‘æ‚uÍ@“®ŽŒi‚uj‚Ì“]Š· y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚Q‚S@@‚u|‚`“]Š·Žq(V-A CVT):to/-ing

 ø¢24-1-NT-(A)@m‚u|‚`“]Š·Žq(V-A CVT):ton 
@@@@@]ìipp.317-318j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŒ`—eŽŒ“I—p–@‚Ì to ‚u ‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—p–@
‚ª‚ ‚éB
       (i) –¼ŽŒ‚ªˆÓ–¡ã‚ÌŽåŒê
              1)  We are the contemporaries of the man to walk (= who walked) 
                  on the moon. 
      (ii) –¼ŽŒ‚ªˆÓ–¡ã‚Ì–Ú“IŒê
              2)  There's a lot to see in Rome.
     (iii) •s’莌‚ª–¼ŽŒ‚Ì“à—e‚ðà–¾‚·‚é‚à‚Ì
              3)  We didn't expect his refusal to co-operate (=that he would 
                  refuse to co-operate).
              4)  I have no time to worry about such little things.
‚à‚Á‚Æ‚àA3) ‚Í refuse to co-operate ‚É‚u|‚m“]Š·Žq‚Ì -al ‚ª‚‚¢‚½Œ`A4) ‚Í worry
about ... ‚É‚u|‚`‚c“]Š·Žq‚Ì to ‚ª•t‰Á‚³‚ꂽŒ`‚Æ‚àŽæ‚ê‚éB
@@@@@‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 5-a) ‚Æ 5-b) ‚Å‚ÍA(ii)—p–@‚Æ(iii)—p–@‚ð‹æ•Ê‚·‚邽‚ß‚É
ƒXƒgƒŒƒX‚ðŽg‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB(ŽOÈ“°ANDEG, p.1396)
              5)a. I have instrúctions to leave. =I am to leave instructions.
                b. I have instructions to léave. =I have been instructed to 
                   leave.

 ø¢24-1-NT-(B)@mŒ`—eŽŒ“I to ‚u‚ÌŒ`—eŽŒ‚Á‚Û‚³n 
@@@@@Borkin, A.(p.46) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ` 1-c) ‚ÅA
              1)a.  I find that this chair is uncomfortable.
                b.  I find this chair to be uncomfortable.
                c.  I find this chair uncomfortable.
Á”ïŽÒ’²¸‚̃tƒ@ƒCƒ‹‚ðŒ©‚Ä”­Œ©‚µ‚½‚悤‚Èê‡‚É‚Í 1-a) ‚ðAŽ©•ªŽ©g‚ª’²¸‚ðŽÀŽ{‚µ
”­•\‚·‚éê‡‚É‚Í 1-b) ‚ðAŽ©•ªŽ©gÀ‚Á‚Ä‘ÌŒ±‚µ‚½ê‡‚É‚Í 1-c) ‚ðŽg‚¤‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
‚‚܂èA1-a) ‚æ‚è 1-b)‚ªA1-b) ‚æ‚è1-c) ‚ªAmore personal ‚Å‚æ‚èdirect experience
‚ðŠ´‚¶‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@@@@‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA1-b) ‚ð 1-a) ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­ 1-c) ‚É‹ß‚¢‘¶Ý‚Æ‚µ‚ĂƂ炦‚邪A
1-b) ‚Ì to be uncomfortable ‚ªA1-c) ‚Ì uncomfortable ‚ÉŒÀ‚è‚È‚­‹ß‚¢ˆÓ–¡‚ðŽ‚¿
‚È‚ª‚ç•K‚¸‚µ‚à‘S‚­“¯‚¶ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚Í’–Ú‚É’l‚·‚éB
@@@@@‚È‚¨AˆÀˆäi1996, p.374)‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 2-a)` 2-c) ‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄŽ—‚½‚悤‚ȉðà
‚ª‚ ‚éB
              2)a. It seems that he is sick.
                b. He seems to be sick.
                c. He seems sick.
”Þ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA2-a) ` 2-c) ‚Í‚Ù‚Ú“¯‹`‚¾‚ªA”÷–­‚ȈӖ¡‚̈Ⴂ‚ª”F‚ß‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚à‚ ‚éB
2-a) ‚Í 2-b)‚æ‚è’ŠÛ“IB–{l‚ª‚»‚¤‚¢‚¤”»’f‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚­‚Ä‚à—Ç‚¢‚ªA2-b) ‚ÍŽ©•ª
‚Å‚»‚¤”»’f‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB2-c) ‚Í’¼Ú–{l‚ɉï‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éꇂɂ̂ݎg‚í‚ê‚éB

