤‚ނ‚©‚µ‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B‚½‚¾‚µA
Ši‚ÌŠT”O‚Í“ú–{Œê‚ł͉pŒê‚̂悤‚Ȍꇂł͂Ȃ­A-wa, -o‚È‚Ç•ŽŒ‚Ì•t‰Á‚Å•\‚³‚ê
‚邽‚ß‚»‚ÌK“¾‚͂ނ‚©‚µ‚¢‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
            1) John-wa Mary-o butta.
               (John)  (Mary)  (hit)
            2) Mary-wa John-o butta.
               (Mary)  (John)  (hit)
            3) kare-wa kanojo-o butta.
               (he)    (her)     (hit)
            4) kanojo-wa kare-o butta.
               (she)     (him)   (hit)
         ˆê•û‚ÅAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å•K—v‚Æ‚³‚ê‚é‚Ì‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È•¶i‚rj‚ÅA
              5) John gave Mary a buquet with a card.
                  ‚m0       ‚m1     ‚m2           ‚m3
‚m0 ‚̈ʒu‚ÅŽg‚í‚ê‚é‚`‚m‚`Œ`iI, he, she, we, they ‚È‚Çj‚Æ‚m1`3‚̈ʒu‚ÅŽg‚í‚ê‚é
‚`‚m‚`Œ`ime, him, her, us, them‚È‚Çj‚Æ‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚¾‚¯‚Å‚ ‚éB‚µ‚©‚àAÅ‹ß‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì
—á‚̂悤‚É‚»‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚àˆê•”‰ö‚µ‚­‚È‚Á‚Ä‚«‚Ä‚¢‚é‹C”z‚ª‚ ‚éB
            6)a. Silly me!/*Silly I!
              b. Silly I did that. 
              c. Silly me did that.
            7) It's me.
            8) Who do you like?
       ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íu‚m0‚̈ʒu‚ÅŽg‚í‚ê‚éŒ`v‚ðuŽåŠivAu‚m1`3‚̈ʒu‚ÅŽg‚í‚ê‚é
Œ`v‚ðu–Ú“IŠiv‚ƌĂÔB

 ø¢11-3-NT-(C)@m‚`‚m‚`{‚m ¨ •›Œ`‘Ô‘fHn 
          ‚`‚m‚`{‚m ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ķ‚Ü‚ê‚é‚¢‚í‚ä‚élÌ‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Í‚ ‚­‚Ü‚ÅŽå
Œ`‘Ô‘f‚Ì‚m‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚í‚ê‚邪A‚Ç‚¿‚ç‚©‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚Ε›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚É‹ß‚¢‘¶Ý‚Å‚ ‚éB‚»‚Ì‚¢‚­‚Â
‚©‚Ì——RB
          (i)•p“x
           Hofland&Johansson(1982)‚ÌLOB RANK LIST ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAI-my-me, we-our-us, 
you-your, he-his-him, she-her, it-its, ‚Ì‚·‚ׂĂª Frequency Order ‚Ì‚P‚P‚PˆÊ‚Ü‚Å
‚É“ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAit (10010‰ñj‚Í‚P‚OˆÊAyour(853‰ñj‚ª‚P‚P‚PˆÊBˆê•ûA‚±‚ê
‚ç‚Í‘‚«Œ¾—t‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Í salilent ‚Å‚àA˜b‚µŒ¾—t‚Å‚Í–Ú—§‚½‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢B‚»‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å
‚ÍŽåŒ`‘Ô‘f‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚æ‚è‚Í•›Œ`‘Ô‘f‚É‹ß‚¢‘¶Ý‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚éB
         (ii)ƒXƒgƒŒƒX‚Ì‚È‚¢–Ú“IŠi‚ÌlÌ‘ã–¼ŽŒ
           Baker,C.L.(1989, p.196)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAunstressed pronouns ‚Í Verbs ‚©‚ç
separete ‚Å‚«‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤ƒ‹|ƒ‹‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
               1)a.  Jane gave the book to Freddy.
                 b.  Jane gave Freddy the book.
                 c.  Jane gave it to Freddy.
                 d. *Jane gave Freddy it.
            ‚Ü‚½A‚m‚ª unstressed pronouns ‚Ìꇂ¾‚¯ shifted order ‚ª‚¾‚ß‚ÅA
stressed ‚ÌꇂÍOK‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
               2)a. We put the refrigerator back.
                 b. We put back the refrigerator.
                 c. We put it back.
                 d.*We put back it.
               3)a. Janice called HIM up.
                 b. Janice called up HIM.
        (iii)ŽåŠi‚ÌlÌ‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Í‹@”\ŒêH
            Peters,A.M.(p.471) ‚ÍA"criticizable" ‚Æ’f‚í‚è‚È‚ª‚ç‚àAsignalling
head-of-phrase ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAsubject pronoun ‚ð det, aux, prep ‚È‚Ç‚Ì‚¢‚í‚ä‚é 
function words ‚Æ“¯—ñ‚Ɉµ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB
          ‚Ü‚½A‚b‚f‚Å‚Íivan Hoek, pp.56ff)Aß‚Ì’†‚Å‚Í subject  ‚Í primary 
reference point ‚Å‚ ‚èA‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì nominals ‚ð‚»‚Ì domain ‚Ì’†‚ÉŽ‚ÂB direct 
object ‚Í secondary reference point ‚Å‚ ‚è...‚±‚Ì conceptual path ‚Í nominals
ŠÔ‚¾‚¯‚Å‚È‚­ higher-level clauses ‚©‚ç embedded ones‚Ö‚Æ‘±‚­...B‚Ü‚½A
possessor ‚ª starting point ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚m‚o‚ðƒŠ|ƒhiground)‚·‚é‚悤‚É subject ‚Í
clause‚ðƒŠ|ƒh‚·‚éB(p.65)

