‘æIIIÍ@“®ŽŒ‚ÌŠg[ y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz

‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚P‚S@@‚uŠg[Žq{is}: PROGibe-ingj

 ø¢14-1-NT@m‚uŠg[Žq{is}ibe-ingjn 
@@@@@‚¢‚í‚ä‚éuisŒ`v‚ÍAJespersen, O.(1931/61, p.164)‚Å‚Í expanded tenses
‚ƌĂ΂êAOnions, C.T.(1904, p.112/1971, p.104)‚Å‚Í continuous tenses ‚ƌĂ΂ꎞ
§‚̂ЂƂ‚Ƃµ‚ĂƂ炦‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éBicf.Scheffer, J. p.1)‚µ‚©‚µA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAis
Œ`‚Í“®ŽŒi‚u)‚ªoisp‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚Â”CˆÓ‚Ì‚uŠg[Žq be-ing ‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŠg[‚³‚ê‚Ó‚­‚ç
‚ñ‚¾Œ`‚Æ‚µ‚ĂƂ炦‚ç‚ê‚éB

 ø¢14-2-NT@mis•ªŽŒn 
@@@@@ˆÀˆäi1994, p.618) ‚ÍA“`““I‚È—pŒêuŒ»Ý•ªŽŒv(present participle)
‚Æu‰ß‹Ž•ªŽŒvipast participlej‚ÍAu•K‚¸‚µ‚àŒ»Ý•ªŽŒ‚ªŒ»ÝŽž‚ðA‰ß‹Ž•ªŽŒ‚ª‰ß
‹Ž‚ÌŽž‚ð•\‚·‚킯‚ł͂Ȃ¢v‚Ì‚Åu’P‚É•ª—Þã‚̃Œƒbƒeƒ‹‚Å‚ ‚é‚É‚·‚¬‚È‚¢v‚Æ‚µA
striking, having struck ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚ðu”\“®‘Ô•ªŽŒvAstruck, being struck ‚̂悤
‚ÈŒ`‚ðuŽó“®‘Ô•ªŽŒv‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éB
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA
        @@@1) Dad is doing the dishes now.
‚ÅA
        @@@2)a.  is ... ingFPRS + ‚uŠg[Žqoisp(be-ing)
                b.  doing the dishesF‚uingŒ`
                c.  doingFis•ªŽŒ
‚ƂȂéBˆÓ–¡‚̂܂Ƃ܂肩‚猾‚¦‚Î be-ing ‚ªAŒ`‚̂܂Ƃ܂肩‚猾‚¦‚ÎAiŒê‚â‹å‚ð‚È
‚·A‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚Åj‚uing Œ`‚âis•ªŽŒ‚ª‚í‚©‚è‚â‚·‚¢BŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ɂƂÁ‚Ä‚æ‚è—LŒø‚È
‚Ì‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚uŠg[Žqoisp‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚é‘OŽÒ‚Ì•û‚Å‚ ‚邯Žv‚¤B(cf.13-3-NT-(A))

