‘æ‚uÍ@“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Ì“]Š· y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚Q‚Q@@‚u|‚m“]Š·ŽqiV-N CVT)Fto/-ing ‚È‚Ç

 ø¢22-1-NT-(A)@mˆÓ–¡“I‚É–³F‚Ì to Hn 
@@@@@‚±‚±‚ňµ‚¤ to ‚ÍA¶¬•¶–@‚Å‚Í‚¢‚í‚ä‚é•â•¶•WŽ¯icomplementizerj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
ˆÓ–¡“I‚É–³F‚Ì‘¶Ý‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB‚±‚ê‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄA”F’m•¶–@‚ł͕╶•WŽ¯‚Ì that ‚â to ‚Í
ˆÓ–¡‚ðŽ‚‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éBicf.”ª–ØAp.38)
          —Ⴆ‚ÎALangacker, R.W.(p.5) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚Éq‚ׂĂ¢‚éB
              "... it is widely accepted that the to which occurs in raising and
            equi constructions is a meaningless grammatical marker induced by the
            absence of an overt subject. ... I would argue  ... that they are in
            fact meaningful and contribute to the conceptual import of the 
            constructions in which they occur."
          Œ¾Œê—˜_‚Æ‚Í•Ê‚ÉA‹³ŽºŒ»ê‚ÅA—Ⴆ‚ÎAsurvive ‚Æ survival ‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í 
survive ‚Æto survive ‚Æ‚ªˆÓ–¡“I‚É“¯‚¶‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æà–¾‚·‚邱‚Ƃ͋ɂ߂ē‚¢B‚µ‚½
‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAto ‚Í“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Ì•¶–@ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ|‚ð•Ï‚¦‚éA‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚Ä“–‘R‚»
‚̈Ӗ¡‚à•Ï‚¦‚é“]Š·ŽqiCVTj‚Æl‚¦‚éB

 ø¢22-1-NT-(B)@mto/-ing ‚É‚æ‚é“]Š·n 
    @@@“`““I‚ÉŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍAu€“®ŽŒ‚É‚Í•s’莌(infinitive)E•ªŽŒ(participle)
E“®–¼ŽŒigerund)‚Ì‚R‚‚ª‚ ‚éi]ìAp.315)v‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚悤‚Èà–¾‚ª‚È‚³‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½B‚µ‚©
‚µA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA•s’莌‚Ì‚R—p–@A“®–¼ŽŒA•ªŽŒ\•¶AŒ»Ýi‰ß‹Žj•ªŽŒ‚Ì—p–@‚ª‚·‚ׂÄ
u“]Š·Žq to/-ing ‚É‚æ‚é‚u‚Ì“]Š·v‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ`‚Å‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚ç‚ê‚éB‚‚܂èA
                        ƒV„                               ƒ‹Œ„
   1)  to{‚u Ë‚mito‚É‚æ‚é‚u‚©‚ç‚m‚Ö‚Ì“]Š·j         @to•s’莌‚Ì–¼ŽŒ“I—p–@
   2)  to{‚u ËADito‚É‚æ‚é‚u‚©‚çAD‚Ö‚Ì“]Š·j         @to•s’莌‚Ì•›ŽŒ“I—p–@
   3)  to{‚u Ë‚`ito‚É‚æ‚é‚u‚©‚ç‚`‚Ö‚Ì“]Š·j         @to•s’莌‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒ“I—p–@
   4)  ‚u{-ing Ë‚mi-ing‚É‚æ‚é‚u‚©‚ç‚m‚Ö‚Ì“]Š·j@   @“®–¼ŽŒ
   5)  ‚u{-ing ËADi-ing‚É‚æ‚é‚u‚©‚çAD‚Ì‚Ö“]Š·j@@   •ªŽŒ\•¶
   6)  ‚u{-ing Ë‚`i-ing‚É‚æ‚é‚u‚©‚ç‚`‚Ö‚Ì“]Š·j@@   Œ»Ý•ªŽŒ
       (be-‚uen{-ingË‚`i-ing‚É‚æ‚é‚u‚©‚ç‚`‚Ö‚Ì“]Š·))@(‰ß‹Ž•ªŽŒ)