 ø¢11-4-NT-(A)@m-self/-selvesŒ`n 
       ¡¼Eó–ì(pp.28-30)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì1)`4)‚̂悤‚ÈAæsŽŒ‚ªÆ‰žŒ`‚̶‹N‚·
‚铯ˆê•¶“à‚É‚È‚­‚Ăଗ§‚·‚éƉžŠÖŒW‚ÍŽ©—RƉž(free anaphora)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB
        1) John finally realized that he was unpopular.
        2) I spoke to John yesterday. He finally realized that Mary was 
            unpopular.       
        3)a. Although Mary's cat ate a hole in Fred's coat, it didn't bother 
             him.
          b. When did Mary's cat eat a hole in Fred's coat?
             I think it happened in New Year's  Eve.[it=Mary's cat ate...]

        4)a. My father wanted me to help Mary while John didn't .

          b. My father wanted me to help Mary. My brother did , too.

                             [  = want me to help Mary]

         ‚»‚ê‚ɑ΂µAÄ‹A‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚â‘ŠŒÝ‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚̂悤‚ÉæsŽŒ‚ªÆ‰žŒ`‚̶‹N‚·‚铯ˆê
•¶“à‚É‚ ‚éꇂɂµ‚©¬—§‚µ‚È‚¢ŠÖŒW‚ÍA‘©”›Æ‰ž(bound anaphora)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB
(cf.Halke 1973,Chomsky 1975)B‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAChomsky, N.(1981,1986a)‚Ì’ñˆÄ‚·‚é‘©”›—
˜_(binding theory)‚Å‚ÍAƉžŒ`ianaphora)‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‚ð‘©”›Æ‰žŒ`‚ðŽw‚·ê‡‚ÉŒÀ‚Á‚Ä
Žg‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB
          ‰pŒê‚ÌÄ‹A‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚éBi¡¼Eó–ìAp.186)
        5)a. John saw himself in the mirror.
          b. John killed himself.
          c. John was pleased when a picture of himself appeared in the
             morning newspaper.
          d. This book was written by John and myself.
          e. John himself cooked supper.
          f. John cooked supper himself.
          g. John cooked supper by himself.

