ø¢21-1-NT@mRecapitulatory/Explicatory Wh-Echo-Q‚ÆDeclarative Wh-Qn
@@@@@Quirk et al.(1985)‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤Šî–{•¶iK-S)‚ÆWH-Q•¶‚Ƃ̊ԂÉA‚QŽí—Þ
‚Ì WH-ECHO-Q •¶‚Æ‚PŽí—Þ‚Ìdeclarative WH-Q •¶‚Æ‚ðÝ’è‚·‚éB
@@@@@(i) Recapitulatory Wh-Echo Questions (p.835)
1) A:I'll pay for it.
B:You'll WHÁT?
(ii) Explicatory Wh-Echo Questions (p.837) [CLARIFICATION]
2) A:Take a look at this.
B:Take a look at WHÀT?
(iii) Declarative Wh-Questions (p.817)
3) A:So you boarded the train where?
B:At Los Angeles.
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA(i) ‚ð WH-ECHO-Q•¶‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA(ii) ‚Æ (iii) ‚ð INF-WH-Q•¶ ‚Æ‚µ‚Ă܂Ƃß
‚éB‚±‚±‚ÅAWHŒn‹^–â•¶‚Ì“Œê“I“Á«‚ð‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚é‚ÆŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂȂéB
WHŒê •iŽŒ•„‡ @‚p“|’u@@WHŒê•K‚¸•¶“ª
(i) WH-ECHO-Q what‚Ì‚Ý | | |
(ex.John what?)
(ii) INF-WH-Q what, who, { | |
(ex.John lost what?) where, etc.
(iii) WH-Q what, who, { { {
(ex.What did John lose?) where, etc.
@@@@@‚±‚ê‚ðŒ©‚é‚ÆAWH-ECHO-Q Ë INF-WH-Q Ë WH-Q ‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½AK-S ‚©‚ç
WH-Q-S ‚Ö‚Ì—¬‚ê‚ªŠ´‚¶‚ç‚ê‚éB
ø¢21-3-NT@mWH-ECHO-Q•¶‚É‚¨‚¯‚éI-You Switchn
@@@@@‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚Å‚ÍAWH-ECHO-Q•¶‚Ì—ûK‚ÅAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È I-You Switch ‚ƂłàŒÄ‚Ô
‚ׂ«‘€ì‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä“Á•ʂ̔z—¶‚ª•K—v‚ƂȂ邩‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@@1)A: Do you live in Tokyo?
B: Do I live where?
2)A: My phone number is 123-4567.
B: Your phone number is 123-what?
ø¢21-4-NT-(A)@muninverted wh-questionsn
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.250)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
As with yes/no questions, it is also possible to have uninverted
wh-questions. For such wh-questions, both wh-fronting and subject-
operator inversion would be suppressed. Sometimes these are just
"echo" questions in which the listener is signaling to the speaker
that he or she didn't hear a part of what just was said.
1)A:I expect to be going to Hawaii for the holidays.
B:You expect to be going where for the holidays?
‚Ü‚½AWHŒê‚ɃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒgipitch above the normal rangej‚ª‚ ‚éꇂɂÍA
‹Á‚«‚âM‚¶‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢‹CŽ‚¿isurprise or disbelief)‚ð•\‚µ(p.250)Auninverted yes/no
questions ‚Ìꇓ¯—lAuninverted wh-questions ‚à‚Ü‚½familiarity ‚ªŠm—§‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚È
‚¢ê‡‚ɂ͎g‚í‚È‚¢•û‚ª—Ç‚¢‚Æ‚·‚éB(p.252)
ø¢21-4-NT-(B)@mWHŒê‚ƑΉž‚·‚ésome-Œên
@@@@@Quirk et al.(1985, pp.819-820) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAWH-Q•¶‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 2-a)@‚ÍA
1-b) ‚Æ 2-b) ‚̂悤‚È‘O’ñ•¶ipresupposition) ‚©‚ç¶‚Ü‚ê‚éB(A wh-question may
generally be matched with a statement called its presupposition.)
1)a. Who ever opened my letter?
b. Someone opened my letter.
2)a. Who hasn't had any coffee?
b. Somebody hasn't had any coffee.
