‘æ‚h‚uÍ@•¶i‚rj‚ÌŠg[ y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚Q‚P@@WHŒn‹^–╶F WH-ECHO-Q-S/INF-WH-Q-S/
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@WH-Q-S ‚È‚Ç


 ø¢21-1-NT@mRecapitulatory/Explicatory Wh-Echo-Q‚ÆDeclarative Wh-Qn 
@@@@@Quirk et al.(1985)‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤Šî–{•¶iK-S)‚ÆWH-Q•¶‚Æ‚ÌŠÔ‚ÉA‚QŽí—Þ
‚Ì WH-ECHO-Q •¶‚Æ‚PŽí—Þ‚Ìdeclarative WH-Q •¶‚Æ‚ðÝ’è‚·‚éB
@@@@@(i) Recapitulatory Wh-Echo Questions (p.835) 
                  1) A:I'll pay for it.
                     B:You'll WHÁT?
         (ii) Explicatory Wh-Echo Questions (p.837) [CLARIFICATION]
                  2) A:Take a look at this.
                     B:Take a look at WHÀT?
        (iii) Declarative Wh-Questions      (p.817)
                  3) A:So you boarded the train where?
                     B:At Los Angeles.  
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA(i) ‚ð WH-ECHO-Q•¶‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA(ii) ‚Æ (iii) ‚ð INF-WH-Q•¶ ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ü‚Æ‚ß
‚éB‚±‚±‚ÅAWHŒn‹^–╶‚Ì“Œê“I“Á«‚ð‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚é‚ÆŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
                                 WHŒê        •iŽŒ•„‡  @‚p“|’u@@WHŒê•K‚¸•¶“ª
  (i)  WH-ECHO-Q                 what‚Ì‚Ý       |         |          |
       (ex.John what?)
 (ii)  INF-WH-Q                  what, who,     {         |          |
       (ex.John lost what?)      where, etc.
(iii)  WH-Q                      what, who,     {         {          {
       (ex.What did John lose?)  where, etc.
@@@@@‚±‚ê‚ðŒ©‚é‚ÆAWH-ECHO-Q  Ë  INF-WH-Q   Ë  WH-Q ‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½AK-S ‚©‚ç
WH-Q-S ‚Ö‚Ì—¬‚ꂪŠ´‚¶‚ç‚ê‚éB

 ø¢21-3-NT@mWH-ECHO-Q•¶‚É‚¨‚¯‚éI-You Switchn 
@@@@@‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚Å‚ÍAWH-ECHO-Q•¶‚Ì—ûK‚ÅAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È I-You Switch ‚Æ‚Å‚àŒÄ‚Ô
‚ׂ«‘€ì‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä“Á•Ê‚Ì”z—¶‚ª•K—v‚Æ‚È‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@@1)A: Do you live in Tokyo?
                B: Do I live where?
              2)A: My phone number is 123-4567.
                B: Your phone number is 123-what?

 ø¢21-4-NT-(A)@muninverted wh-questionsn 
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, p.250)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA
              As with yes/no questions, it is also possible to have uninverted 
          wh-questions.  For such wh-questions, both wh-fronting and subject-
          operator inversion would be suppressed.  Sometimes these are just 
          "echo" questions in which the listener is signaling to the speaker 
          that he or she didn't hear a part of what just was said.
                1)A:I expect to be going to Hawaii for the holidays.
                  B:You expect to be going where for the holidays?
         ‚Ü‚½AWHŒê‚ɃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒgipitch above the normal rangej‚ª‚ ‚éꇂɂÍA
‹Á‚«‚âM‚¶‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢‹CŽ‚¿isurprise or disbelief)‚ð•\‚µ(p.250)Auninverted yes/no
questions ‚Ìꇓ¯—lAuninverted wh-questions ‚à‚Ü‚½familiarity ‚ªŠm—§‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚È
‚¢ê‡‚É‚ÍŽg‚í‚È‚¢•û‚ª—Ç‚¢‚Æ‚·‚éB(p.252)

 ø¢21-4-NT-(B)@mWHŒê‚ƑΉž‚·‚ésome-Œên 
@@@@@Quirk et al.(1985, pp.819-820) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAWH-Q•¶‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 2-a)@‚ÍA
1-b) ‚Æ 2-b) ‚̂悤‚È‘O’ñ•¶ipresupposition) ‚©‚綂܂ê‚éB(A wh-question may 
generally be matched with a statement called its presupposition.)
              1)a.  Who ever opened my letter?
                b.  Someone opened my letter.
              2)a.  Who hasn't had any coffee?
                b.  Somebody hasn't had any coffee.
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚É‚Í‘O’ñ•¶‚ª‚È‚¢B(There may, however, be no presupposition if
nonassertive items are present:)
              3) Who has any money?  (p.820)
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚Ì 4-a) ‚̂悤‚ÉA‘O’ñ•¶‚ª\‘¢ã ambiguous ‚Å‚ ‚éꇂɂÍA“–
‘R‚»‚±‚©‚綂܂ê‚é 4-b) ‚̂悤‚È WH-Q •¶‚à ambiguous‚Æ‚È‚éB(p.820)
              4)a.  She promised to meet him sometime.
                b.  When did she promise to meet him?

