‘æ‚h‚uÍ@•¶i‚rj‚ÌŠg[ y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚Q‚O@@’Z•¶

 ø¢20-1-NT-(A)@mƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¢ƒIƒyƒŒ[ƒ^Hn 
@@@@@ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È 1) (=–{•¶’†‚Ì 6-B3) ‚Ì does ‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA
         @@ 1)  Yes, he DOES/does like onions.      (=–{•¶’† 6-B3)
’rãi1977, p.682) ‚ÌAuƒIƒyƒŒ[ƒ^[‚É‹­¨‚ªŽc‚èŠj‰¹ß‚Í•¶––‚É‚ ‚évŽŸ‚Ì—áŽQÆB

@@@@@@@@@@@(‘啶Žš‚ÍŠj‰¹ßAƒAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‹L†‚͉¹’²Acü‚Í‹­¨‚ðŽ¦‚·j

 ø¢20-1-NT-(B)@m*Yes, ... doesn't .../*No, ... does ...n 
         ‚½‚µ‚©‚ÉA‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍAˆê”Ê“I‚ÉA
             1)a.  Yes, she does.
               b. *Yes, she doesn't.
             2)a.  No, I didn't.
               b. *No, I did. 
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŒ©Žó‚¯‚ç‚ê‚éB
             3)  Yes. She isn't.(=Yes, that's right. She is not.)
             4)  No. I did. (=No, that's wrong. I did.)

 ø¢20-1-NT-(C)@m”Û’è‹^–╶‚ɑ΂·‚éƒVƒ‡[ƒgEƒAƒ“ƒT[n 
         o”Û’èp‚ðŠÜ‚ñ‚¾‹^–╶iQ+NEG+Sj‚Ìê‡A‚»‚Ì ƒVƒ‡|ƒgEƒAƒ“ƒT| ‚ÍA
Yes/No‚Ì•”•ª‚ª‰pŒê‚Æ‚»‚Ì‘¼‚ÌŒ¾ŒêA—Ⴆ‚ÎA“ú–{Œê‚Æ‚Å‹t‚ɂȂ邱‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚éB
       (i) ‰pŒê‚Ìê‡
               1)  A: Do you like music?
                   B: Yes, I do./No, I don't.
               2)  A: Don't you like music?
                   B: Yes, I do./No, I don't.
      (ii) “ú–{Œê‚Ìê‡
               3)  A: ongaku-wa sukidesu-ka.   (Do you like music?)
                   B: hai, sukidesu.@@@@@iYes, I do.)
@@@@@@@@@@@iie, sukidewa arimasen.@(No, I don't.)
               4)  A: ongaku-wa sukide arimasen-ka.(Don't you like music?)
                   B: hai, sukidewa arimasen.      (*Yes, I don't.) 
                      iie, sukidesu.               (*No, I do.)
         ‚‚܂èA‰pŒê‚Å‚Í‚p{‚r‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä‚àA‚p{NEG{‚r‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä‚àAYes^No‚Ì•ÔŽ–
‚Í‚r‚Ì•”•ª‚É”½‰ž‚·‚é‚̂ɑ΂µA“ú–{Œê‚Å‚Í‚p{‚r‚Å‚Í‚r‚ÉA‚p{NEG{‚r‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä‚Í
NEG{‚r‚É”½‰ž‚·‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚¢‚í‚ÎA
         5) ‚p  + {m‚rn}  (Do you like music?)
                   ¨@Yes/No.(hai/iie)
         6) ‚p  + { NEG  + m‚rn}  (Don't you like music?)
                   ¨@Yes/No.(hai/iie)
                      iã‚Å{   }•”‚Í“ú–{Œê‚Ì”½‰ž•”•ªBm n•”‚͉pŒê‚Ì”½‰ž•”•ªj
@@@@@Œ‹‹ÇA‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚Ç‚Ì‹^–╶i‚`1`‚`8j‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä‚à“ši‚a)‚ÍAYes ‚Å‚ 
‚ê No ‚Å‚ ‚êA“¯‚¶‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éBiEMPH‚‚«‹­’²‹^–╶‚Í‚±‚±‚Å‚ÍÈ—ªj
         ‚`1FJohn is a vegetarian?
         ‚`2FJohn isn't a vegetarian?
         ‚`3FIs John a vegetarian?
         ‚`4FIsn't John a vegetarian?
         ‚`5FJohn is a vegetarian, isn't he?
         ‚`6FJohn isn't a vegetarian, is he?
         ‚`7FJohn is a vegetarian, right? 
         ‚`8FJohn isn't a vegetarian, right?
                   ¨‚aFYes, he is./No, he isn't.

