‘æ‚u‚hÍ@•¶i‚rj‚Ì“]Š· y‹³Žt—pƒm[ƒgz


‚k‚d‚r‚r‚n‚m@‚Q‚T@@‚r|‚m“]Š·ŽqiS-N CVTjFthat/if ‚È‚Ç

 ø¢25-1-NT-(A)@m‚r|‚m“]Š·Žq(S-N CVT)Fthatn 
         –¼ŽŒi‚mjß‚ð‚‚­‚é that ‚ÍAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Å‚ÍÚ‘±ŽŒiconjunctionj‚ƌĂÎ
‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éBQuirk et al.(1985, p.1050) ‚âˆÀˆäi1994, pp.30-31)‚Í subordinator ‚ÆŒÄ
‚ÔB‚Ü‚½AYoung, D.J.(p.214) ‚Í binderAAllen, R.L.(p.114)‚Í includer/subordinator
‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éB‚½‚¾‚µAÅ‹ß‚Å‚Í complementizer ‚ƌĂԕ¶–@‰Æ‚ªˆ³“|“I‚É‘½‚¢B

 ø¢25-1-NT-(B)@mthat‚r‚m‚ÌØ–¾n 
         ‚ ‚éˆÓ–¡‚Ì‚©‚½‚܂肪–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ðØ–¾‚·‚邽‚ß‚ÉAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È Wh-
cleft•¶‚É‘‚«‘Ö‚¦‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤Žè–@‚ª‚æ‚­Œ©‚ç‚ê‚éB‰ºü•”‚ª–¼ŽŒi‚mj‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
             1) What I know is the news.
             2) What I know is that Bill told a lie.

 ø¢25-1-NT-(C)@mSubordinationi]‘®j‚Æ Embeddingi–„‚ßž‚Ýjn 
@@@@@‚±‚̂悤‚É‚ ‚镶i‚rj‚ð“]Š·‚µ‚Ä•Ê‚Ì•¶‚Ì’†‚É“ü‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ðA“`““I‚É‚Í
SUBORDINATIONi]‘®jA‰Šú‚Ì•ÏŒ`•¶–@ˆÈ~‚Å‚ÍEMBEDDINGi–„‚ßž‚Ýj‚ƌĂÔB
@@@@@SUBORDINATION ‚Æ EMBEDDING ‚ð‹æ•Ê‚¹‚¸‚ÉŽg‚¤•¶–@‰Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚ªAˆê•û‚Å‹æ•Ê
‚·‚él’B‚à‚¢‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎACelce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1983)‚ÍArelative clauses
(pp.360ff)‚Æ complements (pp.417ff)‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Ì‚Ý EMBEDDING ‚ƌĂÑAadverbial 
subordinator‚É‚æ‚éSUBORDINATIONip.12) ‚Æ‹æ•Ê‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚³‚ç‚ÉAQuirk et al.
(1985, pp.1048-1049)‚ÍAEMBEDDING ‚ÉphraseƒŒƒxƒ‹‚Ì‚à‚Ì(pp.43-44) ‚ÆclauseƒŒƒxƒ‹
‚Ì‚à‚Ì(pp.44-46)‚ð”F‚ßA‚Æ‚­‚ÉŒãŽÒ‚Ì‚Ý‚ðSUBORDINATION ‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éBQuirk et al.
‚ð‚Ü‚Æ‚ß‚é‚ÆA
@@@@@ƒEmbedding„
                (i) Phrase ƒŒ‚׃‹
        @@@ (ii) Clause ƒŒƒxƒ‹(=Subordinate Clauses/Subordination)(p.1047)
                     1) Nominal
                         a) that-clauses, or subordinate declarative clauses
                         b) subordinate interogative clauses
                         c) subordinate exclamative clauses
                         d) nominal relative clauses
                         e) to-infinitive clauses
                         f) -ing clauses
                     2) Adverbial
                     3) Relative
                     4) Comparative
‚±‚̂悤‚ÉAQuirk et al. ‚ÍAto-infinitive ‚à -ingŒ`‚à Nominal Clause ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä
Subordinate Clause ‚ÉŠÜ‚ñ‚Å‚¢‚éB

