‘æ‚h‚uÍ@•¶i‚rj‚ÌŠg[ y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚P‚X@@YES/NO‹^–╶F EMPH-Q-S/Q-‚r ‚È‚Ç

 ø¢19-1-NT-(A)@mŒêi‚vj‚Æ•¶i‚rj‚̃pƒ‰ƒŒƒŠƒYƒ€n 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŒêi‚vj‚Æ•¶i‚rj‚Æ‚ÌŠÔ‚ÉŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȃpƒ‰ƒŒƒŠƒYƒ€‚ðŒ©‚¢‚¾‚µ
‚Ä‚¢‚éB
         ‚v0FHappy.         ‚r0FThe car has broken down.
         ‚v1FHappy!         ‚r1FThe car HAS broken down!
         ‚v2FUnhappy.       ‚r2FThe car hasn't broken down.
         ‚v3FHappy?         ‚r3FHas the car broken down?

 ø¢19-1-NT-(B)@m•¶Cü—v‘fiSMj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì‚pn 
@@@@@NEG ‚Ìꇓ¯—lA‚p‚ð•¶Cü—v‘fiSMj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•ªÍ‚·‚é•û–@‚ÍA‚ ‚鎞Šú‚Ì•Ï
Œ`•¶–@‚É‚±‚ê‚ÉŽ—‚½•ªÍ‚ªŒ©‚ç‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎACelce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1983, 
pp.108-109)‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚ÍA2) ‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚©‚ç 3) ‚ðŒo‚Ķ‚Ýo‚³‚ê‚éB
             1)  Had Mark seen the letter?
             2)           ‚r
                       ^@@_
                     SM        NUC
                     |      ^@|@_
                     ‚p   NP   AUX  VP
                           |    |    | 
                         Mark  past see the letter
                               HAVE EN
             3)a. Output of base:‚p Mark past HAVE EN see the letter
               b. Subject/auxiliary inversion:past HAVE Mark EN see the letter
               c. Affix attachment:HAVE+past  Mark  see+EN  the letter
               d. Morphological rules:Had Mark seen the letter?
‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àACelce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p207)‚Å‚ÍA
             4)  Will they be in Reno on Friday?
             5)           ‚r
                       ^@@_
                     SM        ‚r'
                     |      ^@@_
                     ‚p  SUBJ      PRED
                           |        | 
                         they      will be in Reno on Friday
‚̂悤‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¨‚èAsm ‚Ì ‚p ‚É AUX ‚Ìwill ‚ªˆÚ“®‚µ‚Ķ‚Ýo‚³‚ê‚éB
         ‚³‚ç‚ÉAMcCawley, J.D. (1988, p‚.467-468) ‚ÍA‚p ‚àA that‚r ‚Ì that 
‚â for-to‚r ‚Ì for-to ‚Æ“¯‚¶ complementizer ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
@@          Q is most commonly assigned to the category Complementizer (a 
          category assignment first argued for in Bresnan 1970), and ....  
          Whether (which can be regarded as a surface reflex of Q) and 
          WH-expressions appear at the beginning of questions, indeed, as left 
          sisters of the S that they are based on, which matches the appearance 
          of a Comp as a left sister of its S. ...  Q can be treated as having 
          a role parallel to that of "normal" complementizers in the 
          co-occurrence restrictions on complements. 
          ...   I will in fact assume henceforce that Q is a complementizer, 
          though ...
                                                         (McCawley, J.D. p.468)
‚±‚ê‚Í whether ‚â WH‹^–╶‚ÌWHŒê‚ð complementizeri‚r‚Ì left sisterj‚Æ‚Ý‚È‚· 
Bresnan, J.W.(1970)‚Ì—¬‚ê‚ð‚­‚Þ‚à‚Ì‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Í‚¢‚í‚ä‚é 
complementizers ‚ð‚Q‚‚ɕª‚¯A
         (i)  •¶i‚rj‚ðŠg[‚µ‚Ä•Ê‚Ì•¶i‚rj‚ðì‚éu‚rŠg[Žqv‚Ì‚p‚âWh-‚p‚È‚ÇA
‚ÆA
        (ii)  •¶i‚rj‚ð“]Š·‚µ‚Ä‚m‚â‚`‚â‚`‚c‚É•Ï‚¦‚éu‚r“]Š·Žqv‚Ì that, which
‚È‚ÇA‚Æ‚É‹æ•Ê‚·‚éB