 ø¢24-2-NT@mto{‚u‚Ì•¡‡Šg[Œ`@Ë@‚`n 
@@@@@—Þ—á‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA
         @@ 1)  That is not the kind of story to be told in the presence of 
                  ladies.  i]ìAp.318j
         @@ 2)  He seems to have left.  (ˆÀˆäA1994, p.644)
              3)  It seems(seemed) to be going to rain. (ibid. p.645)
              4)  He appears to have been playing cards at the time of the murder.
‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚â‚â•¡ŽG‚È—á‚àB
              5)a.  There was no time to lose.   (Zandvoort, R.W. p.56)
                b.= There was no time to be lost.
              6)a.  There was nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing)  (ibid. p.57)
                b.=/= There was nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all)
              7)a.  I have some work to do.  iˆÀˆäA1994, p/676)
                b. *I have some work to be done.
              8)a.  There is nothing to be had here.  (Zandvoort, R.W. p.57)
                b. *There is nothing to have here.

 ø¢24-4-NT-(A)@m‚u|‚`“]Š·Žq(V-A CVT):-ingn 
@@@@@]ìipp.341-342j‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚ÅŒ¾‚¤Œ`—eŽŒ“I‚uing‚ðuŒ»Ý•ªŽŒv‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
ŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‚»‚ÌŠî–{—p–@‚ð‰ðà‚·‚éB
          (i) Œ`—eŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä–¼ŽŒ‚Ì‘OŒã‚ɂ‚­
              1)  Growing boys usually have large appetites.
              2)  The birds singing in the trees filled the air with music.
        (ii) •âŒê‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
              3)  Peanuts are fattening.
       (iii) •›ŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
              4)  We got soaking/dripping wet on the way.
‚È‚¨AŽŸ‚Ì wanting ‚̂悤‚ÈŒ`—eŽŒ“I—p–@‚ÌŒ»Ý•ªŽŒ‚ÍisŒ`‚ÌŒ»Ý•ªŽŒ‚Æ‚Í‚±‚Æ‚È‚éB
‚»‚ÌØ‹’‚Æ‚µ‚ÄisŒ`‚ðì‚ê‚È‚¢ want ‚̂悤‚È“®ŽŒ‚Å‚à`ing‚ÌŒ`‚ÅŒ»Ý•ªŽŒ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽg‚¦
‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
              5)  Will anyone wanting (=who wants) a ticket please
                  apply to me. -- Close

 ø¢24-4-NT-(B)@mŒ`—eŽŒ“I‚uing‚Ì‘O’u(‰i‘±“I«Ž¿)‚ÆŒã’u(ˆêŽž“I«Ž¿)n 
         ˆÀˆä(1987, p.232) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŒ»Ý•ªŽŒ‚Ì‘OˆÊ—p–@‚É‚ÍA(i)is‘Š‚Ì“Ç‚Ý‚Í‚à
‚½‚¸AŽå—vŒê‚Ì“àÝ“I“Á«‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éꇂÆA(ii)is‘Š‚Ì“Ç‚Ý‚ðŽ‚¿AˆêŽž“IŒ»Û‚ð
•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éꇂƂª‚ ‚éBˆê”Ê‚ÉACü—v‘f‚Ì‘OˆÊ—p–@‚Í”ñˆêŽž“I‚·‚È‚í‚¿‰i‘±“I‚È«Ž¿
‚ð•\‚µAŒãˆÊ—p–@‚͈ꎞ“I‚Èó‘Ô‚ð•\‚·ê‡‚É—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚éBicf. the visible star@vs
the star visible in 4-3-NT-(A))B