 ø¢14-3-NT-(A)@mis‘Š‚Ì‚¢‚ë‚¢‚ë‚ȈӖ¡n 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAbe-ing ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•\‚³‚ê‚éˆÓ–¡‚ðA
        @@@  (i)   isi’†‚Ì“®ìj
        @@@ (ii)   ”½•œ“®ì
        @@@(iii) iŽè”zς݂ÌjŠm’è–¢—ˆ
               (iv)   •s–žE‰Õ—§‚¿
‚Ƃ܂Ƃ߂½‚ªA‚±‚ê‚͈ȉº‚̂悤‚ȼ”gipp.112ff)‚ðŽQl‚É‚µ‚½‚à‚̂ł ‚éB
                (i)   is’†‚Ì “®ì
               (ii)   Œp‘±‚Ü‚½‚Í ”½•œ“®ì
              (iii)   Kе“I“®ì‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í“Á’¥“I‚È‚­‚¹ 
               (iv)   ‹ß‚¢ –¢—ˆ‚É ‚¨‚¢‚Ä ŽÀŒ»‚·‚é“®ì
@@@@@‚»‚Ì‘¼ALeech, G.N.(1971, p.15;1987, p.19) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
         @@@ (i)is‘Š‚Ì•\Œ»‚ÍAo—ˆŽ–‚ðˆø‚«L‚΂µ‚Äistretchjq‚ׂé‹@”\‚ð
                   ‚à‚ÂiLeech, 1971, p.15;1987, p.19)
                @@@1) He is opening the door.
              (ii) Œp‘±‚ªuˆêŽž“I‚ÈŒp‘±v(limited duration)‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ð•\‚·‹@”\
                   ‚ð‚à‚ÂiLeech, 1971, p.15;1987, p.19)
                      2) He is living in London.
             (iii) o—ˆŽ–‚ª–¢Š®Œ‹‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚·icf.Leech,1971,1987;Close,
                   1975. pp.244,246;Quirk et al.,1985,p.198)
                      3) He is digging a hole.
‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@‚Ü‚½A—é–ØEˆÀˆäò(1994, p.229)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‰pŒê‚Ìis‘ЂɂÍA‘å‚«‚­–¢—ˆA
‰ß’öAKе‚Ì‚R‚‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª‚ ‚èA
              4)a. Tomorrow, we're bombing a French mission.       (–¢—ˆ)
                b. At the moment, we're bombing a French mission.  (‰ß’ö)
                c. Nowadays, we're bombing a French mission.       (Kе)
–¢—ˆ‚̈Ӗ¡‚Åis‘Š‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é“®ŽŒ‚ÍA‰ß’öAKе‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å‚àis‘Š‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚Æ
‚ª‚Å‚«‚éB‚±‚ê‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄA5)‚ÉŒ©‚邿‚¤‚ÉA‰ß’ö‚̈Ӗ¡‚Åis‘Š‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é“®ŽŒ
‚ÍAKе‚̈Ӗ¡‚Åis‘Š‚ðŽæ‚é‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ä‚àA–¢—ˆ‚̈Ӗ¡‚Åis‘Š‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é
‚Ƃ͌À‚ç‚È‚¢B
              5)a. *Tomorrow, John is expecting Mary to win in October.  (–¢—ˆj
                b.  At the moment, John is expecting Mary to win in October.
                                                                        i‰ß’öj
                c.  Nowadays, John is expecting Mary to win in October. iKеj
‚³‚ç‚ÉA6)‚É‚Ý‚é‚æ‚¤‚ÉAKе‚̈Ӗ¡‚Åis‘Š‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚È‚¢“®ŽŒ‚ÍA–¢—ˆA‰ß’ö
‚Ì‚¢‚¸‚ê‚̈Ӗ¡‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä‚àis‘Š‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
@@          6)a. *Tomorrow, John is knowing the right answer.         i–¢—ˆj
                b. *At the moment, John is knowing the right answer.    i‰ß’öj
                c. *Nowadays, John is knowing the right answer.         iKеj
‚±‚̂悤‚ÉAis‘Š‚Ì¶‹N‚Æ‚¢‚¤–â‘è‚ðA4)-6) ‚ł݂½‚悤‚ÉA–¢—ˆA‰ß’öAKе‚Æ
‚¢‚¤‚R‚‚̈Ӗ¡‚ÉŠî‚¢‚Äl‚¦‚邯7)‚É‚Ý‚é‚æ‚¤‚ÈAis‘Š‚Ì¶‹N‚̈Ӗ¡“IðŒ‚Æ‚µ
‚ÄAˆê’è‚̊܈ӊ֌W‚ª‚Ý‚ç‚ê‚éBicf.Sag, I.A. in Bailey and Shuy(eds.), 1973,
pp.83-95)
            7)–¢—ˆ‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å  ½    ‰ß’ö‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å   ½     Kе‚̈Ӗ¡‚Å
              isŒ`‚ª‰Â”\        isŒ`‚ª‰Â”\          isŒ`‚ª‰Â”\
@@@@@‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉA—é–ØEˆÀˆäò‚Ì‚¢‚¤u–¢—ˆv‚É‚Íu‚·‚łɎè”zς݂Ŋm’肵‚Ä‚¢
‚évip.201)‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠÜˆÓ‚ª‚ ‚èA‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚Ä•sŠm’è«‚ð•\‚·•\Œ»‚Ƃ͋¤‹N‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
            8) *Perhaps, he is leaving tomorrow.  (p.202)
       @‚Ü‚½A‘O‚à‚Á‚ÄŒv‰æ‚Å‚«‚È‚¢Ž–•¿‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAis‘Š‚ð—p‚¢‚Ä–¢—ˆ‚ð•\‚·
‚±‚Ƃ͂ł«‚È‚¢B
            9) *Tomorrow, it's raining.