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚ɂ͑O’ñ•¶‚ª‚È‚¢B(There may, however, be no presupposition if
nonassertive items are present:)
3) Who has any money? (p.820)
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚Ì 4-a) ‚̂悤‚ÉA‘O’ñ•¶‚ª\‘¢ã ambiguous ‚Å‚ ‚éꇂɂÍA“–
‘R‚»‚±‚©‚ç¶‚Ü‚ê‚é 4-b) ‚̂悤‚È WH-Q •¶‚à ambiguous‚ƂȂéB(p.820)
4)a. She promised to meet him sometime.
b. When did she promise to meet him?
ø¢21-4-NT-(C)@mINF-WH-Q“±“ü–@n
@@@@@INF-WH-Q•¶‚Ì“±“ü‚ÍAŠwKŽÒ‚ª‰‹‰‚ÌꇂÍAsome-Œê‚ðŽ‚ÂŠî–{•¶‚©‚ç‚Ì“±
“ü‚ł͂ȂAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȃRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒJƒeƒCƒu‚È“±“ü‚ª‚æ‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@@1)A:Mary loves a frog?
B:No.
A:John loves a frog?
B:No.
A:WHO loves a frog then?
2)A:Mary loves a frog?
B:No.
A:Mary loves a snail?
B:No.
A:Then she loves WHAT?
ø¢21-4-NT-(D)@m‚Q‚ˆÈã‚ÌWHŒên
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚̂悤‚ÈA‚Q‚ˆÈã‚ÌWHŒê‚ðŽ‚Â INF-WH-Q•¶‚Í‚©‚È‚èƒ|ƒsƒ…ƒ‰[‚Å
‚ ‚邪A2-b) ‚̂悤‚ÈWH-Q•¶‚Í•s‰Â‚ƂȂéB
1) Who said what to whom? (Quirk et al. 1985, p.823)
2)a. Who bought what?
b.*What did who buy?
Ú‚µ‚‚ÍAChomsky, N.(1973) ‚ÌSuperiority Condition ‚âKuno&Takemi(1995)‚ÌSorting
Key Hypothesis/List Requirement Hypothesis ‚ðŽQÆ‚³‚ꂽ‚¢B
ø¢21-4-NT-(E)@mwho ‚Æ whomn
@@@@@–Ȋтق©ip.89)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAwriting ‚Å‚Í whom‚ª‚悎g‚í‚ê‚邪A speech ‚Å
‚Í whom ‚Í might sound pretentiousB@‚Ü‚½AWho did you see last night? ‚â Who
did you give it to? ‚ÌŒ`‚Å‚Í who ‚ª D‚Ü‚êA You saw whom? ‚â To whom did you
give it? ‚ÌŒ`‚Å‚Í whom ‚ªD‚Ü‚ê‚é Bwhom ‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚éꇂÍA’¼‘O‚É“®ŽŒ‰»Žq(VZ)‚â
‘O’uŽŒ‚ȂNJi‚ð—v‹‚·‚é—v‘f‚ª‚ ‚éꇂƂ¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂ낤‚©B
ø¢21-6-NT-(A)@mCelce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999)‚É‚æ‚éWh-Q•¶‚Ì
@@@@@@@@@ì‚è•ûn
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, pp.245-246)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚ÍA
‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚Ë 2-a) ` 2-d) ‚̃Xƒeƒbƒv‚ð‚Ó‚ñ‚Ŷ‚Ýo‚³‚ê‚éB
@@@@@@@1) When did Lee write a memo to his boss?
2)a. Output of base:Q-wh Lee -past write a memo to his boss when
b. Wh-fronting:when Lee -past[+3+sg] write a memo to his boss
c. Subject-operator inversion:when -past[+3+sg] do Lee write a
memo to his boss.
d. Morphology:When did Lee write a memo to his boss?
sm(sentence modifier) ‚Í Q-wh ‚ƂȂÁ‚Ä‚¨‚èAbase ‚Ì’†‚É‚·‚Å‚Éinfo gap‚ðŽ¦‚· when
‚ª“ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Ƃɒ–ÚB‚Ü‚½AWh-fronting ¨ Q inversion ‚̇‚ƂȂÁ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
ø¢21-6-NT-(B)@mWH-Front ¨ ‚p•t‰Á‚©A‚p•t‰Á¨ WH-Front ‚©n
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAWH-Q ‚Ì‘€ì‚Í@(i)INF-WH-Q•t‰Á ¨ (ii)Q•t‰Á ¨ (iii)WHŒê‚Ì
•¶“ªˆÚ“®‚̇˜‚Ås‚í‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎA–{•¶—á•¶(41)‚ÌꇂÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂȂéB
ƒ‚`ˆÄ„ Q•t‰Á¨ WHŒê•¶“ªˆÚ“®‚Ìê‡
1) where + [You lost it somewhere]
« INF-WH-Q
2) [You lost it where?]