 ø¢19-1-NT-(C)@m‚¢‚ë‚¢‚ë‚È‹^–╶n 
@@@@@ˆÀˆäi1994, pp.34-35)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‹^–╶‚ÍA“Œê˜_“IAˆÓ–¡˜_“IŠÏ“_‚©‚çA
ŽŸ‚Ì‚SŽí‚É•ª‚¯‚ç‚ê‚éB
@@@@@@(i) “à—e‹^–╶‚à‚µ‚­‚Í‚—‚ˆ‹^–╶
           (ii) Yes-No‹^–╶(yes/no question)‚à‚µ‚­‚Í^‹U‹^–╶(truth q.)
                 a)‹·‚¢ì—pˆæ‚ðŽ‚‚à‚ÌFŠj‹­¨‚ðŽ‚Â\¬‘f‚¾‚¯‚ªŽ¿–â“_‚Æ‚È‚éB
                      1) Did BILL buy that house?
                 b)L‚¢ì—pˆæ‚ðŽ‚‚à‚ÌF•¶‘S‘Ì‚Ì^‹U‚ª–â‚í‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB
                      2) Is John ill?(ƒWƒ‡ƒ“‚ª•a‹C‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Ì‚Í‚Ù‚ñ‚Æ‚¤‚©) 
          (iii) ‘I‘ð‹^–╶
                      3) Will you write a letter or send a telegram?
           (iv) •t‰Á‹^–╶(tag  question, appended question, tail question) 
                      4) You don't trust her, do you?
                      5) You'll look after the children this afternoon, right? 
@@@@@McCawley,J.D.(1988, p.464)‚ÍA‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì‚Ù‚©‚ÉAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È echo question
‚ð‰Á‚¦‚éB
            (v) Echo Question
                      6) It's too bad that //who had to resign?
                      7) Would I please put //what in the bin?

 ø¢19-3-NT@m‚p“|’u‚ÍuŒðŒÝ“ü‚ê‘Ö‚¦v‚©uƒRƒs[viFuˆÚ“®vj‚©n 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAu‚p“|’uv‚ð(i)‚̂悤‚ÈuŒðŒÝ“ü‚ê‘Ö‚¦v‚Æ‚¢‚¤‘€ì‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Æ

‚炦‚éB‚±‚Ìê‡A‚Í”­¶‚µ‚È‚¢B‚½‚¾‚µAu‚p“|’uv‚ð(ii)‚̂悤‚ÈuƒRƒs[¨d

•¡Á‹Žv‚Ì‘€ì‚Æ‚µ‚ĂƂ炦‚ê‚΂͔­¶‚·‚éB

            (i) John IS a vegetarian.

                      «ŒðŒÝ“ü‚ê‘Ö‚¦(‚È‚µj
                IS John a vegetarian?
           (ii) John IS a vegetarian.
           @@       «•¶“ª‚ÖƒRƒs[
                IS John IS a vegetarian

                      «d•¡Á‹Ži”­¶j

                IS John  a vegetarian?