 ø¢20-2-NT@mŠµ—p“I‚ȃVƒ‡[ƒgEƒAƒ“ƒT[: I am (not)n 
@@@@@Scheffer, J.(p.12)‚É‚ÍAŠµ—p“I‚ȃVƒ‡|ƒgEƒAƒ“ƒT|‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̗Ⴊ‚ ‚éB
             1) A:Betsy, don't lie to me.
                B:I'm not. 
             2) A:Think! Think!
                B:I am.  I am.
             3) A:Hurry, Dixie!
                B:I am, Pixie!

 ø¢20-3-NT@m‚¨‚¤‚Þ•Ô‚µ‹^–╶iECHO-Q-Sjn 
         ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‘ŠŽè‚Ì’Âq‚É’Z‚­‘Š‚¿‚ð‘Å‚ÂAŽŸ‚Ì 1-B2) ‚â 2-B2) ‚̂悤‚È
Œ`‚ðu‚¨‚¤‚Þ•Ô‚µ‹^–╶viECHO-Q-S)‚ƌĂԂªA
             1)  A:John is a vegetarian.
                 B1:John is a vegetarian?
                 B2:Is he?
             2)  A:John likes onions.
                 B1:John likes onions?
                 B2:Does he?
•¶–@‰Æ(cf. McCawley, J.D. 1988, p.464)‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍAã‚Ì 1-B1) ‚â 2-B1) ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`
(‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍINF-Q-S)‚ðu‚¨‚¤‚Þ•Ô‚µ‹^–╶v(echo question)‚ÆŒÄ‚ÔŽÒ‚à‚¢‚éB

 ø¢20-4-NT-(A)@m•t‰Á‹^–╶(tag question)‚Ì’è‹`n 
@@@@@ŽŸ‚̂悤‚È•¶‚ÍA‚ӂ‚¤Au•t‰Á‹^–╶vitag questionj‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB
@@@@@@ 1) John loves music, doesn't he?
‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àA‚±‚Ì•t‰Á‹^–╶‚Ì’è‹`‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA(i) Œã”¼‚Ì tag ‚Ì•”•ª‚¾‚¯‚ð tag question
‚ƌĂԗ§ê‚ÆA (ii) ‘S•¶‚ð tag question ‚ƌĂԗ§ê‚ª‚ ‚èAQuirk et al.(1985, 
p.810) ‚Í(i)‚Ì—§ê‚ðAˆÀˆäi1994, p.32)‚â McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.247)‚Í(ii)‚Ì—§
ê‚ð‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚Ü‚½AMcCawley(p.480)‚ÍAtag question‚Ì‘O”¼‚ð host sentenceAŒã
”¼‚ð tag ‚ƌĂыæ•Ê‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
@@@@@(i)‚Ì—§ê‚ÍAã‚Ì 1) ‚ðŒÀ‚è‚È‚­ŽŸ‚Ì 2) ‚É‹ß‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚µ‚ĂƂ炦‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ
‚¢‚¦‚éB
             2)  John loves music.  Doesn't he?
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA1) ‚ÍAJohn loves music. ‚Æ‚¢‚¤Šî–{•¶iK-S)‚É Doesn't he?
‚Æ‚¢‚¤•W€Œ^‚Ìu‚¨‚¤‚Þ•Ô‚µ‹^–╶v(ECHO-Q-S)‚ð tag ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•t‰Á‚µ‚½Œ`‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•ªÍ‚³
‚ê‚éB