 ø¢14-3-NT-(B)@mis‘Š‚ÌŠî–{“I‚ȈӖ¡n 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAisŒ`‚ÌŠî–{“I‚ȈӖ¡‚ðoisp‚Å‚ ‚邯‚܂Ƃ߂½‚ªA‚±‚ê‚É
‚‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA‚»‚Ì‘¼‚ÉoŽžŠÔ“I˜gpitime-frame, Jespersen, O. 1909-49)Ao”ñKеp
iHill, 1958)AoŒÀ‚ç‚ꂽŒp‘±p(limited duration, Twaddell, 1960)Ao–¢Š®Œ‹p
(imperfective, Leech, 1971,1987;Quirk et al.1985, p.198)Ao“®ì‚̉ߒö}(‘¾“c,
1968)Aheightened temporary relevance(van Ek, 1966)‚ȂǂðŽå’£‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚è’èà
‚͂Ȃ¢B
          Scheffer, J.(1975)‚ÍA‚n‚d‚©‚猻‘ã‰pŒê‚܂łÌ"progressive"‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄŒ¤‹†
‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邪A“Á‚É‹»–¡[‚¢‚Ì‚ÍAboat race(1968)‚Æfootball match(1969)‚Ì BBC ŽÀ‹µ
‚ðtranscribe ‚µ‚½ CORPUS(pp.277-305)‚Æ‚Ul‚ÌŒ»‘ãì‰Æ‚Ìì•i‚©‚ç‚È‚éCORPUS(p.48)
‚ð‚à‚Æ‚É•ªÍ‚µ‚½ƒf|ƒ^‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚̃f[ƒ^‚ð‚à‚Æ‚É Scheffer, J.(p.21) ‚ÍAisŒ`
(progressive)‚ÌŠî–{“IˆÓ–¡‚Í duration‚¾‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB

 ø¢14-3-NT-(C)@m˜bŽÒ‚ÌS“I‘Ô“xi•s–žEŠÖSE‹­’²j‚ð•\‚·isŒ`n 
@@@@@isŒ`‚ª•s–ž(subjective feeling of disapproval) ‚ð•\‚·—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAQuirk 
et al.(1985, p.199)‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
@@@@@@@1) Bill is constantly/always/forever working late at the office.
‚Ü‚½Aã‚ÅAforever ‚Ìê‡A‚±‚̊܈Óisuggestion)‚ª‚æ‚èstronger‚É‚È‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B 
@@@@@Scheffer, J.(pp.39-41)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAisŒ`‚͉½‚æ‚è“®ì‚ð‹­’²(emphasize)‚·
‚邯‚¢‚¤“_‚ÅA˜bŽÒ‚ÌS“I‘Ô“x(speaker's view of matters)‚ð•\‚·‚Æ‚¢‚¤B—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ
‚ÅA
         @@ 2)a. The bride wore a white silk gown.
                b. The bride was wearing a white silk gown.
2-a) ‚Å‚ÍAbride ‚Æ gown ‚É’ˆÓ‚ªŒü‚¯‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邪A2-b) ‚Å‚Ísˆ×‚»‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ª‚æ‚è
d—v‚Å‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤B‚»‚µ‚Ä‚±‚ÌŠÖSA’ˆÓ‚ª‹»–¡A•s–ž‚ȂǂðŠÜˆÓ‚·‚邱‚ƂɂȂé‚Ì‚¾
‚Æ‚¢‚¤B‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚邯Abe-ingŒ`‚É‚ÍAalways ‚Ȃǂ̕›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Æ‹¤‹N‚·‚éˆÈ‘O‚©
‚ç•s–ž‚ȂǂÌS“I‘Ô“x‚ð•\‚·€”õ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ä‚¢‚éA‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂéB
@@@@@‚È‚¨A]ìip.228)‚É‚ÍA always, constantly ‚Ȃǂ̕›ŽŒ(‚`‚c)‹å‚ª be-
ing ‚Æ‹¤‹N‚µ‚ÄuŠ´î“IFÊv‚ª‰Á‚í‚é—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAu”ñ“ïv‚¾‚¯‚łȂ­uÜŽ^v‚ð•\‚·
—Ⴊ‚ ‚éB
              3) He's constantly thinking about other people. He never thinks
                 of himself.

