‘æ‚uÍ@“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Ì“]Š· y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚Q‚R@@‚u|‚`‚c“]Š·ŽqiV-AD CVT)Fto/-ing ‚È‚Ç

 ø¢23-1-NT@mto ‚u‚Ì•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj“I—p–@‚Æ‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì—p–@n 
@@@@@’†”öEŽ™”nipp.179-180)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•s’莌‚ÍŒ³—ˆA“®–¼ŽŒ‚Æ“¯—l“®ŽŒ‹NŒ¹‚Ì
–¼ŽŒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚ÄA‚»‚ꎩ‘ÌŠi‚ðŽ¦‚·Ú”ö•ω»‚ð‚à‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚n‚d‚ł͎åŠi‚ƑΊi‚Í -an A
—^Ši‚Í -ennne ‚Å‚ ‚èA‚±‚Ì—^Ši‚ª‘O’uŽŒ to ‚ƂƂà‚ÉŽg‚í‚ꂽ 1) ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ¡“ú
‚Ìto •s’莌‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚Å‚ ‚éB

                   (=they came to me to work)
@@@@@‚±‚Ì—á‚Å‚ÍAwyrcan(=work) ‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒ‚ª•s’莌‚Ì—^ŠiŒ` wyrcenne ‚ƂȂÁ‚Ä
‚¢‚ÄA‘O’uŽŒ to ‚Ì–Ú“IŒê–¼ŽŒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚±‚Æ‚ª‚æ‚­‚í‚©‚éB‚±‚ÌŒãA‚l‚d‚ɂȂÁ‚Ä–¼ŽŒA
Œ`—eŽŒA“®ŽŒ‚ÌÚ”öŽ«‚ª…•½‰»i-an, -enne„-en„-ej‚³‚ꂽ‚½‚ßAto@‚ª•s’莌‚̃}[
ƒJ[‚Å‚ ‚邯‰ðŽß‚³‚ê‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂÁ‚½‚̂ł ‚éB
@@@@@‚±‚̂悤‚È—ðŽj“IŽ–ŽÀ‚ðdŽ‹‚·‚é•¶–@‰Æ‚ÍA‚¢‚í‚ä‚é to •s’莌‚Ì•›ŽŒ“I—p–@
‚Æ‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì—p–@‚ð‹æ•Ê‚·‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAˆÀˆäi1994, p.647j‚Í‘OŽÒ‚Ì to ‚ðuˆêŽí‚ÌÚ‘±
ŽŒvia kind of conjunction)‚Æ‚µAŒãŽÒ‚Ì to ‚ðuŒêœb“I‚ɂ͋ó‚Ì‹@”\Œêvilexically
empty function word)‚Å‚ ‚èAu•s’莌•Wޝv(infinitive marker) ‚É‚·‚¬‚È‚¢‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢
‚éB
@@@@@‚±‚̂悤‚È’ÊŽž“I(diachronic)‚ÈŒ¤‹†‚ðdŽ‹‚·‚é—§ê‚Å‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 2-a) ‚Ì to 
cut meat ‚Í 3) ‚̂悤‚È\‘¢‚ðŽ‚Â‚Æl‚¦‚éB
@@@@@@@2)a.  She used scissors to cut meat.
                b. =She used scissors for cutting
‚‚܂èA cut meat‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒi‚uj‚ª‚¢‚«‚È‚è to ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ƂȂé‚̂łÍ
‚È‚­Aˆê“x ƒ[ƒconversion‚É‚æ‚è–¼ŽŒ‰»‚µA‚»‚ÌŒã to ‚É‚æ‚è•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‚ƂȂé‚Ì‚Å
‚ ‚éB
               3)   (to cut meat)
                      ‚`‚c
                    ^  @_
               CVT[N-AD]  @ ‚m
                 (to)     ^  @_
                       CVT[OM-NI]  ‚u

                       ()    (cut meat)

