ø¢18-1-NT@m•¶Cü—v‘fiSMj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì NEGn
@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤‚rŠg[Žqo”Û’èp(NEGj‚âo‹^–âp(‚pj‚ð•¶Cü—v‘fisentence
modifier, SMj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•ªÍ‚·‚é•û–@‚ÍA‚ ‚鎞Šú‚̕ό`¶¬•¶–@—˜_‚ɂ悌©‚ç‚ꂽB
—Ⴆ‚ÎACelce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman(1983, pp.96ff)‚ɂ͕¶Cü—v‘f(SM) ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
‚Ì NOT ‚ðÝ’è‚·‚鎟‚̂悤‚È•ªÍ‚ª‚ ‚éB
To produce the basic structure of all these sentences, we generate
NOT as a sentence modifier since the negation applies to the entire sen
tence ---not just to the verb or the auxiliary elements. A schematic
representation of this would be as follows:
@ ‚r NUC:nucleusB‚½‚¾‚µACelce-Murcia and
^ _ Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.188)‚Å‚ÍASUBJ+
@ SM NUC PRED‚©‚ç‚È‚éS'‚Æ•\‹L‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚±‚ê
@ | | ‚©‚ç NOT placement rule‚É‚æ‚è NOT ‚Í
@ NOT affirmative S PRED ‚Ì’†‚ɂ͂¢‚è SM ‚Í ƒ[ƒ‚ƂȂéB
‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉA GivonAT.(p.9)‚É‚ÍA‚RˈÈ~Ž™‚Ì grammatical inventiveness
‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉȉº‚̂悤‚È McNeill, D.(1970) ‚©‚ç‚̈ø—p‚ª‚ ‚éB
1) no the sun shining. (The sun is not shining.)
2) no fraser read it. (Fraser does not read it.)
ø¢18-3-NT@m”Û’è•¶Žw“±‚̂ނ‚©‚µ‚³n
”Û’è•¶Žw“±‚̂ނ‚©‚µ‚³‚ÍA”Û’è—v‘fiN'T/NOT/n't/not)‚Ì•t‰Á‚»‚ꎩ‘̂ɂ
‚é‚̂ł͂ȂA”Û’è—v‘f•t‰Á‚Ì‘ŠŽèA‚‚܂èAƒIƒyƒŒ|ƒ^|ioperatorj‚Ì“Á’è‚É‚ ‚éB
‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚Å‚ÍAEMPH-NEG ‚â NEG ‚ÌŽw“±‚Ì‘O‚ÉA‚Ü‚¸EMPH ‚Å@operator ‚ð“Á’è‚·‚é—ûK
‚ð‚½‚Á‚Õ‚è‚Æ‚·‚é‚Ì‚ª—Ç‚¢‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB
ø¢18-5-NT@mƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ÌÁ‹Ž‚©ƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚Ì•¶––ˆÚ“®‚©n
‚±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤uEMPH-NEGƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ÌÁ‹Žv‚ÍAŽÀ‚ÍA˜b‚µŒ¾—tƒŒƒxƒ‹‚ł͎Ÿ‚Ì
(iii)¨(iv)‚ÉŒ©‚ç‚ê‚邿‚¤‚ÈuƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚̈ړ®v‚ɂق©‚È‚ç‚È‚¢B‚±‚ê‚ÍA•¶––‚ÌŒê
‚ɃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ð’u‚A‚Æ‚¢‚¤‰pŒê‚̃m|ƒ}ƒ‹EƒXƒgƒŒƒXEƒpƒ^|ƒ“‚É]‚Á‚½‚à‚̂ł ‚éB
(i) John loves MUsic. iŠî–{•¶j
« EMPH
(ii) John DOES love music. i‹’²•¶j
« N'T •t‰Á
(iii) John DOESN'T love music. i‹’²”Û’è•¶j
« ƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚Ì•¶––ˆÚ“®
(iv) John doesn't love MUsic. i•’ʔے蕶j
‚½‚¾Aˆê”Ê“I‚É(i)‚â(iv)‚̃AƒNƒZƒ“ƒg•”•ª‚ÍA‘‚«Œ¾—t‚ł͕\‹L‚³‚ê‚È‚¢‚½‚ßA
‚±‚Ì–{‚ł̓AƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ÌÁ‹Ž‚Æ‚¢‚¤•\Œ»‚ð—p‚¢‚½B
ø¢18-6-NT-(A)@m‘S•¶”Û’è‚ÆŒê‹å”Û’èn
@@@@@”Û’è‚É‚ÍA(i)•¶‘S‘Ì‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ‚·‚é‘S•¶”Û’è‚ÆA(ii)“Á’è‚ÌŒê‹å‚ðì—pˆæ‚Æ
‚·‚éŒê‹å”ے肪‚ ‚éB(i)‚Ìê‡A‹¨‚͂ӂ‚¤•¶––‚É’u‚©‚ê 1) ‚̂悤‚ɂȂéB
1) I didn't see Jane in the óffice.