 ø¢20-4-NT-(B)@mƒZƒCƒEƒ`(Walrus)‚ƃƒjiAlligator)‚̃Q|ƒ€n 
@@@@@¡ˆä(1972, pp.12ffj’†‚Ì Langendoen, D.T.(1970)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‹³—{‚ ‚é•Ä‘
l‚ÌŠÔ‚É‚àAlÌA«A”A”Û’è—v‘f‚Ȃǂɂ‚¢‚Ä”FŽ¯‚̃YƒŒ‚ª‚ ‚é‚悤‚Å‚ ‚éB46–¼
i30–¼‚̓IƒnƒCƒIBogj‚Ì•Ä‘’†‚‰pŒê‹³Žt‚ÉTag ‚Å•ÔŽ–‚³‚¹‚½‚Æ‚±‚ëAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È
Œ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½B
              1) W: I have five cents in my pocket.
                 A: Haven't I?    (26–¼)
                    Don't I?      (20–¼)
              2) W: There happen to be six books on the table.
                 A: Aren't there? (26–¼)
                    Don't there?  (18–¼)
                    Don't they?   ( 2–¼)
              3) W: I may see you tomorrow.
                 A: Won't I?      (17–¼)
                    May I not?    (11–¼)
                    Mayn't I?     (10–¼)
                    Might I?(3),  Mightn't I?(2),  Can't I?(1),  ‚È‚ÇB
              4) W: I'm not going to the store now.
                 A: Am I?         (46–¼)
              5) W: I'm going to the store now.
                 A: Aren't I?     (28–¼)
                    Am I not?     (17–¼)
                    Ain't I?      ( 1–¼)
              6) W: No one watches TV any more.
                 A: Do they?      (26–¼)
                    Does he?      (17–¼)
                    Don't they?   ( 2–¼)
                    Doesn't he?   ( 1–¼)
  4) ‚Å‚ÍŠ®àøB‚µ‚©‚µA1) ‚â 5) ‚â 6) ‚Å‚Í‘½­‰ö‚µ‚­‚È‚Á‚ÄA2) ‚â 3)‚Å‚Í‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚Ç
ul‚É‚æ‚èˆÙ‚È‚év‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½ó‹µ‚Å‚ ‚éB•W€‰pŒê‚Ì‹K”Í“I‚È•¶–@‚Æ‘å‚Ä‚¢‚Ìl‚ªŠwZŠO
‚ÅC“¾‚µ“à݉»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚镶–@‚Ƃ̊ԂɃYƒŒ‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚í‚©‚éB(p.21)

 ø¢20-4-NT-(C)@m”ö‚Ђê(tag):”ñ•W€Œ`(reduplicative)‚Æ•W€Œ`(reversal)n 
         ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Ì—§ê‚©‚ç”ñ•W€Œ`‚Æ•W€Œ`‚Ì”ö‚Ђê‚ð’P‚È‚éƒXƒ^ƒC
ƒ‹‚̈Ⴂ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邪A•¶–@‰Æ‚Ì‘½‚­‚Í‚±‚Ì‚Q‚‚ðˆÓ–¡“I‚ɈقȂé‚Æ‚µA‹æ•Ê‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
         —Ⴆ‚ÎAMcCawley, J.D.(1988, p.480)‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì1) ‚Æ2) ‚ð‹æ•Ê‚µ‚ÄA
             1)a. John has washed the dishes, hasn't he? (reversal)
               b. John hasn't washed the dishes, has he? 
             2)A:This coin is worth $1000.  (reduplicative)
               B:It's worth $1000, is it?  Well,then, you'd
                 better keep it in a safe place.
1)‚̉ºü•”‚ð reversal tagA 2)‚̉ºü•”‚ð reduplicative tag ‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éB‚»‚µ‚ÄA
Catell(1973)‚ðˆø—p‚µ‚Ä reversal/reduplicative ‚̈Ӗ¡“I·ˆÙ‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚Éq‚×
‚Ä‚¢‚éB
         ... I will accept Cattell's(1973) claim that reversal tags ask for 
         confirmation of a proposition that the speaker puts forward as his
         own position, while reduplicative tags are attached to Ss that the 
         speaker is not putting forward as his own but is "citing in order to 
         ask the listener if it is his."
‚‚܂èAreversal tags ‚Í host S ‚ª˜bŽÒ‚̈ӌ©‚Æ‚µ‚Äq‚ׂç‚ê Aconfirmation ‚ª‹‚ß
‚ç‚ê‚é‚̂ɑ΂µ‚ÄAreduplicative tags ‚Í‘ŠŽè‚Ì”­˜b‚ð‘ŠŽè‚̈ӌ©‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚í‚Îu‚¨‚¤
‚Þ•Ô‚µv‚ÉŒJ‚è•Ô‚·‚±‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢Bi‚»‚Ì‚½‚ß‚µ‚΂µ‚Î billigerent(’§í“I)‚É‹¿‚­j
 @@@@@reduplicative tags ‚ªŽ‚Š܈ӂɂ‚¢‚ÄATaglicht, J.(p.108)‚ÍA
             3) So you know him, do you?
             4) So you don't know him, don't you?
‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚ÍA‹Á‚«isurprise)‚âŠm”F(repeat)‚ð•\‚·‚ªA‚µ‚΂µ‚Î'hostile overtones'
‚ðŽ‚‚Ƃ¢‚¤B‚Ü‚½ASinclair, J.McH.(1972, p.72)‚Í'agressive, challenging'‚ÉA
Quirk et al. (1972, p.392)‚Í'conveying sarcastic suspicion' ‚ɂЂт­‚ÆŒ¾‚¤B
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AMcCawley, J.D.(1988, p.486)‚ÍAhost sentence ‚ª”ے蕶‚Ìê‡A”Û
’è‚Ìì—pˆæ(scope)‚̈Ⴂ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä tags ‚ª•Ï‚í‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
             5)a.  John hasn't been paying attention to us, has/*hasn't he?
               b.  John has been not paying attention to us, hasn't he?
  @@@@@ 6)a.  Jack seldom goes out, does he?
               b.  Jack seldom goes out, doesn't he?
               c. *Jack goes out seldom, does he?(OK as reduplicative tag)
               d.  Jack goes out seldom, doesn't he?
                           (6-a), 6-b) ‚Í•¶”Û’èA 6-c), 6-d)  ‚Í‹å”Û’è) 
“¯—l‚ÉAŽåŒê‚É no/some ‚È‚Ç‚Ì quantifier ‚ª‚‚­ê‡‚â must not/may not ‚ªŽg‚í‚ê
‚éꇂàì—pˆæ‚ª‚©‚ç‚Þ‚½‚ß‚µ‚΂µ‚Î tags ‚Í•s‰Â‚Æ‚È‚éB
             7)  No candidate expects to get a majority, ??does/*doesn't he?
                                                                        (p.486)
             8) *Nothing happened, did it?   (p.482)
             9) *You mustn't say nasty things, must you? 
            10) *Someone is likely to attack you, isn't he?
            11) *I may not be able to help you, may I? 
            12) *Every member of the committee supports you, doesn't he?