 ø¢22-1-NT-(C)@mto/-ingˆÈŠO‚Ì‚u|‚m“]Š·Žqn 
@@@@@‚±‚±‚Å‚ÍA“®ŽŒi‚uj‚𖼎Œi‚mj‚É•Ï‚¦‚é‚u|‚m“]Š·ŽqiV-N CVTj‚Æ‚µ
‚ÄÅ‚àproductive ‚È to ‚Æ -ing ‚ðˆµ‚¤‚ªA‚±‚ê‚çˆÈŠO‚É‚à‚u|‚m“]Š·Žq‚Í‘¶Ý‚·‚éB
—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1-c) ‚Ì -sion ‚È‚Ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@@@@@@1)a. to { decide to retire    Ë   to decide to retire
                b. -ing { decide to retire  Ë   deciding to retire
                c. -sion { decide to retire Ë   decision to retire
‚±‚Ì 1-c) ‚ÍA‚¨‚¨‚Þ‚ËŽŸ‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚ð‚à‚ÂB
              2)   (decision to retirej
                         ‚m
                      ^    _
                  CVT[V-N]    ‚u
                  (-sion)   idecide to retirej
          —Þ—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
        @@@3)   a searching inquiry into the matter   (cf.ˆÀˆäA1996, p.417)
              4)   his speedy recovery from the illness
              5)   little attention to my advice
              6)   his success in the attempt
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì‚u|‚m“]Š·Žq‚ÍA to ‚â -ing ‚ƈقȂèA‚Ç‚ñ‚È“®ŽŒi‚uj
‚ð‚à–¼ŽŒ‰»‚Å‚«‚é‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B(*decidement, *recoverization)
@@@@@‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àA’†”öEŽ™”n(pp.187-188)i—vŽ|j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚n‚d‚Å‚Í“®ŽŒ‚É -ing 
‚ð•t‰Á‚µ‚½Œ`‚ÍA-sionŒ`“¯—lˆêŽí‚Ì”h¶–¼ŽŒ‚Å‚µ‚©‚È‚©‚Á‚½B‚µ‚©‚à‚±‚Ì”h¶–¼ŽŒ‚Í¡
“ú‚Ì“®–¼ŽŒ‚ªŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éŽíX‚Ì“®ŽŒ“I«Ž¿‚ð‚Ü‚Á‚½‚­Ž‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚©‚Á‚½B

‚»‚ꂪ‚₪‚ÄA•ªŽŒ -ende ‚Æ”h¶–¼ŽŒ -ing ‚ª“¯‰¹‚ƂȂ邱‚Æ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä’¼Ú–Ú“IŒê‚ð of
‚È‚µ‚Å]‚¦‚éA•›ŽŒ‚Æ‹¤‹N‚·‚éAŠ®—¹EŽó“®Œ`‚ð‚à‚ÂA‚È‚Ç‚Ì“®ŽŒ“I«Ž¿‚ðŠl“¾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Á
‚½‚Æ‚¢‚¤B

 ø¢22-3-NT-(A)@mto/-ing +‚u‚Ì•¡‡Šg[Œ` Ë ‚mn 
@@@@@Quirk et al.(1985, p.153)‚ÍAnonfinite verb phrases ‚ðŽŸ‚Ì‚æ‚¤‚É simple
‚Æ complex ‚ɂ킯A
            1)     INFINITIVES                   PARTICIPLES
    simple         to examine                    examining
    complex B      to have examined              having examined
            C      to be examining               [being] examining
            D      to be examined                [being] examined
            BC     to have been examining        having been examining
            BD     to have been examined         having been examined
            CD     to be being examined          [being] being examined
            BCD    to have been being examined   having been being examined
                                                     
‚³‚ç‚ÉAcomplex nonfinite verb phrases ‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚ð‚ ‚°‚Ä‚¢‚éB
(p.154)
            2)     INFINITIVES                   PARTICIPLES
We're glad to have invited you.       Having invited you, I expected you to come.
I'd like to be working.               Being working, ...
I'd hate to be questined about it.    When questioned, he denied everything.
I'm glad to have been working.        Having been working all day, I'm very tired.
He's said to have been invited.       Having been invited, he should have come.
I expected to be being interviewed then.     I saw her being interviewed.

 ø¢22-3-NT-(B)@mto not ‚un 
@@@@@ˆê”Ê‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a),  1-b) ‚͉‚ł ‚邪A1-c) ‚Í•s‰Â‚Å‚ ‚éB
              1)a.  not to be late
                b.  to not be late
@@@@@@@@c. *to be not late

 ø¢22-3-NT-(C)@m*to will ‚un 
@@@@@to {“®ŽŒ‚Ì•¡‡Šg[Œ`‚ª•s‰Â‚Æ‚È‚é—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAMcCawley, J.D.(1988, p.111)
‚Í modal ‚ðŠÜ‚ÞŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚éB
              1)  *For it to will start raining soon is something to worry about.

 ø¢22-3-NT-(D)@mto have ‚uenn 
@@@@@pretend ‚â mean ‚ÌŒã‚Ìto have Ven ‚ÍAo”ñŒ»ŽÀp‚ð•\‚·B
              1)  He pretended to have been studying.   (]ìAp.327)
                   (=He pretended that he had been studying.)
              2)  I meant to have called on you. (‚‚à‚è‚Å‚µ‚½‚ª...)
                                                        (¬¼‚Ù‚©Ap.1045)

 ø¢22-3-NT-(E)@mto have to ‚un 
          Quirk et al.(1985, p.239)‚É‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚¢‚¤o–@«p‚Ì€‚uŠg[Žq have to
‚ðŠÜ‚ÞŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚éB
  @@@@@@1)  I am sorry to have to repeat this warning.