 ø¢14-4-NT-(A)@m*PROG(be-ng) + ‚un 
@@@@@ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚É‚¨‚¯‚éisŒ`‚Ì‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àˆê”Ê“I‚Ȃ܂Ƃߕû‚ÍAŽŸ‚̬“ciãA
p.18)‚̂悤‚ÉisŒ`‚É‚È‚é“®ŽŒA‚È‚ç‚È‚¢“®ŽŒ‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½’P‚Ȃ镪—ÞA’ñަ‚É‚æ‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å
‚ ‚éB
    @ƒisŒ`‚ɂȂç‚È‚¢Žå‚È“®ŽŒ„
        (i) ¸_“Ió‘Ô
                1) know,  believe,  imagine,  want,  realize,  feel,  doubt,
                   need,  understand,  suppose,  remember,  prefer,  recognize,
                   (think),  forget,  mean
       (ii) Š´î
                2) love,  hate,  fear,  mind,  like,  dislike, ...
      (iii) Š—L
                3) possess,  (have),  own,  belong
       (iv) ’mŠoEŠ´Šo
                4) (taste),  hear,  (see),  (smell),  (feel)
        (v) ‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ìó‘Ô
                5) seem,  cost,  (be),  consist of,  (look),  owe,  exist,
                   contain,  include,  (appear),  (weigh)
@@@@@‚µ‚©‚µAŽ–ŽÀ‚Í‚»‚¤ŠÈ’P‚ł͂Ȃ¢BŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
                6)a. I think he is a kind man.
                  b. I'm thinking about this grammar.
                7)a. He has a cat.
                  b. I am having trouble.
                8)a. Tom is foolish.
                  b. Tom is being foolish.iƒoƒJ‚È‚±‚Æ‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éj
@@@@@‚³‚ç‚ÉA•¶–@‰Æ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‚Ím+/-progressive]‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä”»’f‚̈قȂ邱‚Æ‚à‚ 
‚éBScheffer, J.(pp.61ff)‚ÍAZandvoort‚©‚çQuirk‚Ù‚©‚܂łP‚Ol‚Ì•¶–@‰Æ‚ÌA‚P‚Q‚O
‚Ìó‘Ô“®ŽŒ‚ɑ΂·‚é+/-progressive ”»’è‚ðƒŠƒXƒg‰»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚»‚ê‚É‚æ‚邯A—Ⴆ‚ÎA
BE, FEEL, HAVE TO, HEAR ‚ɂ‚¢‚Ă̔»’è‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂȂéB
    9)     ‚y@@‚r@@‚`@@‚i@@Je@@‚o@@‚b@@‚g@@Sc@@‚p
 BE                    ‚w    ‚w                                  ‚w
 FEEL            ‚w    ‚w          ‚w    ‚w    ‚w    ‚w          ‚w
 HAVE TO               ‚w
 HEAR      ‚w    ‚w    ‚w    ‚w    ‚w    ‚w    ‚w                ‚w
@@@@@‚³‚ç‚É Scheffer ‚ÍAFleming, I.‚É‚æ‚é The Man with the Golden Gun ‚È‚Ç
‚U‚‚̌»‘ã¬àip.48)‚ÆBBC‚̃Xƒ|[ƒcŽÀ‹µ(ƒ{[ƒgƒŒ[ƒX‚ƃTƒbƒJ[j‚©‚ç‚Ȃ鎩•ª‚Ì
corpus(pp.277-305)‚Æ‚±‚ê‚ç‚P‚Ol‚Ì•¶–@‰Æ‚ÌƒŠƒXƒg‚ð”äŠr‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚»‚ê‚É‚æ‚邯A
         HAVE TO‚ÍAOtaiã‹LƒŠƒXƒg‚ł͂`‚ƂȂÁ‚Ä‚¢‚éj‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA"rarely occur 