 ø¢11-4-NT-(B)@m-selfŒ`‚ðŽg‚í‚È‚¢ê‡n 
         “¯ˆê•¶’†‚Å-selfŒ`‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢ƒP[ƒX‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB
            (i) -self Œ`‚ÍŽåŠi‚Å‚ÍŽg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢B
               1)  *John thinks that himself is clever.   (Borsley,R.D., p.175)
           (ii) -self Œ`‚ÍŠ—LŠi‚Å‚ÍŽg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢B
                   2)  I saw it with my (own) eyes.           (ˆÀˆäA1982, p.213)
          (iii) ‹óŠÔ“IŠÖŒW‚ð‚ ‚ç‚í‚·Žž -selfŒ`‚ÍŽg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢i‚±‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚éj
           icf.Jespersen, O. 1933:112, Quirk et al. 1972:211-213)B     
                   3) She drew the box towards her.           (ˆÀˆäA1982, ‚.212)
        ‹v–ì(p.67) ‚ÍA–¼ŽŒ‚ªusˆ×‚Ì’¼Ú‚̃^[ƒQƒbƒgidirect recipients or 
targets of the actions) ‚Ìê‡‚É -selfŒ`‚ª‹N‚±‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤ semantic constraints ‚ð
’ñˆÄ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì 4-a) ‚Å‚ÍAJohn ‚ÍŽ©•ªŽ©g‚ðƒ[ƒv‚Å‚µ‚΂Á‚Ä‚¢‚é
‚ªA4-b) ‚Å‚ÍAƒ[ƒv‚ÍJohn ‚Ìg‘Ì‚ÉG‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢A‚Æ‚·‚éB
              4)a. John strung the rope around himself.
                b. John strung the rope around him.
        ‚½‚¾‚µA‘O’uŽŒ‚ª”äšg“I‚ȈӖ¡‚ðŽ‚ÂꇂɂÍA•K‚¸Ä‹A‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ª¶‹N‚µ‚È‚¯
‚ê‚΂Ȃç‚È‚¢BiQuirk et al.1985, p.360j
              5) She was beside [*her/herself] with rage.
           (iv) —˜ŠQ‚Ì—^Ši‚Å‚Í myself ‚ª me ‚ɂȂ邱‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚éB
              6) I'm 118, and I'm staying that way until I find me a man.
                                                      iӻЯAp.56j
            (v) •¡•¶’†‚Ì -selfŒ`‚Í‚È‚¢                 (ˆÀˆä, 1982, p.214)
              7)a.  Mary told me that Jane washed herself(=Jane).
                b.  Mary told me that Jane washed her(=Mary).
‚·‚È‚í‚¿A7-a) ‚É‚¨‚¯‚é herself‚ª‚Ç‚Ìæs–¼ŽŒ‚ðŽó‚¯‚é‚©‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ÍA‚±‚Ìê‡A
thatß‚Ì’†‚ÅŒvŽZ‚³‚ê‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚ÄAthatß‚ð‰z‚¦‚½•¶‘S‘Ì‚Ì’†‚ÅŒvŽZ‚³‚ê‚é‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È 
‚¢B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì8)‚Í”ñ•¶‚Æ‚È‚éB
              8) *Mary told me that John washed herself(=Mary).
          ‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA ŽŸ‚Ì9-a)‚Æ9-b)‚ÍApersuade, promise‚ÌŒã‚Ì ‚m{to‚u Œ`‚ª‚Ç
‚Ì‚­‚ç‚¢u•¶i‚rj‚Á‚Û‚¢v‚©‚ðŽ¦‚·—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‹»–¡[‚¢B
              9)a. John persuaded Mary to defend [herself/*himself].
                b. John promised Mary to defend [himself/*herself].
                                                (Borsley, R.D., p.175)