 ø¢24-4-NT-(C)@mŒ`—eŽŒ“I‚uing‚ªŽ‚Âis‘Š‚̈Ӗ¡n 
@@@@@Œ`—eŽŒ“I‚uing‚ÍA‚»‚ꎩ‘Ì–{—ˆ“I‚Éoisp‘Š‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì‚ª‘½‚¢‚ªAŽ‚½‚È‚¢
‚à‚Ì‚à‚ ‚éB
@@@@@(i)ƒis‘Š‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì„
              1)a.  I noticed him leave the room.        iˆÀˆäA1994, p.619j
@@@@@@@@@@@@(o‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½‚Ì‚É‹C‚ª‚‚¢‚½ -- ”ñis‘Š)
                b.  I noticed him leaving(*being leaving) the room.
@@@@@@@@@@@@(o‚Ä‚¢‚­‚Æ‚±‚ë)
              2)a.  I saw/heard them shoot at him.  (Quirk et al. 1985, p.238)
                        (a single shot)
                b.  I saw/heard them shooting at him.
                        (a repetitive action)
              3)a.  I saw him walk across the road.      i]ì@p.333j
                        (from one side to the other)
                b.  I saw him walking across the road.
                        (on the way to the other side)
ã‚ÅA a)‚ÍŠ®Œ‹‚³‚ꂽ“®ìicomplete activity)‚ðŽ¦‚µAb) ‚ÍŒp‘±’†‚Ì“®ì(activity
in progress)‚ðŽ¦‚·B
         (ii)ƒis‘Š‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì„
@@@@@@@4)  Nurses looking after elderly patients need a lot of patience.
                 (= Nurses who look ...)  iˆÀˆäA1994, p.619)
              5)  The item being modified may itself function as a modifier.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@i—é–ØEˆÀˆäA p.327j
@@@@@‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAoŠ®—¹p‘Š‚ð‰Á‚¦‚½‚¢‚Æ‚«‚É‚Í have-en ‚ð‰Á‚¦‚½ having Ven Œ`
‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚éB
              6)  The gate having been locked by the janitor, no one could leave.
                                                           iˆÀˆäA1994, p.619j
              7)a.  Eating a hearty breakfast, we prepared for our long journey.
                b.  Having eaten a hearty breakfast, we prepared for our long 
                    journey.
‘OŽÒ‚Å‚Í eating ‚Æpreparation ‚ª“¯ŽžBŒãŽÒ‚Å‚Í the breakfast preceded the 
preparation. ‚½‚¾‚µAŽŸ‚Ì‚Q‚‚͂قړ¯‹`ivirtually synonymous)B(Quirk et al. 
1985,  p.238)
              8)a.  We admitted/remembered/regretted leaving early.
                b.  We admitted/remembered/regretted having left early.
‚È‚¨Abeing Ven ‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAis‘Š‚ð‹­’²‚µ‚½‚¢‚Æ‚«‚Í@being ‚ªŽc‚éŒXŒü‚ª‚ ‚éB
@@@@@@@9)a. the suspects examined by the police  (not progressive)
                                                                    Quirk(p.153)
              @b. the suspects being examined by the p. (progressive)
             10)a.  It was like a battle waged inside me.    (—é–ØEˆÀˆäAp.327)
                b.  It was like a battle being waged inside me.
             11)a.  I saw the tower climbed by a student.  
                                                      (Quirk et al. 1985, p.239)
                b.  I saw the tower being climbed by a student.

 ø¢24-5-NT@m‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚È‚uingn 
@@@@@–{•¶‚Å‚ÍA•´‚ç‚킵‚¢‚Q‚‚̂uingŒ`‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚Ì 1-a), 1-b) ‚ð‚ ‚°‚½‚ªA
@@@@@@@1)a.  a sleeping BABY   i‚`‚É‹ß‚¢ sleeping)
                b.  a SLEEPING car@@i‚m‚É‹ß‚¢ sleeping)
ŽŸ‚Ì 2-a), 2-b) ‚Ì flying ‚à•´‚ç‚킵‚¢B
              2)a.  Flying airplanes are fun.
@@@@@@@  b.  Flying airplanes is fun.
2-a) ‚Ìflying ‚ÍŒ`—eŽŒ“I‚uingA2-b) ‚Ì flying ‚Í–¼ŽŒ“I‚uing‚̈ꕔ‚Å‚ ‚éBŽŸ‚Ì
3) ‚Ì visiting ‚à“¯‚¶——R‚Å•´‚ç‚킵‚¢B
@@@@@@@3) Visiting relatives can be a nuisance.     (McCawley, J.D. p.9)

 ø¢24-6-NT-(A)@m‚uen ‚Í ‚uingŒ`‚̈êŽín 
@@@@@Quirk et al. (1985, p.153)‚àA(being) examined ‚̂悤‚È‚uenŒ`‚ð‚uing
‚̈êŽí‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB 
               In this way, the -ed participle phrase examined is regarded 
               as a special variant of the -ing participle phrase, viz the 
               representative of the passive construction D.