« Q•t‰Á
3)*[Did you lose it where?]
« Wh-Front
4) [Where did you lose it
?]
‚à‚¤‚ЂƂ‚̉”\«‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAQ•t‰Á‚Ì‘O‚ÉWHŒê•¶“ªˆÚ“®‚ðs‚¤ŽŸ‚Ì‚aˆÄ‚àl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
ƒ‚aˆÄ„ WHŒê•¶“ªˆÚ“®¨Q•t‰Á‚Ìê‡
5) where + [You lost it somewhere]
« INF-WH-Q
6) [You lost it where?]
« Wh-Front
7)?[Where you lost it
?]
« Q•t‰Á
8) [Where did you lose it
?]
–{•¶‚ł͂`ˆÄ‚Æ‚µ‚½‚ªA‚aˆÄ‚̂ق¤‚ª‚æ‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B“n•ÓŽž‚Ù‚©(p.45)‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì
9) ‚̂悤‚È’†ŠÔŒ¾Œê‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚êA
9) Why you are here?
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AGivon, T.(p.10)‚É‚ÍA‚RˈÈ~Ž™‚Ì grammatical inventiveness
(Gruber, 1967‚©‚çj‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA10-c) ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚ª‚ ‚éB
10)a. What do wheel?
(What does the wheel do?)
b. Where went the wheel? [{WH-Front/{‚p]
(Where did the wheel go?)
c. Where it is? [{WH-Front/|‚p]
(Where is it?)
@@@@@ˆê•ûADale, P.S.(pp.110-111)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAL1‚ÌŽq‹Ÿ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì 11) ‚̂悤‚ÈA
Q•t‰Á‚¾‚¯‚ÅWh-Front ‚ð‚µ‚È‚¢Œ`(questions in which subject and auxiliary are
inverted but wh is not moved) ‚Í—p‚¢‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
11) *Can he ride in what?
‚‚܂èA•\‘w\‘¢‚¾‚¯‚Ål‚¦‚ê‚ÎAã‚Ì 3) ‚ÍŒÀ‚è‚È‚”ñ•¶‚ɋ߂A7) ‚ÍŒÀ‚è‚È‚
acceptable ‚ɋ߂¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂéB‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚Å‚ÍA‚È‚é‚ׂ”ñ•¶‚ðŒo—R‚µ‚È‚¢—û
K‚ªD‚Ü‚µ‚¢‚̂ł`ˆÄ‚æ‚è‚Í‚aˆÄ‚Ì•û‚ª‚æ‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B‚½‚¾‚µAŠî–{•¶•¶“ª‚É
something/someone ‚Ȃǂª‚‚éꇂɂÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂǂ¿‚ç‚ð‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‚à clumsy ‚Å
ugly ‚Å‚ ‚éB
ƒ‚`ˆÄ„ 12)a. what + Something made you so angry.
« INF-WH-Q
b. What made you so angry?
« Q•t‰Á
c. *Did what make you so angry?
« Wh-Front
d. *What did make you so angry?
ƒ‚aˆÄ„ 13)a. what + Something made you so angry.
« INF-WH-Q
b. What made you so angry?
« Wh-Front
c. What made you so angry?
« Q•t‰Á
d. *Did what make you so angry?
ø¢21-6-NT-(C)@mfocus of information ‚Æ focus of interestn
Bolinger, D.(1986, pp.95-96)‚ÍAWH-Q•¶‚ł͂µ‚΂µ‚Î focus of information
‚Æ focus of interest ‚ªd‚Ȃ炸‚É•¹‘¶‚·‚邯‚µ‚ÄA2)‚̂悤‚È—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚éB
1) A:I finally went out and bought something today.
B: Oh, yeah? Whát did you buy?
2) A:Bill took me downtown to all the big department stores today.