ˆê•ûA•¶‚Ì‚ ‚éŒê‹å‚ɑΔ䋨‚ª’u‚©‚ê‚é 2) ‚̂悤‚ÈꇂɂÍA‹¨‚Ì‚ ‚é•”•ª‚ªÅ“_
‚ƂȂèA‘¼‚Ì•”•ª‚Ím’è“IˆÓ–¡‚Ì‘O’ñ‚ƂȂéB
2) Í didn't see Jane in the office.
‚‚܂èA2) ‚Å‚ÍAsomebody saw Jane in the office. ‚ª‘O’ñ‚ƂȂèA”Û’è‚̈Ӗ¡‚Í I
‚¾‚¯‚É‚©‚©‚éB
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA1) ‚É‚ÍAin the office ‚ðÅ“_‚Æ‚·‚éŒê‹å”Û’è‚̓ǂÝ(Ž––±Š‚ł͂È
‚•ʂ̂Ƃ±‚ë‚Åj‚à‚ ‚èA‚Í‚Á‚«‚è‚Æ‚µ‚½ƒRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg‚ª‚È‚¯‚ê‚ΞB–†(ambiguous)‚Å‚
‚éB
@@@@@“¯‚¶•¶‚ª‘S•¶”Û’è‚Æˆê•””Û’è‚Ì—¼•û‚É‰ð‚³‚ê‚é ambiguous ‚È—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
Taglicht, J.(p.106)‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ð‚ ‚°A
3)a. He doesn't know a great deal.
= (not (a great deal(he knows)))
b. He doesn't know a great deal.
= (a great deal(not(he knows)))
4)a. There's not a great deal that he knows.
b. There's a great deal that he doesn't know.
He knows a great deal.‚Ì‘S•¶”Û’è‚Í 4-a) ‚̓ǂ݂ƂȂé 3-a) ‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚éB
@@@@@Œ‹‹ÇAŽŸ‚Ì 5-a), 5-b) ‚͂Ƃà‚ɂӂ‚¤‚Í‘S•¶”Û’è‚Å‚ ‚邪A‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚ÉŒê‹å
”Û’è‚̓ǂ݂ª‚ ‚éA‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂéB
5)a. I DIDN'T leave home.@@i‹’²”Û’è•¶j
b. I didn't leave HOME.@@i•’ʔے蕶j
@@@@@‚»‚ê‚Å‚ÍA•¶––‚É‹¨‚Ì‚ ‚é”Û’è•¶‚Ìê‡A‚»‚Ì‹¨‚Í‘S‚“¯‚¶‚à‚̂ł ‚é‚©A
‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Æ•K‚¸‚µ‚à‚»‚¤‚ł͂Ȃ¢B’|—Ñipp.162-163)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŒê‹å”Û’è‚ł͎Ÿ‚Ì 6-a)
‚̂悤‚ɉº~㸒²‚ª—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
6)a. I can't eat anything. (Œê‹å”Û’èj
‚Q ‚R ‚Q ‚R«ª‚Q‚S
b. I can't eat anything. i‘S•¶”Û’èF‰½‚àH‚ׂç‚ê‚È‚¢j
‚Q ‚R ‚Q ‚R« ‚Q‚Q
ø¢18-6-NT-(B)@mMOD{notF–@”Û’è‚©–½‘è”Û’è‚©n
@@@@@r–ØEˆÀˆä(p.867)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚¢‚í‚ä‚é–@•“®ŽŒ‚ª”ے莫‚𔺂¤ê‡A”ے莫
‚Í–@•“®ŽŒ‚̈Ӗ¡‚©A–@•“®ŽŒ‚ðŠÜ‚Þ•¶‚Ì–½‘è“à—e‚Ì‚¢‚¸‚ê‚©‚ð”Û’è‚·‚éBLyons, J.
