ø¢23-1-NT@mto ‚u‚Ì•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj“I—p–@‚Æ‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì—p–@n
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”nipp.179-180)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•s’莌‚ÍŒ³—ˆA“®–¼ŽŒ‚Æ“¯—l“®ŽŒ‹NŒ¹‚Ì
–¼ŽŒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚ÄA‚»‚ꎩ‘ÌŠi‚ðŽ¦‚·Ú”ö•Ï‰»‚ð‚à‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚n‚d‚Å‚ÍŽåŠi‚ƑΊi‚Í -an A
—^Ši‚Í -ennne ‚Å‚ ‚èA‚±‚Ì—^Ši‚ª‘O’uŽŒ to ‚Æ‚Æ‚à‚ÉŽg‚í‚ꂽ 1) ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ¡“ú
‚Ìto •s’莌‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚Å‚ ‚éB
(=they came to me to work)
@@@@@‚±‚Ì—á‚Å‚ÍAwyrcan(=work) ‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒ‚ª•s’莌‚Ì—^ŠiŒ` wyrcenne ‚Æ‚È‚Á‚Ä
‚¢‚ÄA‘O’uŽŒ to ‚Ì–Ú“IŒê–¼ŽŒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚±‚Æ‚ª‚æ‚‚í‚©‚éB‚±‚ÌŒãA‚l‚d‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä–¼ŽŒA
Œ`—eŽŒA“®ŽŒ‚ÌÚ”öŽ«‚ª…•½‰»i-an, -enne„-en„-ej‚³‚ꂽ‚½‚ßAto@‚ª•s’莌‚̃}[
ƒJ[‚Å‚ ‚é‚ƉðŽß‚³‚ê‚é‚悤‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@@@@‚±‚̂悤‚È—ðŽj“IŽ–ŽÀ‚ðdŽ‹‚·‚镶–@‰Æ‚ÍA‚¢‚í‚ä‚é to •s’莌‚Ì•›ŽŒ“I—p–@
‚Æ‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì—p–@‚ð‹æ•Ê‚·‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAˆÀˆäi1994, p.647j‚Í‘OŽÒ‚Ì to ‚ðuˆêŽí‚ÌÚ‘±
ŽŒvia kind of conjunction)‚Æ‚µAŒãŽÒ‚Ì to ‚ðuŒêœb“I‚É‚Í‹ó‚Ì‹@”\Œêvilexically
empty function word)‚Å‚ ‚èAu•s’莌•WŽ¯v(infinitive marker) ‚É‚·‚¬‚È‚¢‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢
‚éB
@@@@@‚±‚̂悤‚È’ÊŽž“I(diachronic)‚ÈŒ¤‹†‚ðdŽ‹‚·‚é—§ê‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 2-a) ‚Ì to
cut meat ‚Í 3) ‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚ðŽ‚‚Æl‚¦‚éB
@@@@@@@2)a. She used scissors to cut meat.
b. =She used scissors for cutting
‚‚܂èA cut meat‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒi‚uj‚ª‚¢‚«‚È‚è to ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Æ‚È‚é‚Ì‚Å‚Í
‚È‚Aˆê“x ƒ[ƒconversion‚É‚æ‚è–¼ŽŒ‰»‚µA‚»‚ÌŒã to ‚É‚æ‚è•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚Æ‚È‚é‚Ì‚Å
‚ ‚éB
3) (to cut meat)
‚`‚c
^ @_
CVT[N-AD] @ ‚m
(to) ^ @_
CVT[OM-NI] ‚u
() (cut meat)
ø¢23-2-NT-(A)@m•›ŽŒ“I to ‚u‚ª•\‚·‚¢‚ë‚¢‚ë‚ȈӖ¡n
@@@@@]ìipp.319-320j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•›ŽŒ“I—p–@‚Ì to ‚u‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡‚ð•\‚·B
@@@@@@(i) –Ú“I
1) She was on a diet to lose weight.
(ii) Œ‹‰Ê
2) My grandfather lived to be ninety.
(iii) Œ´ˆö
3) We are delighted to learn of the arrival of your baby.
(iv) ——R
4) What a fool I was to think that she really loves me!
(v) ðŒE‰¼’è
5) To look at her, you would never guess her age.
(vi) ˆê”Ê‚ÉŒ`—eŽŒ‚ÆŒ‹‡‚µ‚Ä
@@6) Don't be so ready to promise. (ˆÀ¿‚¯‡‚¢‚·‚é‚Èj
(vii) “Æ—§‚ÌŒê‹å‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
7) To tell the truth, our profit margin is very low.