 ø¢23-2-NT-(A)@m•›ŽŒ“I to ‚u‚ª•\‚·‚¢‚ë‚¢‚ë‚ȈӖ¡n 
@@@@@]ìipp.319-320j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•›ŽŒ“I—p–@‚Ì to ‚u‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡‚ð•\‚·B
  @@@@@@(i) –Ú“I
                    1)  She was on a diet to lose weight.
             (ii) Œ‹‰Ê
                    2)  My grandfather lived to be ninety.
            (iii) Œ´ˆö
                    3)  We are delighted to learn of the arrival of your baby.
             (iv) ——R
                    4)  What a fool I was to think that she really loves me!
              (v) ðŒE‰¼’è
                    5)  To look at her, you would never guess her age.
             (vi) ˆê”ʂɌ`—eŽŒ‚ÆŒ‹‡‚µ‚Ä
                @@6)  Don't be so ready to promise.  (ˆÀ¿‚¯‡‚¢‚·‚é‚Èj
            (vii) “Æ—§‚ÌŒê‹å‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
                    7)  To tell the truth, our profit margin is very low.
          ‚±‚̂悤‚È•ª—Þ–@‚ÍAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ł͂µ‚΂µ‚ÎŽg‚í‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½‚à‚̂ł ‚邪A
•K‚¸‚µ‚à‰ÈŠw“I‚Ƃ͌¾‚¦‚È‚¢B‚È‚º‚È‚çAŒ‹‰Ê‚Ì—p–@‚Æ‚à–Ú“I‚Ì—p–@‚Æ‚àŒ¾‚¦‚é‚à‚Ì‚ª
‚ ‚éˆê•û‚ÅAŒ´ˆö‚Æ”»’f‚̪‹’‚Í‚µ‚΂µ‚΋æ•Ê‚ª‚‚©‚È‚¢‚ȂǂƂ¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ª‚¨‚±‚é‚©‚ç
‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚̂悤‚ȈӖ¡“I‚È•ª—Þ–@‚Å‚Í‘Š•â•ª•z‚ɂȂ炸A‚Ç‚¤‚µ‚Ä‚à redundancy ‚ª
o‚邯‚¢‚¤‚Æ‚±‚낪‚‚炢‚Æ‚±‚ë‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢23-2-NT-(B)@mbe easy to ‚Í SEMI-MODn 

              1)a. This book is easy (for us) to read  [/*it]

                b.=It is easy (for us) to read this book.
1-a)‚ª1-b)‚©‚ç raising ‚É‚æ‚è¶‚Ü‚ê‚é‚¢‚í‚ä‚é tough\•¶‚Å‚ ‚邯‚·‚镪͂Íà“¾—Í
‚ðŽ¸‚¢‚‚‚ ‚éB(cf.Œ´ŒûE’†‘º, pp.487-489) ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA1-a) ‚Ìbe easy to ‚Í be 
able to ‚ȂǂƓ¯‚¶€‚uŠg[Žq‚Æ‚·‚éB(cf.12-10)‚½‚¾‚µAbe easy for us to ‚Æ‚¢‚¤

