‘æ‚h‚uÍ@•¶i‚rj‚ÌŠg[ y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚P‚W@@”ے蕶FEMPH-NEG-S/NEG-S

 ø¢18-1-NT@m•¶Cü—v‘fiSMj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì NEGn 
@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤‚rŠg[Žqo”Û’èp(NEGj‚âo‹^–âp(‚pj‚ð•¶Cü—v‘fisentence 
modifier, SMj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•ªÍ‚·‚é•û–@‚ÍA‚ ‚鎞Šú‚Ì•ÏŒ`¶¬•¶–@—˜_‚É‚æ‚­Œ©‚ç‚ꂽB
—Ⴆ‚ÎACelce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman(1983, pp.96ff)‚É‚Í•¶Cü—v‘f(SM) ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
‚Ì NOT ‚ðÝ’è‚·‚鎟‚̂悤‚È•ªÍ‚ª‚ ‚éB
            To produce the basic structure of all these sentences, we generate 
        NOT as a sentence modifier since the negation applies to the entire sen 
        tence ---not just to the verb or  the auxiliary elements. A schematic 
        representation of this would be as follows: 
 @                ‚r                      NUC:nucleusB‚½‚¾‚µACelce-Murcia and
                ^    _                   Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.188)‚Å‚ÍASUBJ+
 @          SM        NUC                 PRED‚©‚ç‚È‚éS'‚Æ•\‹L‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚±‚ê
 @          |          |                  ‚©‚ç NOT placement rule‚É‚æ‚è NOT ‚Í
 @          NOT       affirmative S       PRED ‚Ì’†‚É‚Í‚¢‚è SM ‚Í ƒ[ƒ‚Æ‚È‚éB
         ‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA GivonAT.(p.9)‚É‚ÍA‚RˈÈ~Ž™‚Ì grammatical inventiveness 
‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉȉº‚̂悤‚È McNeill, D.(1970) ‚©‚ç‚̈ø—p‚ª‚ ‚éB
             1) no the sun shining.  (The sun is not shining.)
             2) no fraser read it.   (Fraser does not read it.)

 ø¢18-3-NT@m”ے蕶Žw“±‚̂ނ‚©‚µ‚³n 
          ”ے蕶Žw“±‚̂ނ‚©‚µ‚³‚ÍA”Û’è—v‘fiN'T/NOT/n't/not)‚Ì•t‰Á‚»‚ꎩ‘Ì‚É‚ 
‚é‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚­A”Û’è—v‘f•t‰Á‚Ì‘ŠŽèA‚‚܂èAƒIƒyƒŒ|ƒ^|ioperatorj‚Ì“Á’è‚É‚ ‚éB
‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚Å‚ÍAEMPH-NEG ‚â NEG ‚ÌŽw“±‚Ì‘O‚ÉA‚Ü‚¸EMPH ‚Å@operator ‚ð“Á’è‚·‚é—ûK
‚ð‚½‚Á‚Õ‚è‚Æ‚·‚é‚Ì‚ª—Ç‚¢‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB

 ø¢18-5-NT@mƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ÌÁ‹Ž‚©ƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚Ì•¶––ˆÚ“®‚©n 
         ‚±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤uEMPH-NEGƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ÌÁ‹Žv‚ÍAŽÀ‚ÍA˜b‚µŒ¾—tƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Å‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì
(iii)¨(iv)‚ÉŒ©‚ç‚ê‚é‚悤‚ÈuƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚̈ړ®v‚É‚Ù‚©‚È‚ç‚È‚¢B‚±‚ê‚ÍA•¶––‚ÌŒê
‚ɃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ð’u‚­A‚Æ‚¢‚¤‰pŒê‚̃m|ƒ}ƒ‹EƒXƒgƒŒƒXEƒpƒ^|ƒ“‚É]‚Á‚½‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
       (i) John loves MUsic.           iŠî–{•¶j
               « EMPH
      (ii) John DOES love music.       i‹­’²•¶j
               « N'T •t‰Á
     (iii) John DOESN'T love music.    i‹­’²”ے蕶j
               « ƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚Ì•¶––ˆÚ“®
      (iv) John doesn't love MUsic.    i•’ʔے蕶j
         ‚½‚¾Aˆê”Ê“I‚É(i)‚â(iv)‚̃AƒNƒZƒ“ƒg•”•ª‚ÍA‘‚«Œ¾—t‚Å‚Í•\‹L‚³‚ê‚È‚¢‚½‚ßA
‚±‚Ì–{‚ł̓AƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ÌÁ‹Ž‚Æ‚¢‚¤•\Œ»‚ð—p‚¢‚½B