‚±‚̂悤‚È•ª—Þ–@‚ÍAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚ÎŽg‚í‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚邪A
•K‚¸‚µ‚à‰ÈŠw“I‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢B‚È‚º‚È‚çAŒ‹‰Ê‚Ì—p–@‚Æ‚à–Ú“I‚Ì—p–@‚Æ‚àŒ¾‚¦‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª
‚ ‚éˆê•û‚ÅAŒ´ˆö‚Æ”»’f‚̪‹’‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚΋æ•Ê‚ª‚‚©‚È‚¢‚È‚Ç‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ª‚¨‚±‚é‚©‚ç
‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡“I‚È•ª—Þ–@‚Å‚Í‘Š•â•ª•z‚ɂȂ炸A‚Ç‚¤‚µ‚Ä‚à redundancy ‚ª
o‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Æ‚±‚낪‚‚炢‚Æ‚±‚ë‚Å‚ ‚éB
ø¢23-2-NT-(B)@mbe easy to ‚Í SEMI-MODn
1)a. This book is easy (for us) to read [/*it]
b.=It is easy (for us) to read this book.
1-a)‚ª1-b)‚©‚ç raising ‚É‚æ‚趂܂ê‚é‚¢‚í‚ä‚é tough\•¶‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚镪͂Íà“¾—Í
‚ðŽ¸‚¢‚‚‚ ‚éB(cf.Œ´ŒûE’†‘º, pp.487-489) ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA1-a) ‚Ìbe easy to ‚Í be
able to ‚È‚Ç‚Æ“¯‚¶€‚uŠg[Žq‚Æ‚·‚éB(cf.12-10)‚½‚¾‚µAbe easy for us to ‚Æ‚¢‚¤
€‚uŠg[Žq‚Í‚È‚¢‚Ì‚Åfor us to read ‘S‘Ì‚ð easy ‚É‚©‚©‚é‚`‚c‚Æl‚¦‚é‚ׂ«‚Æ
‚¢‚¤ˆÓŒ©‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
ø¢23-6-NT@m•›ŽŒ“I‚uing‚ª•\‚·‚¢‚ë‚¢‚ë‚ȈӖ¡n
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å -ing ‚É‚æ‚é“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Ì•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‰»(‚u{-ing Ë ‚`‚cj‚Æ‚³
‚ê‚éŒ`‚ÍA“`““IŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚Í‚¢‚í‚ä‚éu•ªŽŒ\•¶viparticipial constructionj‚Æ
ŒÄ‚΂ê‚éB•ªŽŒ\•¶‚ɂ‚¢‚Ẳðà‚Í]ìipp.344ff)‚ªãk–§‚Å–Ô—…“I‚Å‚ ‚肨‚·‚·‚ß‚Å
‚ ‚邪A‚»‚ê‚É‚æ‚é‚ÆAŠî–{Œ^‚ÍAŽžE——RE•t‘Ñó‹µ‚ð‚ ‚ç‚í‚·‚à‚Ì‚ª‘½‚A
1) Looking down (When I looked down) from the plane, I could see
the east coast of the coral island.
2) Being a farmer (As/Since I am a farmer), I have to get up early.
3) The typhoon hit the city, causing (and caused) great damage.
ðŒE÷•à‚ð•\‚·‚±‚Æ‚à‚ ‚邪A—á‚Í‚«‚í‚ß‚Ä‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤Bip.345)
4) Going ahead (=If you go ahead) for a mile, you will
get to the pier.
5) Admitting (=Though I admit) you have a point, I still think I
am right.
@@@@@‚È‚¨AˆÀˆäi1996, p.223j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•ªŽŒ\•¶‚Í•t‘Ñó‹µ(attendant
circumstances)‚ðŽ¦‚·‚à‚Ì‚ªÅ‚à‘½‚—p‚¢‚ç‚êA‚»‚Ì”¼”ˆÈオ•¶’†A•¶”ö‚Ɉʒu‚·‚é‚Æ
‚¢‚¤B‚Ü‚½AðŒA÷•à‚È‚Ç‚ðŽ¦‚·ê‡‚à‚ ‚邪Aí‚É–¾Šm‚É‹æ•Ê‚Å‚«‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚A
ŒÝ‚¢‚̈Ӗ¡—̈æ‚Í•”•ª“I‚Éd‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
ø¢23-7-NT@m-ing + “®ŽŒ‚Ì•¡‡Šg[Œ` Ë ‚`‚cn
@@@@@-ing ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‰»‚³‚ꂽ“®ŽŒ‚Ì•¡‡Šg[Œ`‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAQuirk
et al.i1985, p.154j‚Ì—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚éB
1) Having invited you, I expect you to come.
2) Having been working all day, I'm very tired.
3) Having been invited, he should have come.
ø¢23-8-NT@miwithj{‚m{‚uingn
@@@@@‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì—Þ—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
1) School being over, all the students went home.
2) Night coming on, we made a fire.
3) Weather permitting, we will start tomorrow.
4) The concert (being) over, everyone went away.
5) The table having been cleared, a big cake was brought in.