 ø¢22-4-NT@m?why to ‚un 
@@@@@why to ‚u‚Í’Ê—á—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢‚Æ‚·‚éà‚ª‘½‚¢icf.ˆÀˆäA1996, p.214)‚ªA
Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1983, p.225)‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚éBiˆê•”‰üj
@@@@@@@1)  We should teach our students when and why to retain the agent in
                  the passive sentences.

 ø¢22-5-NT-(A)@mfor ‚m to ‚un 
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”nipp.182-184ji—vŽ|j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚à‚Æ‚à‚Æ 1) ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚Å‚ ‚Á
‚½ia man ‚Í good ‚Ì—\Ši‚Ì–Ú“IŒêi•â•”jj‚à‚Ì‚ª‚l‚d‚Å 2), 3)‚̂悤‚É‚È‚èA‚o‚d
‚Å‚Í 4)‚̂悤‚ɉðŽß‚³‚ê‚é‚悤‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
              1)  It is not good a man to be alone.  (p.184)
              2)  It is not good for a man to be alone.
              3)  It is not good for a man|    to be alone.
              4)  It is not good|    for a man to be alone.

 ø¢22-5-NT-(B)@md•¡‚Æd•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚Rn 

         d•¡‚Ì‚ ‚é‚Æ‚±‚ë•K‚¸d•¡ƒŒ[ƒ‹”‚R‚ª“­‚¢‚Ä  ‚ª”­¶‚·‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚킯‚Å‚Í

‚È‚¢B

              1)  I went to *my/ school this morning.  

              2)  I washed my/* face.  

ã‚Ì 1)‚Å‚Íd•¡ƒŒ[ƒ‹”‚R‚ªA2)‚Å‚Íd•¡ƒŒ[ƒ‹”‚Q‚ª“­‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚±‚Ì‚Q‚‚̈Ⴂ‚ðà
–¾‚·‚邽‚ß‚É‚ÍAmy ‚ªŽ‚ redundancyŠ´‚âƒCƒfƒCƒIƒ€«‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÌŒ¤‹†‚ª•K—v‚ƂȂ낤B

 ø¢22-5-NT-(C)@mto ‚u‚Í‚r‚©‚ç‚Å‚Í‚È‚­‚u‚©‚çn 
@@@@@to‚u‚Í‚r‚©‚ç‚Å‚Í‚È‚­‚u‚©‚çA‚Æl‚¦‚éŽå‚È——R‚ÍA
      (i) ŽåŒêifor‚mj‚ð•\Ž¦‚µ‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚ªˆ³“|“I‚É‘½‚¢B

     (ii) that ‚rCbecause ‚r, which ‚riwith j‚È‚ÇA‚r‚©‚綂Ýo‚³‚ê‚é‚mA

          ‚`‚cA‚`‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚éB
    (iii) *what to happen,  *who to go‚È‚ÇB
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAto‚u‚ÍŠî–{“I‚É‚r‚©‚ç‚Å‚Í‚È‚­A ‚u‚©‚綂Ýo‚³‚êAŽåŒê“I
—v‘f‚Í‚ ‚­‚Ü‚Å”CˆÓ‚ÌCü—v‘f‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ ‚Æ‚©‚ç•t‰Á‚³‚ê‚é‚Æl‚¦‚éB
@@@@@‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉALobeck, A.(p.231) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì1) ` 3)‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚Éà–¾‚·‚éB
@@@@@@@1)  I want s[Hortense to go].
              2)  We expect s[(for) the Mariners to win].
              3)  The children prefer s[(for) to eat in the kitchen].
                  ...it might therefore be dubious that such phrases are clauses.
@@@@@@@    However, we would like them to be clauses, because this would 
                  provide symmetry to our overall analysis of to-infinitives.

 ø¢22-6-NT@mVZ{‚m@‚Æ@VZ{‚m{‚mn 
         —é–ØEˆÀˆäòip.331j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 2-a) ‚ÍA‚Ù‚Ú“¯‹`‚Å‚ ‚邪A
1-b) ‚Æ 2-b) ‚Í“¯‹`‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@ 1)a.  I expected John to be examined by the doctor.
               b.  I persuaded John to be examined by the doctor.
             2)a.  I expected the doctor to examine John.
               b.  I persuaded the doctor to examine John.
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAã‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ1-b) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Æ 3-b)@‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê‚éB‚‚܂èA
expect ‚Í‚Q€“®ŽŒApersuade@‚Í‚R€“®ŽŒ‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
             3)a.  I expected [John to be examined by the doctor] 
               b.  I persuaded John [PRO to be examined by the doctor] 
         McCawley, J.D.(1988, pp.126-128)‚àAŽŸ‚Ì—á‚©‚ç believe ‚Í 2-place 
relation ‚ð•\‚µApersuade ‚Í 3-place relation ‚ð•\‚·‚Æ‚·‚éB
             4)a.  The police believe there to be terrorists involved in the 
                   bombing.
               b. *The IRA persuaded there to be terrorists involved in the 
                   bombing. 
@@@@@‚³‚ç‚ÉA¬¼i1970, pp.270-272)‚ÌŽŸ‚Ì—á‚ÍAwant ‚É‚Í‚Q€“®ŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì 
want ‚Æ‚R€“®ŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì want ‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
@@@@@   5)a.  She wants a new bag to match her shoes.(”ñŒÀ’è“I‚È a) 
               b. =She wants a new bag that will match her shoes.
             6)a.  She wants her friends to visit her constantly.(ŒÀ’è“I‚Èher)
               b. =/=She wants her friends who will visit her constantly.