 ø¢21-4-NT-(C)@mINF-WH-Q“±“ü–@n 
@@@@@INF-WH-Q•¶‚Ì“±“ü‚ÍAŠwKŽÒ‚ª‰‹‰‚ÌꇂÍAsome-Œê‚ðŽ‚Šî–{•¶‚©‚ç‚Ì“±
“ü‚Å‚Í‚È‚­AŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȃRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒJƒeƒCƒu‚È“±“ü‚ª‚æ‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@@1)A:Mary loves a frog?
                B:No.
                A:John loves a frog?
                B:No.
                A:WHO loves a frog then?
               2)A:Mary loves a frog?
                 B:No.
                 A:Mary loves a snail?
                 B:No.
                 A:Then she loves WHAT?

 ø¢21-4-NT-(D)@m‚Q‚ˆÈã‚ÌWHŒên 
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚̂悤‚ÈA‚Q‚ˆÈã‚ÌWHŒê‚ðŽ‚ INF-WH-Q•¶‚Í‚©‚È‚èƒ|ƒsƒ…ƒ‰[‚Å
‚ ‚邪A2-b) ‚̂悤‚ÈWH-Q•¶‚Í•s‰Â‚Æ‚È‚éB
               1) Who said what to whom?  (Quirk et al. 1985, p.823)
               2)a. Who bought what?
                 b.*What did who buy?
Ú‚µ‚­‚ÍAChomsky, N.(1973) ‚ÌSuperiority Condition ‚âKuno&Takemi(1995)‚ÌSorting
Key Hypothesis/List Requirement Hypothesis ‚ðŽQÆ‚³‚ꂽ‚¢B

 ø¢21-4-NT-(E)@mwho ‚Æ whomn 
@@@@@–ÈŠÑ‚Ù‚©ip.89)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAwriting ‚Å‚Í whom‚ª‚æ‚­Žg‚í‚ê‚邪A speech ‚Å
‚Í whom ‚Í might sound pretentiousB@‚Ü‚½AWho did you see last night? ‚â Who 
did you give it to? ‚ÌŒ`‚Å‚Í who ‚ª D‚Ü‚êA You saw whom? ‚â To whom did you 
give it? ‚ÌŒ`‚Å‚Í whom ‚ªD‚Ü‚ê‚é Bwhom ‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚éꇂÍA’¼‘O‚É“®ŽŒ‰»Žq(VZ)‚â
‘O’uŽŒ‚È‚ÇŠi‚ð—v‹‚·‚é—v‘f‚ª‚ ‚éꇂƂ¢‚¤‚±‚ƂɂȂ낤‚©B

 ø¢21-6-NT-(A)@mCelce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999)‚É‚æ‚éWh-Q•¶‚Ì
@@@@@@@@@ì‚è•ûn 
@@@@@Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1999, pp.245-246)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚ÍA
‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚Ë 2-a) ` 2-d) ‚̃Xƒeƒbƒv‚ð‚Ó‚ñ‚Ŷ‚Ýo‚³‚ê‚éB
@@@@@@@1)  When did Lee write a memo to his boss?
              2)a. Output of base:Q-wh  Lee -past write a memo to his boss when
                b. Wh-fronting:when  Lee  -past[+3+sg]  write a memo to his boss
                c. Subject-operator inversion:when  -past[+3+sg] do Lee write a 
                   memo to his boss.
                d. Morphology:When did Lee write a memo to his boss?
sm(sentence modifier) ‚Í Q-wh ‚Æ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¨‚èAbase ‚Ì’†‚É‚·‚Å‚Éinfo gap‚ðŽ¦‚· when
 ‚ª“ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚É’–ÚB‚Ü‚½AWh-fronting ¨ Q inversion ‚̇‚Æ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB

 ø¢21-6-NT-(B)@mWH-Front ¨ ‚p•t‰Á‚©A‚p•t‰Á¨ WH-Front ‚©n 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAWH-Q ‚Ì‘€ì‚Í@(i)INF-WH-Q•t‰Á ¨ (ii)Q•t‰Á ¨ (iii)WHŒê‚Ì
•¶“ªˆÚ“®‚̇˜‚Ås‚í‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎA–{•¶—ᕶ(41)‚ÌꇂÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
          ƒ‚`ˆÄ„ Q•t‰Á¨ WHŒê•¶“ªˆÚ“®‚Ìê‡
                1) where  +  [You lost it somewhere]
                        « INF-WH-Q
                2) [You lost it where?]
                        « Q•t‰Á
                3)*[Did you lose it where?]
                        « Wh-Front

                4) [Where did you lose it ?]