€‚uŠg[Žq‚͂Ȃ¢‚Ì‚Åfor us to read  ‘S‘Ì‚ð easy ‚É‚©‚©‚é‚`‚c‚Æl‚¦‚é‚ׂ«‚Æ

‚¢‚¤ˆÓŒ©‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B

 ø¢23-6-NT@m•›ŽŒ“I‚uing‚ª•\‚·‚¢‚ë‚¢‚ë‚ȈӖ¡n 
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å -ing ‚É‚æ‚é“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Ì•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‰»(‚u{-ing Ë ‚`‚cj‚Æ‚³
‚ê‚éŒ`‚ÍA“`““IŠwK‰p•¶–@‚ł͂¢‚í‚ä‚éu•ªŽŒ\•¶viparticipial constructionj‚Æ
ŒÄ‚΂ê‚éB•ªŽŒ\•¶‚ɂ‚¢‚Ẳðà‚Í]ìipp.344ff)‚ªãk–§‚Å–Ô—…“I‚Å‚ ‚肨‚·‚·‚ß‚Å
‚ ‚邪A‚»‚ê‚É‚æ‚邯AŠî–{Œ^‚ÍAŽžE——RE•t‘Ñó‹µ‚ð‚ ‚ç‚í‚·‚à‚Ì‚ª‘½‚­A
              1)  Looking down (When I looked down) from the plane, I could see 
                  the east coast of the coral island.
              2)  Being a farmer (As/Since I am a farmer), I have to get up early.
              3)  The typhoon hit the city, causing (and caused) great damage.
ðŒE÷•à‚ð•\‚·‚±‚Æ‚à‚ ‚邪A—á‚Í‚«‚í‚߂ĭ‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤Bip.345)
              4)  Going ahead (=If you go ahead) for a mile, you will
                  get to the pier.
              5)  Admitting (=Though I admit) you have a point, I still think I 
                  am right.
@@@@@‚È‚¨AˆÀˆäi1996, p.223j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA•ªŽŒ\•¶‚Í•t‘Ñó‹µ(attendant 
circumstances)‚ðŽ¦‚·‚à‚Ì‚ªÅ‚à‘½‚­—p‚¢‚ç‚êA‚»‚Ì”¼”ˆÈオ•¶’†A•¶”ö‚Ɉʒu‚·‚邯
‚¢‚¤B‚Ü‚½AðŒA÷•à‚È‚Ç‚ðŽ¦‚·ê‡‚à‚ ‚邪Aí‚É–¾Šm‚É‹æ•ʂł«‚é‚à‚̂ł͂Ȃ­A
ŒÝ‚¢‚̈Ӗ¡—̈æ‚Í•”•ª“I‚Éd‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤B

 ø¢23-7-NT@m-ing + “®ŽŒ‚Ì•¡‡Šg[Œ` Ë ‚`‚cn 
@@@@@-ing ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•›ŽŒi‚`‚cj‰»‚³‚ꂽ“®ŽŒ‚Ì•¡‡Šg[Œ`‚Ì—á‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAQuirk 
et al.i1985, p.154j‚Ì—á‚ð‚ ‚°‚éB
              1)  Having invited you, I expect you to come.
              2)  Having been working all day, I'm very tired.
              3)  Having been invited, he should have come.

 ø¢23-8-NT@miwithj{‚m{‚uingn 
@@@@@‚»‚Ì‘¼‚Ì—Þ—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
              1)  School being over, all the students went home.
              2)  Night coming on, we made a fire.
              3)  Weather permitting, we will start tomorrow.
              4)  The concert (being) over, everyone went away.
              5)  The table having been cleared, a big cake was brought in.
@@@@@‚`‚c—p–@‚Ì‚uingŒ`‚Ì‘O‚É‚m‚ª‚‚­Œ`‚ÍA“`““I‚ÈŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚Íu“Æ—§•ªŽŒ
\•¶v‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB’†”öEŽ™”nip.191j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA‚o‚d‚ł͕ªŽŒ\•¶‚ÌŽåŒê‚ªŽå߂̎å
Œê‚ƈقȂéê‡A6)‚̂悤‚ȓƗ§•ªŽŒ\•¶‚ɂȂ邪A‚±‚Ì\•¶‚Í 7) ‚̂悤‚È\•¶‚É—R—ˆ
‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邯‚¢‚¤B
         @@ 6)  Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.

                  (him) (speaking)
‚±‚ꂪ‚l‚d‚É‚È‚é‚ÆA—^ŠiA‘Ίi‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚ª‚È‚­‚È‚èA–Ú“IŒê{•ªŽŒ‚ɂȂèA‚³‚ç‚ɌꇂÌ
Šm—§‚̉e‹¿‚©‚çŽåŠi{•ªŽŒ‚Ö‚Æ”­’B‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚­‚̂ł ‚éB
          ‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉA]ì(p.347)‚ª‚ ‚°‚铯—§•ªŽŒ\•¶‚Ì—á‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ł ‚éB
         (i) Šî–{Œ^
              8)  Other things being equal, the difference in price should be 
                  decisive.
        (ii) ‚¸‚Á‚±‚¯•ªŽŒ
              9)  Looking out of the window, the mountains were beautiful
       (iii) е—p‹å
             10)@Strictly speaking, this sentence is not grammatical.
        (iv) ‘O’uŽŒwith‚ª‚‚­—á
             11)  With darkness closing in, the rescue party decided to break 
                  off the season.
             12)  With our children at school, we cannot take our cacations when
                  we want to.
ã‹Lu‚¸‚Á‚±‚¯•ªŽŒv‚ÍAˆÓ–¡ã‚ÌŽåŒê‚ªŽå•¶‚ÌŽåŒê‚ƈقȂé‚̂ɎåŒê‚ð•\Œ»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢
•ªŽŒi‹åj‚Ì‚±‚Ƃňê”ʂɂÍuŒœ‚•ªŽŒvidangling participle)‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éB
cf. ‘å’ËE’†“‡ p.283