 ø¢11-5-NT-(A)@mone/it/so/each othern 
          ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍAone/it/so/each other‚È‚Ç‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯‚Íd—v‚Å‚ ‚éB
       (i) <one>
          one ‚ÍŠùo‰ÂŽZ–¼ŽŒ‚Ì‚`‚m‚`Œ`‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽg‚í‚ê‚éB
                   1) I don't like this pen. Show me a better one.(=pen) 
                                                (ˆÀˆäA1982, p.222j
                   2) A:Have you seen a flying saucer?
                      B:No, I haven't seen [one/*it].
      (ii) <each other  vs  them  vs  themselves>
           ¡¼Eó–ì(p.32)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA“¯ˆê•¶“à‚Å‚Q‚‚̖¼ŽŒ‹å‚ª“¯ˆêŽwŽ¦“I‚É—p‚¢‚ç
‚ê‚éê‡A ...Ž©—RƉž‚Æ‚È‚é‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ª¶‹N‚·‚éŠÂ‹«‚Æ‘©”›Æ‰ž‚Æ‚È‚éÄ‹A‘ã–¼ŽŒA
‘ŠŒÝ‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚ª ¶‹N‚·‚éŠÂ‹«‚ÍAˆê”Ê“I‚É‚ÍA‘Š•â•ª•z(complementary distribution)
‚𬂷‚Æ‚¢‚¤Bicf.Huang 1983, Bouchard 1985)
        3)a. They turned the arguments against [themselves/each other/*them].
          b. They turned the friends against [*themselves/*each other/them].
          c. They saw snakes near [*themselves/each other/them].
          d. They carried some food with [*themselves/*each other/them].
     (iii) <do so  vs  do it>
          Huddleston & Pullum(p.1532)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAdo so ‚̓CƒfƒCƒIƒ€Ado it ‚Í
u‘¼“®«v‚ðŽ‚¿AƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€‚Å‚È‚¢B
        4) When the tree fell, it  [did so/*did it] with a loud crash.

 ø¢11-5-NT-(B)@m by ”‚Q or ”‚RHn 

       ŽŸ‚̂悤‚Èto‚ÍA(i)d•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚Q‚ÌŒ‹‰ÊiANA+toV¨to)‚Æ‚àA(ii)d•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹

”‚R‚ÌŒ‹‰ÊitoV¨to+)‚Æ‚àl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB

       1) You don't have to eat it if you don't want to. (]ìAp.328)
       2) He persisted in interrupting me, though I asked him not to.
       3) Will you come and see us one evening?/Yes, I'll be glad to.(ibid. p.329)

 ø¢11-5-NT-(C)@m‚`‚m‚`Œ`‚Æì—pˆæ‚Æ‚Ì•iŽŒ•„‡n 
          –{•¶‚̗ᕶ(27)‚ÅAthere ‚Íæs‚·‚é to Denver ‚ɑ΂·‚é‚`‚m‚`Œ`‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¢
‚ª‚½‚¢B‚Þ‚µ‚ëAto Denver ¨  Denver ¨  in Denver ¨ there ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓŽ¯‚Ì—¬‚ê‚©‚ç
¶‚܂ꂽ‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éBŒ»ŽÀ‚É‚ÍA‚±‚̂悤‚Éæsì—pˆæ‚ÆƉžŒ`‚Ì•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[
(•iŽŒj‚ɃYƒŒ‚ª¶‚¶‚邱‚Æ‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚΂ ‚éB
              1)  She had expected to find the church empty, but three
                  women were there.    (Huddleston & Pullum, p.1463)
              2)A:Are they putting the price up?
                B:I think so.                (ibid, p.1536)
              3)  Employment in sevices of one kind or another may be
                  expected to increase as the towns approach maturity;
                  indeed, in the country generally the proportion of
                  people so employed is growing steadily. (ibid, p.1538) 