 ø¢20-6-NT@m‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì Tagsn 
@@@@@‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì tags ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB
@@@@@@@(i) creative ‚È tags
                   1) John hasn't washed the dishes, has the son of a bitch?
                                                  (McCawley, J.D. 1988, p.482)
                   2) Sam is making a fool of himself again,isn't the idiot?
                   3) Turn on the light, will somebody or other?
                                                    (Quirk et al. 1985, p.813)
                   4) What a beautiful painting it is, isn't it?
             (ii) invariant ‚È tags (cf. Quirk, et al. 1985, p.814)
                   5) Let's play another game, shall we?
                   6) They forgot to attend the lecture, don't you think?/
                      am I right?
                   7) Open the door, won't you/will you?/can't you?  (p.813)
            (iii) •¡•¶‚Ì tags
@@@@@‚¢‚í‚ä‚é•¡•¶‚Ìê‡‚Ì tags ‚ÍA‚ӂ‚¤ŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
                   8)a. John said that Max had gone to paris, didn't he?
                     b. John didn't say that Max had gone to Paris, did he?
‚½‚¾‚µA•ê•¶‚Ì“®ŽŒ‚ª think, suppose ‚È‚Ç‚ÌꇂÍAi•ê•¶‚ª‚`‚c‰»‚µ‚ÄjŽŸ‚̂悤‚È
Žq•¶‚É”½‰ž‚µ‚½ tag ‚Æ‚È‚éB
        @@@@@ 9)a.  I don't think you've been here before, have you?
                                                                  (’†ìAp.38)
                     b. *I don't think you've been here before, haven't you?
                     c. *I don't think you've been here before, do I? 
                  10)a.  I suppose the Yankees won't win, will they?
                                        (Lakoff in McCawley, J.D. 1988, p.486)
                     b.  I don't suppose the Yankees will win, will they? 
                     c. *I don't suppose the Yankees will win, won't they?
 @@@@@@ (iv) d•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹‚Ì•Ï‚èŽí
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì 11-b) ‚Æ 11-c) ‚Íd•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚P‚Ì•Ï‚èŽíA12) ‚Í backward ‚Ìd•¡
ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚Q‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‹»–¡[‚¢B
               11)a.  John won't have been released from jail yet, will he?
                                                  (McCawley, J.D. 1988, p.481)
                  b.  John won't have been released from jail yet, will he have?
                  c.  John won't have been released from jail yet, will he have 
                      been?
     @@@@@12) They've been behaving deplorably, haven't the students?

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