in progressive forms"‚ƂȂ邪AScheffer ‚Ì CORPUS ‚ɂ͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚éB
             10) The missile business must have cost Russia about a billion 
                 pounds. And now they're having to pour money into Cuba,...
                 [Ian Fleming:The Man with the Golden Gun, p.54]
         HEAR ‚ÍA‚½‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚Ì•¶–@‰Æ‚É‚æ‚邯 "not used in the progressive"‚Å‚ ‚èA
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È hear ‚Ístatus verb ‚ł͂Ȃ­ process verb ‚Å‚ ‚邯‚³‚ê‚éB
             11) The judge is hearing a case right now.
‚µ‚©‚µASheffer‚ÌCORPUS(The Man with the Golden Gun by I.Fleming‚ȂǂU‚‚̌»‘ã
¬àAp.48)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚¢‚­‚‚©‚Ì”½—á(p.68)‚à‚ ‚éB
@@@@@‚±‚̂悤‚ÈA‚±‚ꂱ‚ê‚Ì“®ŽŒ‚ÍisŒ`‚ð‚Æ‚éA‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢A‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚½‰ðà‚ÍA
ŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚Ç‚à‚ ‚Ü‚è‚É‘åŽG”c‚È•ªÍ‚ÆŒ¾‚í‚´‚é‚𓾂Ȃ¢B‚»‚ê‚Å‚ÍAisŒ`‚̉ÂA
•s‰Â‚ðŒˆ‚ß‚é—v‘f‚Ƃ͉½‚Ȃ̂¾‚낤‚©B
@@@@@Å‚àˆê”Ê“I‚È‚à‚Ì‚ÍAŠ´Šo‚ð•\‚·“®ŽŒifeel, hear, seem‚È‚ÇjAS—“Ió‘Ô
‚ð•\‚·“®ŽŒibelieve, care‚È‚ÇjA•¨Ž–‚Ì\¬EŠÖŒW‚ð•\‚·“®ŽŒibe, belong to, 
contain ‚È‚Çj‚Ȃǂ̂¢‚í‚ä‚éuó‘Ô“I“®ŽŒvistative verbs, Lakoff, G. 1966)‚Íi
sŒ`‚ɂȂç‚È‚¢‚Æ‚·‚é‚à‚̂ł ‚éB(cf.—é–ØEˆÀˆäò, p.226) 
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É^‚̈Ӗ¡‚Åuó‘Ô“Iv‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚ÍisŒ`‚ƂȂéB
@@@(i)ˆêŽž“Ió‘Ôitemporary state)i‚‚܂èAŽŸ‚ÌuŠÔ•Ï‚í‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢ó‘Ôj
‚ð•\‚·‚Æ‚«B
             12)a. The bottle is lying on its side. iMcCawley,J.D. 1988, p.223)
                b.*Libya is lying between Egypt and Tunisia.
             13) We're living in London at the moment.  (–Ȋтق©, p.40)
             14) She was wearing her mother's coat.     (ibid.)
     (ii)ó‘ÔˆÚ“üiingressive, Comrie,O.,1976,p.20)‚ð•\‚·‚Æ‚«B
             15) He is resembling his father more and more as the years go by.
                                                             (Leech, G.N. p.30)
             16) He is just sitting down. (Comrie, p.20)
iã‚Å16)‚Ìsit‚Í'be sitting'‚̈Ӗ¡‚͂Ȃ­'adopt a sitting position'‚̈Ӗ¡j
@@(iii)‹­’²(emphasis)‚â”ñ“úí(opposed to general)‚ð•\‚·‚Æ‚«B
             17)a. I'm hating this assignment. (Celce-Murcia&Larsen-Freeman,
                   1999,p.121)
                b. I hate this assignment.
             18)a. He's being rude.(ibid.)
                b. He's rude.