 ø¢19-5-NT-(A)@mƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒgÁ‹Ž‚ƃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg•¶––ˆÚ“®n 
          •’Ê‹^–╶‚ÌꇂàA•’ʔے蕶‚Ìꇓ¯—lAuƒIƒyƒŒ|ƒ^|‚̃AƒNƒZƒ“ƒgÁ
‹Žv‚ÍA˜b‚±‚Ƃ΂̃Œƒxƒ‹‚Å‚ÍA‚æ‚茵–§‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì(iii)¨(iv)‚̂悤‚ÈuƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg
‚Ì•¶––ˆÚ“®v‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
     @@@  (i) John loves MUsic.           iŠî–{•¶j
                @@@« EMPH
     @@@ (ii) John DOES love music.       i‹­’²•¶j
               @@@ « ƒIƒyƒŒ|ƒ^|•¶“ª‚Ö
    @@@ (iii) DOES John love music?       i‹­’²‹^–╶j
                @@@« ƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚Ì•¶––ˆÚ“®
      @@@(iv) Does John love MUsic?       i•’Ê‹^–╶j

 ø¢19-5-NT-(B)@m‚p‚̃Cƒ“ƒgƒl[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“n 
@@@@@’|—Ñip.156)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAyes/no‹^–╶‚Ì“TŒ^“I‚ȃCƒ“ƒgƒl[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“Eƒpƒ^[ƒ“
‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚Æ‚¨‚è‚Å‚ ‚éB
              1) Is   this   yours?
                 ‚Q    ‚R      ‚Qª
              2) Do   you   use  this  dictionary?
                 ‚Q   ‚Q    ‚R   ‚Q    ‚Qª‚Q‚R‚S
ã‚ÅAŠjiƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒgj‚̓sƒbƒ`‚Ì‚‚³‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚é‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B—Ⴆ‚ÎA2) ‚Ìê‡ dic
‚ÉŠjiƒsƒbƒ`‚̕ω»j‚ª‚ ‚èAƒsƒbƒ`‚̈ê”Ô‚ˆÊ‚Í-nary‚É‚ ‚éBuŠjv‚Íu‚‚³v‚Å‚Í
‚È‚­u•Ï‰»v‚È‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢19-5-NT-(C)@mHat Pattern/Suspension Bridgen 
         Bolinger, D.(1986, pp.46-47)‚ÍAŽ¿–â|“š‚¦‚̃Cƒ“ƒgƒl[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“Eƒpƒ^[ƒ“
‚É"hat pattern"(Cohen and 't Hart, 1967)‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í"suspension bridge"(Bolinger, D.
1961)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éBi³Šm‚È‚’á‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍBolinger, D.(1986)‚ðŽQÆ
‚Ì‚±‚Æj
      1)         it?   Lo've
           Li'ke               it!
‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚Â‚É‚à‹¤’Ê«‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB(p.46)
      2)         li'ke it?
         Do you              I lo've it.
      3)        li'ke it          tr'y 
         If you              then       it.

 ø¢19-5-NT-(D)@m‰º~’²‚Ì‚pn 
@@@@@“n•Ó˜aip.143)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAˆê”Ê“I‚Éyes/no‹^–╶‚Í㸒²‚ÅŒ¾‚í‚ê‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹L
q‚ª‚È‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邪Aê–å‰Æ‚ÌŠÔ‚Å‚Í‚±‚̂悤‚È”FŽ¯‚ÍŠÔˆá‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤Žw“Eicf.
Fries1964/Brazil1985/Cruttenden1986/Geluykens1988)‚ª‚È‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
          Quirk et al.(1985, p.807) ‚É‚à yes-no questions ‚Ì”­‰¹‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì‚æ
‚¤‚ȃRƒƒ“ƒg‚ª‚ ‚éB
          Note [c]  Rising intonation is the norm for yes-no questions, but 
          falling intonation occurs quite frequently.  ...spoken material, 430 
          questions ended in a rise and 290 in a fall.