 ø¢11-6-NT-(A)@mŒã•ûƉž“Iicataphoricjni=backward anaphoraj 
         uŒã•ûƉž“Ivicataphoric) ‚ÍA‘å’ËE’†“‡(p.168)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAQuirk et al.
(1972, $$4.36, 10.63-70)“™‚Ì—pŒêB‘O•ûƉžianaphoricj‚ªŠùo‚Ì•\Œ»‚ðŽwŽ¦‚·‚é‚Ì
‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄAŒã‘±‚Ì•\Œ»‚ðŽwŽ¦‚·‚éBŽŸ‚̂悤‚Èit‚ª‚»‚Ì“TŒ^“I‚È—á‚Å‚ ‚éB
              1)a.  It's delicious, this coffee.(ˆÀˆäA1982, p.208)
                b.  This coffee is delicious.
          ‚Ü‚½AˆÀˆäi1982, pp.207ff)‚ÍAˆê”Ê“I‚É‚ÍA1-b)‚©‚ç1-a)‚ªì‚ç‚ê‚é‚Æ‚·
‚éB‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚Ì 2), 3) ‚Å‚ÍA
              2)a. It pleases me to read the novel.
                b. To read the novel pleases me.
              3)a. It seems that John is ill in bed.
                b.*That John is ill in bed seems.
2-b)‚©‚ç2-a)‚ÍoptionalA3-b)‚©‚ç3-a)‚Íobligatory‚ÌŠO’u•ÏŒ`iExtraposition
transformationj‚É‚æ‚éB
          ‚½‚¾‚µAit ‚ªŽg‚¦‚È‚¢ê‡‚âA•K‚¸ it ‚ðŽg‚¤ê‡‚à‚ ‚éB
             4)a. Did you find out that the check was bad?
               b.*Did you find it out that the check was bad?
             5)a. I resent it that she did that. 
               b.*I resent that she did that.
‚»‚±‚ÅAŒã•ûƉž‚ÍA’P‚È‚é”CˆÓ‚Ì‘I‘ðŽˆ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­A“Á’è‚̃‚ƒ`ƒx|ƒVƒ‡ƒ“‚É‚æ‚é‚Æ‚·‚é
•¶–@‰Æ‚à‚¢‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎABolinger, D.(1977, pp.66-71)‚ÍAã‚Ì 4) ‚â 5) ‚©‚çAuit 
‚ÍŠùo‚ÌŽ–•¿‚ÉŒ¾‹y‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚«‚É—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚év‚Æà–¾‚·‚éB
          ‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAHuddleston and Pullum(p.1413)‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É(i) right 
dislocation ‚Æ (ii) extraposition ‚ð‹æ•Ê‚µ‚Ä’ñŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邪A‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA“¯‚¶Œã•û
Ɖž‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ĂƂ炦‚éB
            6)a. It annoyed us both, having to do the calculations by hand.
                                                [right dislocation]
              b. It annoyed us both that we had to do the calculations by hands.
                                                       [extraposition]

 ø¢11-6-NT-(B)@m‹ts”‚Ribackward jHn 

          ‹ts”‚Qibackward ANA)‚Ìit‚Æ‘ÎÆ“I‚ÉA‹ts”‚R(backward )‚Æ‚Å‚àŒ¾‚¦
‚éŒ`‚ª‚ ‚éB

        1) The black   and the white dog are both large. 

        2) If you can , send me a postcard when you arrive. (Swan, M. p.179)

        3) With  or without sugar?

               cf. With sugar or without ?

        4) How much does it cost to go to  and come back from the beach?

        5) You can  and should go.
             ‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAMcCawley,J.D.(1988, p.526)‚Í‚Q‚ˆÈã‚Ì•¶i‚rj‚ª and ‚É
‚æ‚Á‚ÂȂª‚ꂽŽž‚ÌŠÈ—ª‰»(simplifying)‚Ì•û–@‚ðŽŸ‚Ì‚æ‚¤‚É‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚éB
         (i)Gapping

         6)a.  Alice ordered turnips, Ed  artichokes, and Bernice  zucchini.
         (ii)Stripping

         6)b.  Fred sent a nasty letter to the president, and  a bomb too.
         (iii)Right node raising

         6)c.  Joan sells , and Fred knows a man who repairs, washing machines.
 r–ØEˆÀˆäip.579, p.1399, p.1278)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAgapping ‚Í Ross, J.R.(1967)‚ÌA
stripping ‚Í Hankamer-Sag(1976)‚ÌAright node raising ‚Í Postal, P.M.(1974)‚â
Bresnan, J.W. (1974)‚Ì—pŒê‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA6-a), 6-b)‚Í”‚R‚ÌA6-c)‚Í
‹ts”‚R‚Ì—á‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB

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