 ø¢14-4-NT-(B)@mí‚ÉisŒ`‚Å—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚é‚à‚Ìn 
@@@@@ˆê•û‚ÅAí‚ÉisŒ`‚Å—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚é‚à‚̂Ƃµ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚éB
              1) The house is building.@@i—é–ØEˆÀˆäò, p.256)
              2) I must have been hearing things.( Œ¶’®‚ð‚¨‚±‚· )
‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚ê‚ç‚͈ê”Ê“I‚ɃCƒfƒCƒIƒ}ƒ`ƒbƒN‚ŶŽY“I(productive)‚ł͂Ȃ­A‚»‚Ì”‚ÍŒÀ
‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB

 ø¢14-4-NT-(C)@misŒ`‚ƂƂà‚ɂ悭Žg‚í‚ê‚é/Žg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢•›ŽŒ‹ån 
@@@@@(i) isŒ`‚ƂƂà‚ÉŽg‚í‚ê‚È‚¢•›ŽŒ‹å‚ɂ͎Ÿ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚èA
         @@@@’†’fA‡Œv‰ñ”Foften, seldom,  `times, never, generally ‚È‚Ç
                 I‚í‚è‚ ‚éŠúŠÔFin an hour, for two hours ‚È‚Ç
         @@@@uŠÔ“I‚Èê–ÊFsuddenly, all at once ‚È‚Ç
         (ii) isŒ`‚ƂƂà‚ɂ悭Žg‚í‚ê‚é•›ŽŒ‹å‚É‚ÍAfrequency‚Ì‚‚¢‚à‚Ì‚©‚燂É
              ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB(Scheffer, J. pp.51-52)
                 now ¨ still ¨ always ¨ again ¨ already ¨  today 
                 ¨ tomorrow ¨ when/soon ¨ just ...    not any more,
                 all the time, on Sunday, for years, at four o'clock, 
                 for a while, nowadays, at the same time ‚È‚Ç

 ø¢14-4-NT-(D)@mbe-ing  ˆêŽž“In 
@@@@@—é–ØEˆÀˆäòip.225j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAis‘Š‚ÉŒ»‚ê‚é be “®ŽŒ‚ÍA ... ˆêŽž“I
itemporal)‘®«A‚ ‚é‚¢‚ÍA”ñ–{Ž¿“I‘®«iaccident)‚ð•\‚·Œ`—eŽŒ‚Æ“™ˆÊ\‘¢k–ñ
iconjunction reduction)‚Ì\•¶‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚éB
         @@@1) He's ready and waiting.  [ˆêŽž“I^ˆêŽž“In -Bolinger,1971a.b.
                  1973
ˆê•ûA‰i‘±“I(permanent)‘®«A‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í–{Ž¿“I‘®«iessence)‚ð•\‚·Œ`—eŽŒ‚ð‚µ‚½‚ª‚¦
‚é be “®ŽŒ‚Æ‚ÍA“™ˆÊ\‘¢k–ñ‚Ì\•¶‚ð‚Æ‚é‚±‚Ƃ͂ł«‚È‚¢
        @@@ 2) *He's clever and waiting. [‰i‘±“I^ˆêŽž“In -Bolinger, “¯ã

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