 ø¢19-5-NT-(E)@mDo you ...? ‚Æ Have you ...?n 
              1) Do you have a driver's license?
              2) Have you a driving licence?
         ƒAƒƒŠƒJ‰pŒê‚Ì 1) ‚ÆAƒCƒMƒŠƒX‰pŒê‚Ì 2) ‚Ƃ̈Ⴂ‚ÍAEMPH ‚Ì‘€ì”‚P‚É‚¨
‚¯‚é{DOŒ^^|DOŒ^‚̈Ⴂ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
              3) You have a driver's license.
                     ¨You DO have a driver's license. (+DO)
              4) You have a driving licence.
                    ¨You HAVE a driving licence.      (-DO)

 ø¢19-5-NT-(F)@mought to ‚Ì EMPHANEGA‚pn 
         McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.480)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAought to ‚ðŠÜ‚Þ•¶iK-Sj‚ÌEMPH•¶A
NEG•¶A‚p•¶‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB       
              1)a.  We OUGHT to help him.
                b. *We DO ought to help him.
              2)a.  We oughtn't to help him.
                b. *We don't ought to help him.
              3)a.  Ought we to help him?
                b. *Do we ought to help him?

 ø¢19-7-NT@mŠî–{•¶(K-S)‚©‚ç”Û’è‹^–╶(Q-NEG-S)‚Ön 
@@@@@‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚É‚¨‚¯‚éŠî–{•¶(K-Sj‚©‚ç”Û’è‹^–╶(Q-NEG-Sj‚Ö‚ÌŽw“±‚Ì—¬‚ê‚ÍA
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ƂȂ낤B


 ø¢19-8-NT-(A)@muninverted questions:common but presumptuousn 
          Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman(1999, pp.214-217)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAuninverted 
questions ‚ÍAcomprehension check(echo question)‚ð‚Ó‚­‚Þ confirmation ‚Ì‚½‚ß‚Ì‚à
‚Ì‚ÅA‚©‚È‚è‚Ђñ‚Ï‚ñ‚ÉŽg‚í‚ê‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
             Weber(1989) and Williams(1989) both report that uninverted questions
          are much more common than one might suppose.  In her analysis, ..., 
          Weber found that as many as 41 percent of all the questions in the 
          data were either inverted... or nonclausal forms such as the following
          (Weber 1989:181):
             1)A: I've got so much work that I don't believe it, so I'm just not
                  thinking about that.
               B: In school, you mean?
          ‚Ü‚½Aintimacy ‚ÌŠm—§‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢ó‹µ‚Å‚ÍA‚±‚Ìuninverted questions‚Í
¶ˆÓ‹C(presumptuous)‚ɂЂт­‚Æ‚¢‚¤B(p.217)
@@@@@‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAˆÀˆäi1987, p.432)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA”Û’è”—ÊŽŒ‚ª‚©‚ç‚Þê‡AINF-‚p•¶
‚Í‘¶Ý‚·‚邪A‚p•¶‚Í‘¶Ý‚µ‚È‚¢B
             2)a.   Few people came to the party?
               b.  *Did few people come to the party?
             3)a.   You bought nothing?
               b.  *Did you buy nothing?
             4)a.   Nobody came?
               b.  *Did nobody come?

 ø¢19-8-NT-(B)@mINF-Q ‚̃Cƒ“ƒgƒl[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“n 
@@@@@INF-Q•¶ ‚ÍA‚ӂ‚¤A㸒²‚Å”­˜b‚³‚ê‚éBicf.Leech & Svartvik, 1975, 
p.112)’|—Ñi1982, pp.153ff)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚±‚±‚ÅŒ¾‚¤ INF-‚p‚Ì“TŒ^“I‚ȃCƒ“ƒgƒl[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“
‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
             1)  You  told  him  to  come  back?
                 ‚Q   ‚R    ‚Q   ‚Q  ‚R    ‚Rª
‚µ‚©‚µAINF-Q•¶‚ª‚‚˂É㸒²‚Å”­˜b‚³‚ê‚é‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B•¶–¬A˜b‚µŽè‚Ì•\î‚ÌŽè•
‚¯‚ª‚ ‚ê‚Î㸒²ˆÈŠO‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚é‚Æ‚·‚镶–@‰Æ‚à‚¢‚éBicf.“n•Ó˜aAp.143)

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