‚à‚¤‚ЂƂ‚̉”\«‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAQ•t‰Á‚Ì‘O‚ÉWHŒê•¶“ªˆÚ“®‚ðs‚¤ŽŸ‚Ì‚aˆÄ‚àl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
         ƒ‚aˆÄ„ WHŒê•¶“ªˆÚ“®¨Q•t‰Á‚Ìê‡
                5) where  +  [You lost it somewhere]
                        « INF-WH-Q
                6) [You lost it where?]
                        « Wh-Front

                7)?[Where you lost it ?]

                        « Q•t‰Á

                8) [Where did you lose it ?]

–{•¶‚Å‚Í‚`ˆÄ‚Æ‚µ‚½‚ªA‚aˆÄ‚Ì‚Ù‚¤‚ª‚æ‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B“n•ÓŽž‚Ù‚©(p.45)‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì
9) ‚̂悤‚È’†ŠÔŒ¾Œê‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚êA
                9)  Why you are here?
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AGivon, T.(p.10)‚É‚ÍA‚RˈÈ~Ž™‚Ì grammatical inventiveness
(Gruber, 1967‚©‚çj‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA10-c) ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚ª‚ ‚éB
               10)a. What do wheel?
                       (What does the wheel do?)
                  b. Where went the wheel?     [{WH-Front/{‚p]
                       (Where did the wheel go?)
                  c. Where it is?              [{WH-Front/|‚p]
                       (Where is it?)
@@@@@ˆê•ûADale, P.S.(pp.110-111)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAL1‚ÌŽq‹Ÿ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì 11) ‚̂悤‚ÈA
Q•t‰Á‚¾‚¯‚ÅWh-Front ‚ð‚µ‚È‚¢Œ`(questions in which subject and auxiliary are 
inverted but wh is not moved) ‚Í—p‚¢‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
               11) *Can he ride in what?
‚‚܂èA•\‘w\‘¢‚¾‚¯‚Ål‚¦‚ê‚ÎAã‚Ì 3) ‚ÍŒÀ‚è‚È‚­”ñ•¶‚É‹ß‚­A7) ‚ÍŒÀ‚è‚È‚­
acceptable ‚É‹ß‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚Å‚ÍA‚È‚é‚ׂ­”ñ•¶‚ðŒo—R‚µ‚È‚¢—û
K‚ªD‚Ü‚µ‚¢‚Ì‚Å‚`ˆÄ‚æ‚è‚Í‚aˆÄ‚Ì•û‚ª‚æ‚¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B‚½‚¾‚µAŠî–{•¶•¶“ª‚É
something/someone ‚È‚Ç‚ª‚­‚éꇂɂÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚Ç‚¿‚ç‚ð‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‚à clumsy ‚Å
ugly ‚Å‚ ‚éB
      ƒ‚`ˆÄ„ 12)a.   what + Something made you so angry.
                          « INF-WH-Q
                  b.   What made you so angry?
                          « Q•t‰Á
                  c.  *Did what make you so angry?
                          « Wh-Front
                  d.  *What did make you so angry?
      ƒ‚aˆÄ„ 13)a.   what + Something made you so angry.
                          « INF-WH-Q
                  b.   What made you so angry?
                          « Wh-Front
                  c.   What made you so angry?
                          « Q•t‰Á
                  d.  *Did what make you so angry?