(1977) ‚É]‚Á‚ÄA‘OŽÒ‚ð–@”Û’è(modal negation)AŒãŽÒ‚𖽑è”Û’è(propositional
negation)‚ƌĂԂ±‚Ƃɂ·‚邯A
1) He may(or must, should, will) not be serious.
i”Þ‚Í^Œ•‚łȂ¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢j
‚Å‚ÍA not ‚Í–@•“®ŽŒ‚ł͂Ȃhe-be-serious ‚Æ‚¢‚¤–½‘è“à—e‚ð”ے肵‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂Ŗ½‘è
”Û’èB
‘¼•ûAŽŸ‚Ì 2) ‚̂悤‚ɉ”\«A•K‘R«‚ð‹qŠÏ“I‚ÉŽå’£‚·‚é‹qŠÏ“I”Fޝ—l‘Ì–@
(can, need)‚ł͖@”Û’è‚Æ‚È‚éB
2) He can't be serious. (=It is not possible that he is serious.)
i”Þ‚ª^Œ•‚¾‚È‚ñ‚Ä‚ ‚肦‚È‚¢j
“¯—l‚ÉA‹`–±‚Ì must ‚ɔے莫‚ª‚‚ 3) ‚Ìꇂ͖½‘è”Û’èA‹–‰Â‚ð•\‚· can/may ‚É”Û
’莫‚ª‚‚ 4) ‚Ìꇂ͖@”Û’è‚Æ‚È‚éB
3) You must (or should) not be late. i–½‘è”Û’èj
@@@@@@4) You can't (or may not) smoke in here. i–@”Û’èj
‚½‚¾‚µA‹–‰Â‚Ìcan, may ‚à”ے莫‚É‹¨‚ð’u‚‚Æ–½‘è”Û’è‚Æ‚Ȃ肤‚éB
5) You can (or may) come or you can (or may) nót come, as you wish.
6) We can always nót go, can't we?
@@@@@@@ i‚¢‚‚às‚©‚È‚¢‚Å‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·‚æ‚Ëj
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 7-c) ‚̂悤‚È–@”Û’è‚ð‘S•¶”Û’èA‚‚܂èA”Û’è•¶‚Ì•W€Œ`
iunmarked)‚Æ‚µ‚ÄÝ’è‚·‚éB
@@@@@@7)a. John can be serious.
«
b. John CAN be serious.
«
c. John CAN'T/can't be serious.
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì 8) ‚â 9) ‚̂悤‚ÉA„—Ê‚ð•\‚· may ‚â‹`–±i‹ÖŽ~j‚ð•\‚· must ‚Ì
”Û’èŒ`i•K‚¸Œê‹å”Û’è‚̓ǂ݂ƂȂéj‚Ȃǂ͔ñ•W€Œ`imarked)‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉʒu‚¯‚ç‚ê‚éB
cf.–{•¶(29)`(32)B
8) It may not be true.
= It is possible that it is not true. iˆÀˆäA1982, p.92)
9) You must not go.
= You must [not go].
=/= *You [must not] go. (ibid, p.89)
ø¢18-6-NT-(C)@m‘S•¶”Û’èƒeƒXƒgn
Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman(1983, p.95)‚ÍAKlima(1964)‚ðˆø—p‚µ‚ÄA
ŽŸ‚Ì‚S—á‚©‚çAsentence-level negation‚Æ‚»‚¤‚łȂ¢‚à‚Ì‚ð‹æ•Ê‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
SENTENTIAL: John is not at home, is he?
No sailors are on the ship, are they?
PHRASAL: Michele has decided to not pay taxes this year, hasn't she?
LEXICAL: Harry is uncoordinated, isn't he?
As Klima(1964) points out in his comprehensive description
of negation in English, the tags in the above sentences
give us evidence that the first two sentences are
syntactically negative while the other two are not,
regardless of what negative particles or words they may
contain.
ø¢18-6-NT-(D)@mNEG ‚Ìì—pˆæ(scope)‚ƃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒgn
Quirk et al.(1985, p.787)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA”Û’è‚Ìì—pˆæ(scope of negation)‚ÍA
‚ӂ‚¤”ے莫(negative item)‚©‚ç•¶––(end of the clause)‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB
1)a. She definitely didn't speak to him.
(=It's definite that she didn't speak to him.)
b. She didn't definitely speak to him.
(=It's not definite that she spoke to him.)
‚±‚ê‚É‚æ‚莟‚̂悤‚È—á‚àà–¾‚Å‚«‚éB
@@@2)a. Bernice didn't say anything to anyone. (McCawley, J.D. 1988,
p.553)
b. *Anyone can't give you any help.