 ø¢24-6-NT-(B)@m‚uenFoŽógpor {‰ß‹Ž/Š®—¹}n 
@@@@@ˆÀˆäi1994, p.627)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŒÀ’è—p–@‚̉ߋŽ•ªŽŒ‚É‚ÍA’Ê—áAŽó“®‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª
‚ ‚éB
         @   1)a. a broken arrow
                b. an injured player
                c. a closed museum
‚µ‚©‚µ‚È‚ª‚çA‚Æ‚«‚É”\“®‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì‚ª‚ ‚éB‚±‚ê‚Í”\“®‘Ԃ̉ߋŽ•ªŽŒ‚Ìk–ñ‚³‚ê
‚½‚à‚Ì‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éB‚±‚Ìê‡A“®ŽŒ‚Íí‚ÉŽ©“®ŽŒ‚Å‚ ‚éB
              2)a. an escaped prisoner
                b. the vanished civilization
                c. a retired minister
                d. a fallen oak  
         ‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍA—Ⴆ‚Îã‚Ì fallen ‚Ìê‡AŽŸ‚̂悤‚É having fallen ‚ª having
‚ÌÁ–Å‚É‚æ‚èfallen‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Æl‚¦‚éB
              3)  (having)fallen
                      ‚`
                   ^    _
                CVT[V-A]   ‚u
                (-ing)  ^    _
                     EPD[PERF]  ‚u
                     (have-en)  (fall)
@@@@@‚Ü‚½A]ìip.349j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA1) ‚̂悤‚ÈꇂłàA‘¼“®ŽŒ‚È‚ç‚È‚ñ‚Å‚à‚æ
‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B—Ⴆ‚ÎA
              4)a.  the murdered man
                b. *the killed man  
                c.  the man killed in the bathroom

 ø¢24-6-NT-(C)@m‚uenŒ`Œêœb‰»‚Ì—¬‚ên 
@@@@@ŽŸ‚Ì 1) ‚Ì covered ‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄA2-a)`2-d)‚Å‚»‚ÌŒêœb‰»‚Ì“x‡‚¢‚ðl‚¦‚Ä
‚݂悤B
@@@@@@@1)  The mountain was covered with snow.

              2)a. The mountain was covered (the mountain ¨) with snow.

                b. The mountain was covered (something ¨) with snow.

                c. The mountain was [-ing + be-en + cover something] with snow.
                d. The mountain was [covered] with snow.
ã‚ÅA2-a) ‚Ì covered ‚Í cover the mountain ‚©‚çd•¡ƒ‹[ƒ‹”‚R‚É‚æ‚趂܂ê‚éB
2-b) ‚Ì covered ‚Í cover something ‚©‚ç generic erasing rule ‚̂悤‚È‚à‚Ì‚É‚æ
‚趂܂ê‚éB‚Ü‚½A2-c) ‚Í‚u|‚`“]Š·Žq‚Ì-ing{be-en{cover something ‚©‚綂܂ê
‚éB2-d) ‚Ì covered ‚ÍŒêœb‰»‚µ‚½Œ`—eŽŒ ‚Å‚ ‚éB
@@@@@“–‘RAlexicalized ‚uen ‚Æ generated ‚uen ‚Å‚Í‘OŽÒ‚Ì‚Ù‚¤‚ªŒ`—eŽŒ‚Á‚Û‚¢

‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚邪AŒêœb‰»‚Ì“x‡‚¢‚Í(i)‚ð‚Ç‚Ì‚­‚ç‚¢ˆÓŽ¯‚·‚é‚©A‚ÆA(ii)‚Ç‚Ì‚­‚ç‚¢ ad 

hoc ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­general‚©A‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ªŠÖŒW‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚悤‚ÉŽv‚í‚ê‚éB
          ‚È‚¨AŒ`—eŽŒ“I‚uing‚ÌŒêœb‰»‚ªi‚Þ‚ÆA-er/more ‚Æ‹¤‹N‚µ‚½‚èiex. 
interesting, distinguished‚È‚ÇjA”­‰¹‚ª•Ï‚í‚Á‚½‚èiex.learned ‚È‚Çj‚·‚éB

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