 ø¢23-9-NT@mthere ‚Ì‚m‚Á‚Û‚³n 
@@@@@–{•¶’†‚Ì—á•¶ 50-c) ‚©‚çA–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì there ‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ðŽå’£‚·‚él‚ª
‚¢‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
@@@@@@  1)  With there being a fork in the road, we lost the way. 
                                                               (= –{•¶ 50-c)
‚È‚¨Athere ‚É‚ ‚éŽí‚Ìu‚m‚Á‚Û‚³v‚ªŠ´‚¶‚ç‚ê‚é—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
@@@@@@@2)  There is some truth in his remarks, isn't there?
              3)  They expect there to be no resistance. (ˆÀˆäA1944, p.661)

 ø¢23-10-NT@m‚u|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq(V-AD CVT)Fwhen/while...ingn 
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì 1-a), 2-a) ‚ÍA‚»‚ꂼ‚êA1-b), 2-b) ‚©‚ç¶‚Ü‚ê‚邯‚·‚闧ꂪ‚ ‚éB
             1)a.  While staying in Paris, we fell in with a party of Swiss 
                   tourists.
               b. =While we were staying in Paris, we fell in with a party of 
                   Swiss tourists.
             2)a.  When speaking English, he often makes grammatical mistakes.
               b. =When he [speaks/is speaking] English, he often makes 
                   grammatical mistakes.
‚µ‚©‚µAŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Ì resembling ‚ÍAŒˆ‚µ‚Ä 3-b) ‚Ì@resembling@‚ł͂Ȃ¢B‚È‚º‚È
‚çAresemble ‚ÍAisŒ`‚ð‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
             3)a.  While resembling his father in appearance, he has inherited 
                   much from his mother in character.
               b. *While he is resembling his father in appearance, he has 
                   inherited much from his mother in character.
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA‚u|‚`‚c“]Š·ŽqiV-AD CVT) -ing ‚̉„’·üã‚É while...ing ‚â
when...ing ‚Æ‚¢‚¤A‚¢‚í‚ÎAu”ò‚ÑΓ]Š·Žqv‚ðl‚¦‚éB

 ø¢23-11-NT@mbe busy in/ preparing...n 

@@@@@–{•¶’†‚Ì56-b)‚ÍA‚µ‚΂µ‚Î in ‚𔺂¢ŽŸ‚Ì 1-b) ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`‚ƂȂéB
@@@@@@@1)a.  Mary is busy preparing for the exam.    (=–{•¶ 56-b)
        @@@@b.  Mary is busy in preparing for the exam.
‚±‚Ì1-a) ‚ÍA—ðŽj“I‚É‚ÍA1-b) ‚©‚ç in ‚Ì’E—ނɂæ‚趂܂ꂽ‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB1-a) ‚Æ
1-b) ‚ÌŽ÷Œ`}‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ƂȂéB
@@@@@@@2)  (preparing for the exam)
                             ‚`‚c
                           ^     _
                        CVT[OM-NI]  ‚m

                    @@()        (preparing for the exam)

@@@@@@@3)  (in preparing for the exam)
               @@@@@@ ‚`‚c
            @@@@@@@^     _
       @@@@@@@@ CVT[N-AD]  ‚m
          @@@@@@@(in)       (preparing for the exam)
@@@@@‚½‚¾‚µA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA1-a) ‚Ì preparing ˆÈ‰º‚ðŽŸ‚Ì 4) ‚̂悤‚ɂƂ炦‚éB
@            4)  (preparing for the exam)
                              ‚`‚c
                           ^     _
                        CVT[V-AD]   ‚u
                        (-ing)      (prepare for the exam)

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