‚½‚¾‚µA•¶’†‚Å‚àƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ªuì—pˆæ‚ÌI‚í‚èv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚鎟‚Ì 3-a) ‚̂悤‚ÈꇂɂÍ
•¶––‚Ì•›ŽŒ—v‘fiend-placed adverbial)‚Íì—pˆæ‚ÌŠO‚Öo‚éB(pp.789-790)
3)a. I didn't leave HÓME because I was afraid of my FÀTHER.
@@@@@‚»‚Ì‘¼AŽŸ‚̂悤‚Èê‡‚É‚à ƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚̈ʒu‚É‚æ‚ènot ‚Ìì—pˆæ‚Í”÷–‚É
•ω»‚·‚éB
4)a. All the children didn't SLÈEP. (=None of ...slept.)

ø¢18-8-NT@mNegative Polarityn
@@@@@negative polarity ‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚ÄAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ÅÅ‚à‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŽæ‚舵‚í‚ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚Í
some - any ‚Å‚ ‚낤B
@@@@@@@1)a. I understand she showed him some photographs.
(Quirk et al. 1985 p.778)
b. *I understand she showed him any photographs.
‚½‚¾‚µAsome ‚ª”Û’è—v‘f‚Ì scope ‚ÌŠO‚É‚ ‚鎟‚̂悤‚È—á‚à‚ ‚éB
@@@2) The dean didn't approve of some of your remarks.
(McCawley, J.D. 1988 p.555)
McCawley, J.D.i1988, p.562)‚É‚ÍAnegative polarity items ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚æ
‚¤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚éB
@@@3)a. Mary didn't give a red cent to Arther.
b. *Mary gave a red cent to Arther.
4)a. Max didn't lift a finger to help me.
b. *Max lifted a finger to help me.
‚±‚̂ق©ASwan, M.(1980, p.437)‚É‚ÍAnot ... a grain of truth/a breath of air/
a scrap (of food) ‚â without a stitch of clothing on ‚Ȃǂ̗Ⴊ‚ ‚éB
@@@@@ˆê•ûApositive polarity items ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAMcCawley, J.D.(ibid, p.570)‚ÍŽŸ
‚̂悤‚È—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
5)a. Sam is already in Toredo.
b. *Sam isn't already in Toredo.
6)a. I would rather be in Tahiti.
b. *I wouldn't rather be in Tahiti.
7)a. This cake is delicious.
b. *This cake isn't delicious.
8)a. Sam is an absolute bastard.
b. *Sam isn't an absolute bastard.
‚Ü‚½AQuirk et al.(1985, pp.778ff)‚É‚àA
@@@9)a. It's pretty late.
b. *It isn't pretty late.
10)a. They drive quite/pretty/rather fast.
b. *They don't drive quite/pretty/rather fast. (p.786)
11)a. The food was far better than I expected.
b. *The food wasn't far better than I expected.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½ANey, J.W.(pp.498-499)‚É‚ÍAany more ‚ªŽ‚ negative polarity ‚É
ŠÖ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‹»–¡[‚¢—Ⴊ‚ ‚éB
12)a. I don't like going downtown any more.
b. *I like going downtown any more.
13) I dislike going downtown any more.
14) I hate going downtown any more.
15) I refuse to go downtown any more.
dislike, hate, refuse ‚É‚ÍA‚»‚ÌŒêœb’†‚É semantic {NEG}@‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邯Œ¾‚¦‚éB
ø¢18-9-NT@mno:[emphatic]@vs@not:[nonemphaticn
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1983, p.101) ‚ÍAemphatic "no" ‚Æ
nonemphatic "not" ‚Ƃ̊ԂɈӖ¡“I‚È·‚ð”F‚߂Ă¢‚éB‚Ü‚½Aˆê”Ê‚Éicf. ˆÀˆä, 1982,
p.440)Anot ...any ‚Ì•û‚ªŒûŒê‘̂ł ‚邯‚³‚ê‚éB
1) no Noun vs not ... any NOUN
[+emphatic] [+nonemphatic]
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(ibid.) ‚ÍA‚Ü‚½Ageneric ‚È "no" ‚Æ
specific ‚È "no" ‚Ƃ̎g‚¢•ª‚¯‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄA
2) no + NOUN(plural) vs no + NOUN(singular)
[+generic] [+specific]
‚Æ‚·‚éB