 ø¢21-6-NT-(C)@mfocus of information ‚Æ focus of interestn 
         Bolinger, D.(1986, pp.95-96)‚ÍAWH-Q•¶‚Å‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚Î focus of information
‚Æ focus of interest ‚ªd‚Ȃ炸‚É•¹‘¶‚·‚é‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA2)‚̂悤‚È—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚éB
            1) A:I finally went out and bought something today.
               B: Oh, yeah?  Whát did you buy?   
            2) A:Bill took me downtown to all the big department stores today.
               B: Oh, yeah?  Whát did you búy?    (p.95)
                         iwhát‚Íinformation focus, búy‚Ífocus of interest)
1)‚Å‚Í buy@‚ªŒJ‚è•Ô‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚è‹­¨‚È‚µB‚±‚ÌŽžA˜bŽÒ‚Í buy ‚Æ‚¢‚¤sˆ×‚ÉŠÖS
iinterestj‚Í‚È‚­A2)‚Å‚Í look at, see, order ‚È‚Ç‚½‚­‚³‚ñ‚Ì‘I‘ðŽˆ‚Ì’†‚Å buy 
‚Æ‚¢‚¤sˆ×‚ÉŠÖS‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@“¯—l‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 3) ‚Å‚ÍA
            3) A:John left early.
               B1:Whý did he leave?
               B2:Whý did he léave?
3-B1) ‚Å‚Í Whý ‚É focus of interest ‚Æfocus of information ‚ªˆê’v(coincides)‚µ
‚Ä‚¢‚邪A3-B2)‚Å‚Í léave ‚É focus of interset ‚ ‚èB
@@@@@Bolinger, D.(1986, p.98)‚Í‚³‚ç‚ÉA(focus of interest ‚Í focus of 
information ‚æ‚èd—v‚ÅA) focus of information ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚Ä‚à focus of interest‚Å‚È
‚¢‚½‚ߊ®‘S‚ɃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ªÁ‚¦‚é(be fully deaccented)—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚–ڂÌiŒJ‚è•Ô
‚³‚ꂽjwhen ‚ð‚ ‚°‚éB
            4)A:Whén did you sée your bróther?
              B:I saw him yésterday.
              A:When did you see your síster?
ã‚ÅA‚Q‚–ڂÌwhen‚ÍA—Ⴆ‚ÎAYesterday too. ‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½“š‚¦‚ðˆø‚«o‚µ‚¤‚é‚Ì‚Å 
focus of information ‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚邪A‚±‚±‚É focus of interest‚Í‚È‚­(síster‚É‚ ‚éj
Š®‘S‚É deaccent ‚³‚ê‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B

 ø¢21-6-NT-(D)@mVî•ñFŠî–{•¶‚ÌꇂƋ^–╶‚Ìê‡n 
@@@@@‚ӂ‚¤‚Ìiyes/noj‚p•¶‚Í•¶‘S‘Ì‚ÌŠm”FBINF-WH-Q •¶‚â WH-Q •¶‚Í•¶‚̈ꕔ
‚Ìî•ñ—v‹B‰pŒê‚ł͂ӂ‚¤Vî•ñ‚ðuq‚ׂév•”•ª‚Í•¶––BVî•ñ‚ðu‚½‚¸‚Ë‚év•”•ª
‚ª•¶“ª‚É‚­‚éBm’èE”ے蕶‚Í back focusA‹^–╶‚Ífront focus‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éBˆê
•ûA“ú–{Œê‚Í‚Æ‚à‚É back focus ‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚Ì‚ÅA‰pŒê‚ðŠw‚Ô“ú–{l‚ÍA“Á‚É‹^–â
•¶‚Ìê‡A•·‚±‚¦‚Ä—ˆ‚½Žž‚É‚Í‚à‚¤’x‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ª‚µ‚΂µ‚΋N‚±‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1)
‚â 2) ‚ÅA
              1) Is John in the garden?
              2) Who is in the garden?
ʼn‚Ì Is John ‚â Who is ‚ð•·‚«˜R‚ç‚·‚Æ•ÔŽ–‚ÌŒ`‚Í Pardon me?‚µ‚©‚È‚¢B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚Ä
“ú–{lŠwKŽÒ‚Ìê‡AƒŠƒXƒjƒ“ƒO‚ʼnï˜b‚Ìʼn‚Ì•”•ª‚ð•·‚«˜R‚炳‚È‚¢ŒP—û‚ð‚·‚é•K—v‚ª
‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB

 ø¢21-6-NT-(E)@mWH-Q•¶‚̉º~’²n 
@@@@@’|—Ñip.155)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAWHŒê‚ÅŽn‚Ü‚é‹^–╶‚Å‚Í‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚ËŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȉº~’²
‚ª—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚éB
        @@@1) What's  your  name?                 i‰ºü‚Í{‹­¨j
                  3       2     4 «
              2) Who  are  you  speaking  with?
                  3    2    2    4 « 1    1
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AQuirk et al.(1985, p.817)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAWH-‚p•¶‚Í90%‚ª‰º~’²‚Å”­‰¹‚³
‚ê‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤BiIn a collection of 858 wh-questions from the files of the Survey 
of English Usage, chiefly in ...,775(90%) had falling intonation.)

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