 ø¢22-7-NT-(A)@mfor¨ ‚Æ to¨n 

@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì (ii) ‚Æ(iii)‚ð(i)‚Æ“¯‚¶“®ŽŒŒ^‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚¤B
@@@@@@@(i)  VZ{for{‚m{to{‚u

             (ii)  VZ{{‚m{to{‚u

            (iii)  VZ{{‚m{{‚u

‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA”‚ ‚é“®ŽŒ‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍA(i) ‚à (ii) ‚à‚Æ‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éˆê•û‚ÅA
             1)a.  I {like/love/hate/wish} them to remain silent.  (ˆî“cAp.54)
               b.  I {like/love/hate/wish} for John to remain silent.
(ii)‚µ‚©‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚éB
        @@@2)a.  I {believe/suppose/consider} them to be honest men. (ibid.)
                b. *I {believe/suppose/consider} for them to be honest men.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚̂悤‚È want ‚ÍA(i) ‚ÌŒ`‚µ‚©‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@@3)a.  I want very much for you to stay right here.
                 b. *I want very much you to stay right here.
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”nipp.184-186j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 4-a) ‚̂悤‚È compell ‚m to ‚u
‚ÌiŽg–𓮎ŒjŒ`‚Í‚n‚d‚©‚瑶݂µ‚Ä‚¨‚èA4-b) ‚̂悤‚È want ‚m to ‚u‚ÌŒ`‚Í‚¨‚»‚ç
‚­‚l‚dˆÈ~‚Ì”­’B‚Å 4-a) ‚̃AƒiƒƒW[‚©‚ç”­“WiŠg’£j‚µ‚½‚Æ‚·‚éBicompellŒ^‚Æ
wantŒ^‚Ƃ̬“¯‚Å for ‚ªƒ[ƒ‚É‚È‚Á‚½)
@@@@@@@4)a.  I compelled John to go there.
                b.  I want John to go there.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½A(ii) ‚Æ (iii) ‚ÌŠÔ‚ÉŒ©‚ç‚ê‚é to ‚Ì’E’…‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA’†”öEŽ™”n(pp.
180-181)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‰Šú‚̉pŒê‚É‚ÍA‚o‚d‚È‚çto•s’莌‚Æ‚È‚é‚Æ‚±‚ë‚ÉŒ´Œ`•s’莌‚ªŽg‚í
‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½‚èA‚»‚Ì‹t‚Æ‚È‚é—Ⴊ‚æ‚­‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
              5)  Who heard me to deny it or forswear it?    (Sh.Comedy 5.1.25)
              6)  You ought not walk    (Sh Caes.1.1.3)

@@@@@Œ»‘ã‰pŒê‚Å‚àAto ‚Ì’E’…‚É‚Í‚ä‚炬‚ªŒ©‚ç‚ê‚éBŽŸ‚Ì 7-b) ‚Ì to ¨  ‚Í

optional ‚Å‚ ‚邪A8-a) ‚Ì to ¨  ‚Í obligatory ‚Å‚ ‚éB

              7)a.  All I wanted was to help him.   iQuirk et al. 1985, p.1067)
                b.  All I wanted to do was (to) help him. 
              8)a.  Turn off the tap was all I did.
                b. *To turn off the tap was all I did. (ibid.)

 ø¢22-7-NT-(B)@mfor to ‚un 
          ’†”öEŽ™”n(pp.182-184)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚P‚P¢‹I‚©‚ç1)‚̂悤‚Èto•s’莌‚Ì‘O‚É
‚³‚ç‚É•Ê‚Ì‘O’uŽŒ for ‚ð‚Æ‚à‚È‚¤—Ⴊ‘‚¦‚éB
              1)  it is good to vs(=us) for to be here (Wyclif Lk 9.33)
‚±‚Ìfor to•s’莌‚Í‚r‚g‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä‚à‚Ü‚¾‚킸‚©‚É—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚±‚ê‚ÍAto ‚ÌŒ´‹`‚ª
Ž¸‚í‚êAto ‚ª•s’莌‚̈ꕔ‚Æ‚Ý‚È‚³‚ꂽ‚½‚ßA‚»‚Ì–„‚߇‚킹‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•Ê‚Ì‘O’uŽŒ for‚ð
—p‚¢‚ÄŽ¸‚Á‚½ˆÓ–¡‚ð•â‚¨‚¤‚Æ‚µ‚½•Ï‰»‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B