B: Oh, yeah? Whát did you búy? (p.95)
iwhát‚Íinformation focus, búy‚Ífocus of interest)
1)‚Å‚Í buy@‚ªŒJ‚è•Ô‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚苨‚È‚µB‚±‚ÌŽžA˜bŽÒ‚Í buy ‚Æ‚¢‚¤sˆ×‚ÉŠÖS
iinterestj‚͂ȂA2)‚Å‚Í look at, see, order ‚Ȃǂ½‚‚³‚ñ‚Ì‘I‘ðŽˆ‚Ì’†‚Å buy
‚Æ‚¢‚¤sˆ×‚ÉŠÖS‚ª‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@“¯—l‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚Å‚ÍA
3) A:John left early.
B1:Whý did he leave?
B2:Whý did he léave?
3-B1) ‚Å‚Í Whý ‚É focus of interest ‚Æfocus of information ‚ªˆê’v(coincides)‚µ
‚Ä‚¢‚邪A3-B2)‚Å‚Í léave ‚É focus of interset ‚ ‚èB
@@@@@Bolinger, D.(1986, p.98)‚Í‚³‚ç‚ÉA(focus of interest ‚Í focus of
information ‚æ‚èd—v‚ÅA) focus of information ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚Ä‚à focus of interest‚Å‚È
‚¢‚½‚ߊ®‘S‚ɃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ªÁ‚¦‚é(be fully deaccented)—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚–ڂÌiŒJ‚è•Ô
‚³‚ꂽjwhen ‚ð‚ ‚°‚éB
4)A:Whén did you sée your bróther?
B:I saw him yésterday.
A:When did you see your síster?
ã‚ÅA‚Q‚–ڂÌwhen‚ÍA—Ⴆ‚ÎAYesterday too. ‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½“š‚¦‚ðˆø‚«o‚µ‚¤‚é‚Ì‚Å
focus of information ‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚邪A‚±‚±‚É focus of interest‚͂Ȃ(síster‚É‚ ‚éj
Š®‘S‚É deaccent ‚³‚ê‚邯‚¢‚¤B
ø¢21-6-NT-(D)@mVî•ñFŠî–{•¶‚ÌꇂƋ^–â•¶‚Ìê‡n
@@@@@‚ӂ‚¤‚Ìiyes/noj‚p•¶‚Í•¶‘S‘̂̊m”FBINF-WH-Q •¶‚â WH-Q •¶‚Í•¶‚̈ꕔ
‚Ìî•ñ—v‹B‰pŒê‚ł͂ӂ‚¤Vî•ñ‚ðuq‚ׂév•”•ª‚Í•¶––BVî•ñ‚ðu‚½‚¸‚Ë‚év•”•ª
‚ª•¶“ª‚É‚‚éBm’èE”Û’è•¶‚Í back focusA‹^–â•¶‚Ífront focus‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂéBˆê
•ûA“ú–{Œê‚͂Ƃà‚É back focus ‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚Ì‚ÅA‰pŒê‚ðŠw‚Ô“ú–{l‚ÍA“Á‚É‹^–â
•¶‚Ìê‡A•·‚±‚¦‚Ä—ˆ‚½Žž‚É‚Í‚à‚¤’x‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ª‚µ‚΂µ‚΋N‚±‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1)
‚â 2) ‚ÅA
1) Is John in the garden?
2) Who is in the garden?
ʼn‚Ì Is John ‚â Who is ‚ð•·‚«˜R‚ç‚·‚ƕԎ–‚ÌŒ`‚Í Pardon me?‚µ‚©‚È‚¢B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚Ä
“ú–{lŠwKŽÒ‚Ìê‡AƒŠƒXƒjƒ“ƒO‚ʼnï˜b‚Ìʼn‚Ì•”•ª‚ð•·‚«˜R‚炳‚È‚¢ŒP—û‚ð‚·‚é•K—v‚ª
‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂéB
ø¢21-6-NT-(E)@mWH-Q•¶‚̉º~’²n
@@@@@’|—Ñip.155)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAWHŒê‚ÅŽn‚Ü‚é‹^–â•¶‚ł͂¨‚¨‚Þ‚ËŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȉº~’²
‚ª—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚éB
@@@1) What's your name? i‰ºü‚Í{‹¨j
3 2 4 «
2) Who are you speaking with?
3 2 2 4 « 1 1
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AQuirk et al.(1985, p.817)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAWH-‚p•¶‚Í90%‚ª‰º~’²‚Å”‰¹‚³
‚ê‚邯‚¢‚¤BiIn a collection of 858 wh-questions from the files of the Survey
of English Usage, chiefly in ...,775(90%) had falling intonation.)