@@@@@‚`‚c—p–@‚Ì‚uingŒ`‚Ì‘O‚É‚m‚ª‚‚Œ`‚ÍA“`““I‚ÈŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚Íu“Æ—§•ªŽŒ
\•¶v‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB’†”öEŽ™”nip.191j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚o‚d‚Å‚Í•ªŽŒ\•¶‚ÌŽåŒê‚ªŽåß‚ÌŽå
Œê‚ƈقȂéê‡A6)‚̂悤‚È“Æ—§•ªŽŒ\•¶‚ɂȂ邪A‚±‚Ì\•¶‚Í 7) ‚̂悤‚È\•¶‚É—R—ˆ
‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@ 6) Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
(him) (speaking)
‚±‚ꂪ‚l‚d‚É‚È‚é‚ÆA—^ŠiA‘Ίi‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚È‚‚È‚èA–Ú“IŒê{•ªŽŒ‚É‚È‚èA‚³‚ç‚ɌꇂÌ
Šm—§‚̉e‹¿‚©‚çŽåŠi{•ªŽŒ‚Ö‚Æ”’B‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA]ì(p.347)‚ª‚ ‚°‚é“Æ—§•ªŽŒ\•¶‚Ì—á‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
(i) Šî–{Œ^
8) Other things being equal, the difference in price should be
decisive.
(ii) ‚¸‚Á‚±‚¯•ªŽŒ
9) Looking out of the window, the mountains were beautiful
(iii) Šµ—p‹å
10)@Strictly speaking, this sentence is not grammatical.
(iv) ‘O’uŽŒwith‚ª‚‚—á
11) With darkness closing in, the rescue party decided to break
off the season.
12) With our children at school, we cannot take our cacations when
we want to.
ã‹Lu‚¸‚Á‚±‚¯•ªŽŒv‚ÍAˆÓ–¡ã‚ÌŽåŒê‚ªŽå•¶‚ÌŽåŒê‚ƈقȂé‚Ì‚ÉŽåŒê‚ð•\Œ»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢
•ªŽŒi‹åj‚Ì‚±‚Ƃňê”Ê‚É‚ÍuŒœ‚•ªŽŒvidangling participle)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB
cf. ‘å’ËE’†“‡ p.283
ø¢23-9-NT@mthere ‚Ì‚m‚Á‚Û‚³n
@@@@@–{•¶’†‚̗ᕶ 50-c) ‚©‚çA–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì there ‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ðŽå’£‚·‚él‚ª
‚¢‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@ 1) With there being a fork in the road, we lost the way.
(= –{•¶ 50-c)
‚È‚¨Athere ‚É‚ ‚éŽí‚Ìu‚m‚Á‚Û‚³v‚ªŠ´‚¶‚ç‚ê‚é—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
@@@@@@@2) There is some truth in his remarks, isn't there?
3) They expect there to be no resistance. (ˆÀˆäA1944, p.661)
ø¢23-10-NT@m‚u|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq(V-AD CVT)Fwhen/while...ingn
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì 1-a), 2-a) ‚ÍA‚»‚ꂼ‚êA1-b), 2-b) ‚©‚綂܂ê‚é‚Æ‚·‚闧ꂪ‚ ‚éB
1)a. While staying in Paris, we fell in with a party of Swiss
tourists.
b. =While we were staying in Paris, we fell in with a party of
Swiss tourists.
2)a. When speaking English, he often makes grammatical mistakes.
b. =When he [speaks/is speaking] English, he often makes
grammatical mistakes.
‚µ‚©‚µAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Ì resembling ‚ÍAŒˆ‚µ‚Ä 3-b) ‚Ì@resembling@‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B‚È‚º‚È
‚çAresemble ‚ÍAisŒ`‚ð‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
3)a. While resembling his father in appearance, he has inherited
much from his mother in character.
b. *While he is resembling his father in appearance, he has
inherited much from his mother in character.
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚u|‚`‚c“]Š·ŽqiV-AD CVT) -ing ‚̉„’·üã‚É while...ing ‚â
when...ing ‚Æ‚¢‚¤A‚¢‚í‚ÎAu”ò‚ÑΓ]Š·Žqv‚ðl‚¦‚éB
ø¢23-11-NT@mbe busy in/ preparing...n
@@@@@–{•¶’†‚Ì56-b)‚ÍA‚µ‚΂µ‚Î in ‚𔺂¢ŽŸ‚Ì 1-b) ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚Æ‚È‚éB
@@@@@@@1)a. Mary is busy preparing for the exam. (=–{•¶ 56-b)
@@@@b. Mary is busy in preparing for the exam.
‚±‚Ì1-a) ‚ÍA—ðŽj“I‚É‚ÍA1-b) ‚©‚ç in ‚Ì’E—Ž‚É‚æ‚趂܂ꂽ‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB1-a) ‚Æ
1-b) ‚ÌŽ÷Œ`}‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚È‚éB
@@@@@@@2) (preparing for the exam)
‚`‚c
^ _
CVT[OM-NI] ‚m
@@() (preparing for the exam)
@@@@@@@3) (in preparing for the exam)
@@@@@@ ‚`‚c
@@@@@@@^ _
@@@@@@@@ CVT[N-AD] ‚m
@@@@@@@(in) (preparing for the exam)
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA1-a) ‚Ì preparing ˆÈ‰º‚ðŽŸ‚Ì 4) ‚̂悤‚ɂƂ炦‚éB
@ 4) (preparing for the exam)
‚`‚c
^ _
CVT[V-AD] ‚u
(-ing) (prepare for the exam)