 ø¢22-8-NT@m‚u|‚m“]Š·Žq(V-N CVT)F-ingn 
@@@@@‘½‚­‚Ì•¶–@‘i—é–ØEˆÀˆäòA pp.28ff/ˆÀˆäA1987, p.361/Quirk et al. 
1985, p.1067 ‚È‚Çj‚Å‚ÍA–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Ì‚uing‚ð‚³‚ç‚É‚QŽí—ނɉºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚·‚éB
         ƒ—é–ØEˆÀˆäò pp.28ff„
         (i) –¼ŽŒ“I“®–¼ŽŒiNominal Gerund)
               a. of ‚ª‚‚­
               b. Š®—¹Œ`AŽógŒ`‚È‚µ
               c. ‚`‚c‚Æ‹¤‹N‚µ‚È‚¢@
        (ii) “®ŽŒ“I“®–¼ŽŒiVerbal Gerund)
               a. of ‚͂‚©‚È‚¢
               b. Š®—¹Œ`AŽógŒ`‚ ‚è
               c. ‚`‚c‚Æ‹¤‹N‚·‚é
         ’†”öEŽ™”nipp.187-188)i—vŽ|j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA¡“ú‚Å‚Í(i) iusˆ×–¼ŽŒ<action
nominal>‚Æ‚àŒÄ‚΂ê‚éj‚Æ (ii)‚Ì—¼•û‚ª‘¶‘±‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邪A—ðŽj“I‚É‚ÍŒãŽÒi“®ŽŒ“I“®–¼
ŽŒj‚ªV‚µ‚¢\‘¢‚Å‚ ‚éB‚Ü‚½A‰ß“nŠú‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä“®ŽŒ‚Æ–¼ŽŒ‚Ì—¼•û‚Ì«Ž¿‚ª¬Ý‚µ‚½ŽŸ‚Ì
‚悤‚ÈA‚o‚d‚Å‚Í‹–‚³‚ê‚È‚¢—Ⴊ More ‚â Sh ‚È‚Ç‚É‘½‚­Œ©‚ç‚ê‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
         @  1)  the dread of the losing these thingis  (More Wies 1146 C15)
             2)  This sudden sending him away must seem Deliberate pause 
                                                        (Sh Hml 4.3.8-9)
‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA(i)‚ð•’Ê‚Ì–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•ª—Þ‚µA(ii)‚𓮎Œi‚uj‚©‚ç‚u|‚m“]Š·Žq
-ing ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ķ‚Ýo‚³‚ꂽ–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉʒu‚¯‚éBu‚m‚Á‚Û‚³v‚Ì“x‡‚¢‚ɂ‚¢
‚ÄŒ¾‚¦‚ÎA“–‘RA(i)‚Ì•û‚ª(ii)‚æ‚è‚m‚Á‚Û‚¢A‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚éB
          Ross, J.R.(p.165)‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È Nouniness Squish ‚ª’ñˆÄ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚èA
@@@@@@ 3)  that „ for to „ ‚p „ Acc Ing „ Poss Ing „ Action Nominal „
@@@@@@@@ Derived Nominal „ Noun
‚»‚ꂼ‚ê—ᕶ‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚Æ‚¨‚è‚Å‚ ‚éB
        @@ 4)a.  Acc Ing: Max giving the letters to Frieda
               b.  Poss Ing: Max's giving the letters to Frieda
               c.  Action Nominal: Max's giving of the letters to Frieda
Ross ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA(i) ‚Í Action Nominal ‚ÉA(ii) ‚Í Poss Ing ‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB

 ø¢22-10-NT@m-ing{“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Ì•¡‡Šg[Œ` Ë ‚mn 
@@@@@—Þ—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB
@@@@@@@1)  The suspects admitted being about to commit a crime. 
                                                      (Quirk et al. 1985, p.239)
              2)  Many inmates hate not being allowed to leave the premises.
              3)  In a classic case of shooting the messenger, NBC respond to this
                  information by threatening to sue Nielsen Media Research for 
                  daring to convey such horrible news.  (USA Today, 990209)
‚½‚¾‚µA
@@@@@@  4) *Smith's maying refuse our offer worries me.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚Ì watering ‚ÍAŒêœb‰»‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄoŽógp‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª“à݉»‚µ‚½—á‚Æ
l‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB
@@@@@@@5)  The garden needs watering.