 ø¢18-6-NT-(A)@m‘S•¶”Û’è‚ÆŒê‹å”Û’èn 
@@@@@”Û’è‚É‚ÍA(i)•¶‘S‘Ì‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ‚·‚é‘S•¶”Û’è‚ÆA(ii)“Á’è‚ÌŒê‹å‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ
‚·‚éŒê‹å”ے肪‚ ‚éB(i)‚Ìê‡A‹­¨‚͂ӂ‚¤•¶––‚É’u‚©‚ê 1) ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
            1) I didn't see Jane in the óffice.
ˆê•ûA•¶‚Ì‚ ‚éŒê‹å‚ɑΔ䋭¨‚ª’u‚©‚ê‚é 2) ‚̂悤‚ÈꇂɂÍA‹­¨‚Ì‚ ‚é•”•ª‚ªÅ“_
‚Æ‚È‚èA‘¼‚Ì•”•ª‚Ím’è“IˆÓ–¡‚Ì‘O’ñ‚Æ‚È‚éB
            2) Í didn't see Jane in the office.
‚‚܂èA2) ‚Å‚ÍAsomebody saw Jane in the office. ‚ª‘O’ñ‚Æ‚È‚èA”Û’è‚̈Ӗ¡‚Í I 
‚¾‚¯‚É‚©‚©‚éB
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA1) ‚É‚ÍAin the office ‚ðÅ“_‚Æ‚·‚éŒê‹å”Û’è‚Ì“Ç‚Ý(Ž––±Š‚Å‚Í‚È
‚­•Ê‚Ì‚Æ‚±‚ë‚Åj‚à‚ ‚èA‚Í‚Á‚«‚è‚Æ‚µ‚½ƒRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg‚ª‚È‚¯‚ê‚ΞB–†(ambiguous)‚Å‚ 
‚éB
@@@@@“¯‚¶•¶‚ª‘S•¶”Û’è‚ƈꕔ”Û’è‚Ì—¼•û‚É‰ð‚³‚ê‚é ambiguous ‚È—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
Taglicht, J.(p.106)‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ð‚ ‚°A
            3)a. He doesn't know a great deal.
                    =  (not (a great deal(he knows)))
              b. He doesn't know a great deal.
                    =  (a great deal(not(he knows)))
            4)a. There's not a great deal that he knows.
              b. There's a great deal that he doesn't know.
He knows a great deal.‚Ì‘S•¶”Û’è‚Í 4-a) ‚Ì“Ç‚Ý‚Æ‚È‚é 3-a) ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
@@@@@Œ‹‹ÇAŽŸ‚Ì 5-a), 5-b) ‚Í‚Æ‚à‚ɂӂ‚¤‚Í‘S•¶”Û’è‚Å‚ ‚邪A‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚ÉŒê‹å
”Û’è‚Ì“Ç‚Ý‚ª‚ ‚éA‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
            5)a. I DIDN'T leave home.@@i‹­’²”ے蕶j
              b. I didn't leave HOME.@@i•’ʔے蕶j
@@@@@‚»‚ê‚Å‚ÍA•¶––‚É‹­¨‚Ì‚ ‚é”ے蕶‚Ìê‡A‚»‚Ì‹­¨‚Í‘S‚­“¯‚¶‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚é‚©A
‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Æ•K‚¸‚µ‚à‚»‚¤‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B’|—Ñipp.162-163)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŒê‹å”Û’è‚Å‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì 6-a) 
‚̂悤‚ɉº~㸒²‚ª—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
            6)a. I  can't  eat  anything.  (Œê‹å”Û’èj
                 ‚Q  ‚R    ‚Q   ‚R«ª‚Q‚S
              b. I  can't  eat  anything. i‘S•¶”Û’èF‰½‚àH‚ׂç‚ê‚È‚¢j
                 ‚Q  ‚R    ‚Q   ‚R« ‚Q‚Q