 ø¢22-12-NT-(A)@m‚m's ‚uing ‚Æ ‚m ‚uingn 
@@@@@ˆÀˆäi1994, pp.692-693) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA“®ŽŒ“I“®–¼ŽŒ‚̈Ӗ¡ã‚ÌŽåŒê‚ÍA–¼ŽŒ‚»‚Ì
‚Ü‚Ü‚ÌŒ`‚Å‚à‘®ŠiŒ`‚Å‚à‚æ‚¢B‚¾‚½‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚¢‚­‚‚©‚̧ŒÀi”²ˆj‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@(i) Œ`Ž®“I‚ȉpŒê‚Å‚Í‘®ŠiŒ`A—ªŽ®‚ȉpŒê‚Å‚Í–Ú“IŠiŒ`‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚éB
         (ii) “®–¼ŽŒ‚ªŽåŒê‚Å‚ ‚éê‡A–Ú“IŠiŒ`‚łͶ‚¶‚È‚¢B
        @@@  1)  His/*Him being too credulous often gets him into trouble.
        (iii) ‚ ‚éŽí‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‚â•¡‡–¼ŽŒ‹å‚Í‘®ŠiŒ`‚Å‚Í—p‚¢‚È‚¢B
                2)  We can't risk somebody hearing about it.
                3)  You must avoid your teacher of English getting suspicious.
         (iv) ‚ ‚éŽí‚Ì“®ŽŒiavoid, consider, defer, postpone, enjoy ‚È‚Çj‚ÌŒã‚Å
@@@@@@@‚ÍA’Ê—áAŠ—LŠiŒ`‚ª—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚éB
                4)  I did not enjoy his reciting that poem.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½A]ìipp.357-358j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAFries(Grammar, p.84) ‚Ì’²¸Ž‘—¿‚É‚æ
‚é‚ÆA–¼ŽŒ‚Ìꇂ͖ړIŠi‚ªˆ³“|“I‚ÅA‘ã–¼ŽŒ‚Ìꇂ͊—LŠi‚ª52%A–Ú“IŠi‚ª48%‚Æ
‚¢‚¤”Žš‚ªŽ¦‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B

 ø¢22-12-NT-(B)@m‚m ‚uing‚Ì‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚³n 
@@@@@ Lobeck, A.(p.233)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA1) ‚Í ambiguousB(i) watch a particular
 event ‚̈Ӗ¡‚ÆA(ii) watch someone ‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚炾‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@        1)  They watched the candidate giving a speech.(ambiguous)
”Þ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA(i) ‚Æ (ii) ‚Ì\‘¢i“–ŠY•”•ªj‚Í‚»‚ꂼ‚ꎟ‚̂悤‚É•\‚³‚ê‚éB
              2)     ‚u‚o
                   ^    _
                 ‚u        @‚r
              (watched)   ^    _
                        ‚m‚o      ‚u‚o
                       (the c.)  (giving a speech)

              3)     ‚u‚o
                   ^    _
                 ‚u        ‚m‚o
             (watched)   ^ b _
                       DET  ‚m   ‚u‚o
                      (the c.)   (giving a speech)
           Lobeck, A.(p.314)‚ÍAto‚u‚ðŠÜ‚ÞŽŸ‚Ì 4) ‚à“¯—l‚Ì——R‚Å ambiguous ‚Å
‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
              4)   Bill expects the person to do the job.
         @@ 5)a. Bill expects NP[the person S[to do the job]].
                b. Bill VP[expects S[the person to do the job]]. 
ã‚Ì the person to do the job ‚Í 5-a) ‚Å‚ÍA"refer to a particular person"B
ˆê•ûA5-b) ‚Í"denoting an event"‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@“¯—l‚Ì‹c˜_‚ÍAˆÀˆäi1994, p.638j‚âˆÀˆäi1996, p.240j‚É‚àŒ©‚ç‚ê‚éB
Œ‹‹ÇA‰pŒê‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 6-a), 7-a) ‚Í ambiguous ‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢‚ªA6-b), 7-b) ‚É‚Í‚Q‚‚Ì
\‘¢‚ªl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚邽‚ß ambiguous ‚É‚È‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@@@@@@6)a.  I'm proud of my father's being a self-made man.
                b.  I'm proud of my father being a self-made man.
              7)a.  I want very much for you to sing.
                b.  I want you to sing.

 ø¢22-13-NT-(A)@m–¼ŽŒ“I—p–@‚Ì to ‚u ‚Æ ‚uingn 
   @@@ ‚±‚Ì‚Q‚‚̃jƒ…ƒAƒ“ƒX‚̈Ⴂ‚ðŽæ‚舵‚Á‚½Œ¤‹†‚Ì—¬‚ê‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA r–ØEˆÀ
ˆä(pp.719ff), Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(pp.434ff)‚ª‚­‚킵‚¢B‚Ü‚½A–Ú“IŒê‚Æ
‚µ‚Ä‚Ìto‚u‚Æ‚uing‚Æ‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAˆÀˆä(1994, pp.697-711)‚ðŽQÆ‚³‚ꂽ‚¢B
@@@@@“`““IŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍA‚ӂ‚¤A“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Ì’†‚É‚Í‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤“®ŽŒ‰»Žq
iVZj‚ÌŒã‚É(i) to‚uŒ`‚µ‚©‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚à‚ÌA(ii)‚uingŒ`‚µ‚©‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚à‚ÌA(iii)to‚uŒ`
‚à‚uingŒ`‚à‚Æ‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éA‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½à–¾‚ð‚·‚éBicf.]ìApp.363ff)
              1)a.  I want to go.
                b. *I want going.  
              2)a. *I enjoyed to stay there.
                b.  I enjoyed staying there.
              3)a.  I like to swim.
                b.  I like swimming.
@@@@@‚µ‚©‚µA•¶–@‰Æ‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍAto‚uŒ`‚Æ‚uingŒ`‚Ƃ̊ԂɈӖ¡“I‚ȈႢ‚ðŒ©o‚µA
‚»‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯‚ðà–¾‚µ‚悤‚Æ‚·‚éŽÒ‚à‚¢‚éB
@@@ (i) [‚uingi{ŽÀŒ»j‚Æ to‚ui|ŽÀŒ»j]
          de Chene, B.ipp.167-168)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAto‚u‚Í‚Ü‚¾‹N‚±‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢o—ˆŽ–i|
ŽÀŒ»j‚ð•\‚·‚̂ɑ΂µ‚ÄA‚uing‚Í‚·‚Å‚ÉŽÀŒ»‚µ‚½(realized)o—ˆŽ–i{ŽÀŒ»j‚ð•\‚·B
              4)a.  I tried to take my medicine, but I couldn't swallow.
                     i–ò‚ðˆù‚à‚¤‚Æ‚µ‚½‚ªA‚Ì‚Ç‚ð’Ê‚ç‚È‚©‚Á‚½j
                b.  I tried taking my medicine, but it had no effect.
                     i–ò‚ðˆù‚ñ‚Å‚Ý‚½‚ªAŒø‰Ê‚ª‚È‚©‚Á‚½j
              5)a. –\‘–‘°‚ƃf|ƒg‚ð‚µ‚È‚¢‚悤‚É–º‚É’ˆÓ‚µ‚½B
                   I warned my daughter not to go out with the biker.
                b. –\‘–‘°‚ƃf|ƒg‚ð‚µ‚½‚±‚Ƃɂ‚¢‚Ä–º‚É’ˆÓ‚µ‚½B
                   I scolded my daughter for going out with the biker.
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA
              6)a.  He started to laugh, but checked himself in time.
                b. *He started laughing, but checked himself in time.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AˆÀˆäi1994, p.635j‚ÌŽŸ‚Ì—á 7) ‚àAm{ŽÀŒ»n‚Æm|ŽÀŒ»]‚Åà–¾
‚Å‚«‚éB
@@@@@    7)  I had only some of them laughing at my jokes.
        @@@@@@i‚¤‚Ü‚­Î‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Í‚Ù‚ñ‚Ì”l‚¾‚¯‚Å‚µ‚½j
”Þ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAhave someone doing something‚Íu‰½‚© H•v‚µ‚Ä’N‚©‚É‚¤‚Ü‚¢‚±‚Ɖ½‚©‚ð
‚³‚¹‚év(=succeed in making someone do something by acting in a particular way) 
‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚ÅAhave someone do something‚Íu’N‚©‚ɉ½‚©‚ð‚·‚é‚悤–½‚¸‚év(=order or
arrange that somebody does something) ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚É‚È‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@‚»‚Ì‘¼A‹»–¡[‚¢—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
              8)a.  He refused to accept the offer.   iˆÀˆäA1987, p.155)
                b. *He spurned to accept the offer.
ã‚ÅArefuse ‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒ‚Í‚»‚̈Ӗ¡‘f«‚Ì’†‚ÉAu–¢—ˆŽwŒü«vifuture orientation)
‚ðŠÜ‚ñ‚Å‚¨‚èAspurn‚É‚Í‚»‚ꂪ‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚̗ᕶ 9) ‚Ì can afford ‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄANey, J.W.(pp.504-505) ‚Í
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɉðà‚·‚éB
              9)a. *I afford to go downtown.
                b.  I can afford to go downtown.
          ...In terms of this study, one or more semantic features have floated 
          in the underlying semantic feature matrix of the verb afford so that, 
          in construction with can, afford can co-occur with the infinitival 
          complement.
@@@@@m{ŽÀŒ»n‚Æm|ŽÀŒ»]‚ÉŽ—‚½‹c˜_‚ÍABolinger, D.(1968, hypothesis/
potentiality vs reificationj‚â Young, D.J.iprospective vs non-prospectivej‚â
Quirk et al.(1985, p.1191, mere potentiality for action vs actual performance of
the action itself)‚É‚àŒ©‚ç‚ê‚éB
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚̈ê”ʉ»‚É‚Í—áŠO‚à‚ ‚éBŽŸ‚Ì 10-b) ‚Ì meeting ‚É‚ÍAm|ŽÀ
Œ»n‚Ì“Ç‚Ý‚ª‚ ‚éB
             10)a.  I was afraid to meet him.  (•|‚­‚ĉ‚È‚©‚Á‚½)
                b.  I was afraid of meeting him. (“¯ã/‰ï‚¢‚Í‚µ‚È‚¢‚©‚Æ‹°‚ꂽ)
‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚Ì—á‚Ím{ŽÀŒ»n‚Æm|ŽÀŒ»]‚Å‚Íà–¾‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
             11)a.  Jack continued to watch the TV show. i’f‘±“I‚ÉAaction)
                b.  Jack continued watching the TV show. iØ‚ê–Ú‚È‚­Astate)
      (ii) [‚uing(factive) ‚Æ to‚u(non-factive)]
@@@@@Kiparsky & Kiparsky (pp.145-146) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA“®ŽŒ‚ÍA˜bŽÒ‚ª•â•”‚Ì’Âq‚ª
true ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‘O’ñ‚ðŽ‚‚Ƃ«Žg‚í‚ê‚é factive verbs ‚ÆA‚»‚̂悤‚È‘O’ñ‚ª‚È‚¢
‚Æ‚«Žg‚í‚ê‚é non-factive verbs ‚É•ª‚©‚ê‚éB‚»‚µ‚ÄAfactive verbs ‚Í ‚uing ‚ð]‚¦A
non-factive verbs ‚Í to‚u ‚ð]‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
             12)a.  Everyone ignored Joan's being completely drunk.      (factive)
                b. *Everyone supposed Joan's being completely drunk. (non-factive)
             13)a.  I believe Mary to have been the one who did it.  (non-factive)
                b. *I regret Mary to have been the one who did it.       (factive)
‚³‚ç‚ÉAKiparsky & Kiparsky(p.164) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 14-b) ‚ł͘bŽÒ‚Í‚»‚̃Œƒ|[ƒg‚ª
true ‚Å‚ ‚é‚ÆM‚¶‚Ä‚¨‚èA14-a) ‚Å‚Í true ‚Å‚È‚¢‰Â”\«‚ðŽc‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@@ 14)a.  They reported the enemy to have suffered a decisive defeat.
                b.  They reported the enemy's having suffered a decisive defeat.
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µAKiparsky & Kiparsky–{l‚½‚¿‚à”F‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚é‚悤‚ÉA(p.147)
             15)a. *I know the fact that John is here.
                b. *I know John's being here.
                c.  I know him to be here.
ã‚ÅA know ‚͈Ӗ¡“I‚É‚Í factive“®ŽŒ‚Å‚ ‚邪A‚uingŒ`‚Í•s‰Â, to‚uŒ`‚͉‚ƂȂéB