 ø¢18-6-NT-(B)@mMOD{notF–@”Û’è‚©–½‘è”Û’è‚©n 
@@@@@r–ØEˆÀˆä(p.867)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚¢‚í‚ä‚é–@•“®ŽŒ‚ª”ے莫‚𔺂¤ê‡A”ے莫
‚Í–@•“®ŽŒ‚̈Ӗ¡‚©A–@•“®ŽŒ‚ðŠÜ‚Þ•¶‚Ì–½‘è“à—e‚Ì‚¢‚¸‚ê‚©‚ð”Û’è‚·‚éBLyons, J.
(1977) ‚É]‚Á‚ÄA‘OŽÒ‚ð–@”Û’è(modal negation)AŒãŽÒ‚𖽑è”Û’è(propositional 
negation)‚ƌĂԂ±‚Æ‚É‚·‚é‚ÆA
            1) He may(or must, should, will) not be serious.
               i”Þ‚Í^Œ•‚Å‚È‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢j
‚Å‚ÍA not ‚Í–@•“®ŽŒ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­he-be-serious ‚Æ‚¢‚¤–½‘è“à—e‚ð”ے肵‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚Å–½‘è
”Û’èB
          ‘¼•ûAŽŸ‚Ì 2) ‚̂悤‚ɉ”\«A•K‘R«‚ð‹qŠÏ“I‚ÉŽå’£‚·‚é‹qŠÏ“I”FŽ¯—l‘Ì–@
(can, need)‚Å‚Í–@”Û’è‚Æ‚È‚éB
            2) He can't be serious.  (=It is not possible that he is serious.)
               i”Þ‚ª^Œ•‚¾‚È‚ñ‚Ä‚ ‚肦‚È‚¢j
“¯—l‚ÉA‹`–±‚Ì must ‚ɔے莫‚ª‚‚­ 3) ‚Ìꇂ͖½‘è”Û’èA‹–‰Â‚ð•\‚· can/may ‚É”Û
’莫‚ª‚‚­ 4) ‚Ìꇂ͖@”Û’è‚Æ‚È‚éB
            3) You must (or should) not be late.       i–½‘è”Û’èj
@@@@@@4) You can't (or may not) smoke in here.   i–@”Û’èj
          ‚½‚¾‚µA‹–‰Â‚Ìcan, may ‚à”ے莫‚É‹­¨‚ð’u‚­‚Æ–½‘è”Û’è‚ƂȂ肤‚éB
            5) You can (or may) come or you can (or may) nót come, as you wish.
            6) We can always nót go, can't we? 
@@@@@@@ i‚¢‚‚às‚©‚È‚¢‚Å‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·‚æ‚Ëj
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 7-c) ‚̂悤‚È–@”Û’è‚ð‘S•¶”Û’èA‚‚܂èA”ے蕶‚Ì•W€Œ`
iunmarked)‚Æ‚µ‚ÄÝ’è‚·‚éB
@@@@@@7)a.  John can be serious.
                         «
              b.  John CAN be serious.
                         «
              c.  John CAN'T/can't be serious.
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì 8) ‚â 9) ‚̂悤‚ÉA„—Ê‚ð•\‚· may ‚â‹`–±i‹ÖŽ~j‚ð•\‚· must ‚Ì
”Û’èŒ`i•K‚¸Œê‹å”Û’è‚Ì“Ç‚Ý‚Æ‚È‚éj‚È‚Ç‚Í”ñ•W€Œ`imarked)‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉʒu‚¯‚ç‚ê‚éB
cf.–{•¶(29)`(32)B
            8)  It may not be true.
             = It is possible that it is not true.  iˆÀˆäA1982, p.92)
            9)  You must not go.
                = You must  [not go].
                =/=  *You  [must not]  go.  (ibid, p.89)

 ø¢18-6-NT-(C)@m‘S•¶”Û’èƒeƒXƒgn 
          Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman(1983, p.95)‚ÍAKlima(1964)‚ðˆø—p‚µ‚ÄA
ŽŸ‚Ì‚S—á‚©‚çAsentence-level negation‚Æ‚»‚¤‚Å‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚ð‹æ•Ê‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
              SENTENTIAL: John is not at home, is he? 
                          No sailors are on the ship, are they? 
              PHRASAL: Michele has decided to not pay taxes this year, hasn't she?
              LEXICAL: Harry is uncoordinated, isn't he?
                       As Klima(1964) points out in his comprehensive description
                       of negation in English, the tags in the above sentences 
                       give us evidence that the first two sentences are 
                       syntactically negative while the other two are not, 
                       regardless of what negative particles or words they may 
                       contain. 

 ø¢18-6-NT-(D)@mNEG ‚Ìì—pˆæ(scope)‚ƃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒgn 
          Quirk et al.(1985, p.787)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA”Û’è‚Ìì—pˆæ(scope of negation)‚ÍA
‚ӂ‚¤”ے莫(negative item)‚©‚當––(end of the clause)‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB
              1)a.  She definitely didn't speak to him.
                    (=It's definite that she didn't speak to him.)
                b.  She didn't definitely speak to him.
                    (=It's not definite that she spoke to him.)
‚±‚ê‚É‚æ‚莟‚̂悤‚È—á‚àà–¾‚Å‚«‚éB
        @@@2)a.  Bernice didn't say anything to anyone. (McCawley, J.D. 1988,
                                                                          p.553)
                b. *Anyone can't give you any help.
‚½‚¾‚µA•¶’†‚Å‚àƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ªuì—pˆæ‚ÌI‚í‚èv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚鎟‚Ì 3-a) ‚̂悤‚ÈꇂɂÍ
•¶––‚Ì•›ŽŒ—v‘fiend-placed adverbial)‚Íì—pˆæ‚ÌŠO‚Öo‚éB(pp.789-790)
              3)a.  I didn't leave HÓME because I was afraid of my FÀTHER.  