 ø¢22-13-NT-(B)@mƒfƒNƒ‰[ƒN‚Ì“®ŽŒŒ^•ª—Þn 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒ‰»ŽqiVZj‚ÌŒã‚É‘±‚­ to‚uA‚uingAthat߂ɂ‚¢‚ĈÀˆä
i1994, pp.650ff) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì‚U‚‚̃tƒBƒ‹ƒ^[‚ð’Ê‚µ‚Ä,
         (0) ‚ui‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚¢‚¤VZj+ to •s’莌‚ÌŒ`‚ÅŽg‚í‚ê‚é 
         (1) ‚ui‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚¢‚¤VZj+ NP + to•s’莌‚ÌŒ`‚ÅŽg‚í‚ê‚é 
         (2) “®–¼ŽŒ‚ð‚Ƃ邱‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«A ˆÓ–¡E—p–@•Ï‚í‚ç‚È‚¢
         (3) “®–¼ŽŒ‚ð‚Ƃ邱‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«A ˆÓ–¡E—p–@ã‚Ì·‚ª¶‚¶‚é
         (4) that ß‚ð‚Æ‚ê‚é
         (5) ŽåŒê‚ª it‚Å ‚ ‚éꇂÉthat ß‚Æ‚ê‚é 
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚É“®ŽŒ‚ð‰ºˆÊ‹æ•ª‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB 
@@@@@@@    arrange(0)(4),  ask(0)(1)(4),  chance(0)(3)(5),
                  desire(0)(1)(4),  hate(0)(1)(3),  learn(0)(1)(3)(4),
                  seem(0)(5),  turn out(0)(5),  want(0)(1)(3)....      
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚̂悤‚È•ªÍ‚ªŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Ì‚½‚ß‚Ì’Pƒ–¾‰õ‚ȃpƒ^[ƒ“‚ð’ñŽ¦‚µ‚Ä
‚­‚ê‚é‚Æ‚Íl‚¦‚ç‚ꂸAˆê•û‚ÅA‹÷X‚܂ųŠm‚È•ªÍ‚ƂȂ肤‚é‚©‚Ç‚¤‚©‚à‹^‚킵‚¢B

 ø¢22-13-NT-(C)@mSeeing is believing/To see is to believen 
@@@@@To see is to believe.‚ÍuŒ©‚ê‚ÎM‚¶‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚é‚æv‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡
‚ÅAto‚u‚Íu–¢—ˆ‚Ìê–ÊvAˆê•ûA‚uing‚Ì•û‚Íu–Ú‚Ì‘O‚Ìê–Ê‚©ˆê”Ê“I‚Èê–ÊvB
i’†ìAp.58)@Alta Vistai’†ìAp.57j ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŒ¿‚Æ‚µ‚Ă͈³“|“I‚É ingŒ`
‚ÌŽg—p‰ñ”‚ª‘½‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B

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