@@@@@‚»‚Ì‘¼AŽŸ‚̂悤‚Èê‡‚É‚à ƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚̈ʒu‚É‚æ‚ènot ‚Ìì—pˆæ‚Í”÷–­‚É
•Ï‰»‚·‚éB
              4)a.  All the children didn't SLÈEP. (=None of ...slept.)


 ø¢18-8-NT@mNegative Polarityn 
@@@@@negative polarity ‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚ÄAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ÅÅ‚à‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŽæ‚舵‚í‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚Í
some - any ‚Å‚ ‚낤B
@@@@@@@1)a.  I understand she showed him some photographs.
                                                 (Quirk et al. 1985 p.778)
                b. *I understand she showed him any photographs.
‚½‚¾‚µAsome ‚ª”Û’è—v‘f‚Ì scope ‚ÌŠO‚É‚ ‚鎟‚̂悤‚È—á‚à‚ ‚éB
        @@@2)  The dean didn't approve of some of your remarks.
                                                 (McCawley, J.D. 1988 p.555)
          McCawley, J.D.i1988, p.562)‚É‚ÍAnegative polarity items ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚æ
‚¤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚éB
        @@@3)a.  Mary didn't give a red cent to Arther.
                b. *Mary gave a red cent to Arther.
              4)a.  Max didn't lift a finger to help me.
                b. *Max lifted a finger to help me. 
‚±‚Ì‚Ù‚©ASwan, M.(1980, p.437)‚É‚ÍAnot ... a grain of truth/a breath of air/
a scrap (of food) ‚â without a stitch of clothing on ‚Ȃǂ̗Ⴊ‚ ‚éB
@@@@@ˆê•ûApositive polarity items ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAMcCawley, J.D.(ibid, p.570)‚ÍŽŸ
‚̂悤‚È—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
              5)a.  Sam is already in Toredo.
                b. *Sam isn't already in Toredo.
              6)a.  I would rather be in Tahiti.
                b. *I wouldn't rather be in Tahiti.
              7)a.  This cake is delicious.
                b. *This cake isn't delicious.
              8)a.  Sam is an absolute bastard.
                b. *Sam isn't an absolute bastard.
‚Ü‚½AQuirk et al.(1985, pp.778ff)‚É‚àA
        @@@9)a.  It's pretty late.
                b. *It isn't pretty late. 
             10)a.  They drive quite/pretty/rather fast.  
                b. *They don't drive quite/pretty/rather fast. (p.786)
             11)a.  The food was far better than I expected.
                b. *The food wasn't far better than I expected.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½ANey, J.W.(pp.498-499)‚É‚ÍAany more ‚ªŽ‚ negative polarity ‚É
ŠÖ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‹»–¡[‚¢—Ⴊ‚ ‚éB
             12)a.  I don't like going downtown any more.
                b. *I like going downtown any more.
             13)  I dislike going downtown any more.
             14)  I hate going  downtown any more.
             15)  I refuse to go downtown any more.
dislike, hate, refuse ‚É‚ÍA‚»‚ÌŒêœb’†‚É semantic {NEG}@‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚éB

 ø¢18-9-NT@mno:[emphatic]@vs@not:[nonemphaticn 
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1983, p.101) ‚ÍAemphatic "no" ‚Æ 
nonemphatic "not" ‚Ƃ̊ԂɈӖ¡“I‚È·‚ð”F‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚Ü‚½Aˆê”Ê‚Éicf. ˆÀˆä, 1982, 
p.440)Anot ...any ‚Ì•û‚ªŒûŒê‘Ì‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB
     1) no Noun               vs      not ... any NOUN
        [+emphatic]                   [+nonemphatic]
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(ibid.) ‚ÍA‚Ü‚½Ageneric ‚È "no" ‚Æ 
specific ‚È "no" ‚Æ‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄA
     2) no  +  NOUN(plural)    vs     no +  NOUN(singular) 
                [+generic]                   [+specific] 
‚Æ‚·‚éB

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