 ø¢25-1-NT-(D)@mSeuren/Allen/Young/McCawley/Burton-Robertsn 
          ‚±‚Ì–{‚Ìu•¶i‚rj‚ÌŠg[‚Æ“]Š·v‚É‚â‚â‹ß‚¢•ªÍ‚Ɖðà‚ð‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA
(i)Seuren, P.A.M.(p.113/p.144)A(ii)Allen, R.L.(p.106)A(iii)Young, D.J.(p.214jA
(iv)Burton-Roberts, N.ipp.181ffj‚ª‚ ‚éB
           (i)Seuren, P.A.M.‚Ì•ªÍ
         @@@‚·‚ׂĂ̕¶i‚rj‚ðAŠjiNucleusj‚ƃIƒyƒŒ[ƒ^[iOPj‚É•ª‚¯A
                   1) S ¨ OP +Nucleus
ƒIƒyƒŒ[ƒ^[iOP)‚ÍAassertion, question‚È‚Ç‚Ì sentence qualifier ‚Æ tense 
operator ‚Ì‚QŽí—Þ‚©‚ç‚È‚éB‚¢‚í‚­A
                   ...every sentence has at least two operators ...
                   a sentence qualifier, such as assertion, question,
                   command and a tense operator ... (p.113)
@@@@@‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 2) ‚Í 3) ‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚ê‚éB
                  2) John may have promised that last year.  (p.144)
                  3) =ASS POSS Past(last year):John promise that.
                           ASS:sentence operator
                           POSS:modal operator
 @@@@@@@            Past:tense operator
                           Nucleus:John promise that
         ‚±‚Ì•ªÍ‚ÍA‚Ü‚³‚É‚±‚Ì–{‚Ìu‚r‚ÌŠg[vAu‚u‚ÌŠg[v‚É“¯‚¶B‚½‚¾‚µA
Seuren ‚ÍA‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚¢‚¤u“]Š·v‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Í‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚ÇG‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢B
          (ii)Allen, R.L.‚Ì•ªÍ
@@@@@@@@Allen, R.L. ‚ÍAŠî–{•iŽŒ‚ðŽŸ‚Ì‚æ‚¤‚Éݒ肵‚½ŒãA(p.100) 
              A: Lexemes @@@@@@(1) Listed:Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives,
                                                Adverbs.
                                     (2) Non-listed:
‹å‚Æ•¶Eß‚É‚ ‚½‚é Cluster ‚Æ Construct ‚ðÝ’èA‚³‚ç‚ÉAConstruct ‚ð Introduced
‚Æ Non-introduced ‚É•ª‚¯‚éB(p.114)
              B: Construction        (1) Cluster = Nucleus + Satellites
                           @@      (2) Construct (Subject + Predicate)
                                           a)Introducediincluder/subordinator
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ‚É‚æ‚èintroduce ‚³‚ê‚éclausej
                                           b)Non-introduced
Introduced Construct ‚ÍA•¶“ª‚Ì introductory position(I)‚É’u‚©‚ê‚é includer ‚É
‚æ‚è introduce ‚³‚ê‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 4) ‚ÍA5-a)`5-c) ‚̂悤‚É•ªÍ‚³‚êA
             4) if  /   the men in the room above mine don't mind   (p.106)
             5)a. if:an includer in the introductory position (I)
               b. the men ...above mine:noun cluster
               c. the men ...don't mind:construct 
ŽŸ‚Ì 6) ‚ÍAincluder/subordinator ‚Ì what ‚ª wh-Œê‚Æsubordinator ‚Ì‚½‚ß‚Ì
I position ‚É‚«‚Ä‚¢‚é—á‚Æ‚µ‚Äà–¾‚³‚ê‚éB
             6) What do you want?    (p.110)
                 ‚h  ‚w
         ‚±‚̂悤‚É Allen, R.L ‚Å‚ÍA–¼ŽŒßA•›ŽŒßAŒ`—eŽŒß‚Í‚·‚ׂē¯—ñ‚É
Introduced Construct ‚Æ‚³‚ê‚邪Aˆê•û‚ÅŠg[‚Æ“]Š·‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚Í‚ ‚¢‚Ü‚¢‚È‚Ü‚Ü‚Å‚ ‚éB
‚È‚¨A‚¢‚í‚ä‚é‘O’uŽŒ‚Í includer/subordinator “¯—l introducing member ‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉʒu
‚¯‚ç‚ê‚éB‚Ü‚½Ato ‚â -ing ‚É‚æ‚é“]Š·‚Í Nominalization ‚Æ‚µ‚Ĉµ‚í‚ê‚éB(p.237)
             7)  Nominalization (1)F to + (  )
                                (2)F(  ) +  -ing
  @@@@@(iii) McCawley, J.D. ABurton-Roberts, N. ‚Ì•ªÍB
@@@@@‚±‚̂悤‚ÉŠg[‚Æ“]Š·‚ð‹æ•Ê‚µ‚È‚¢•¶–@‰Æ‚Í­‚È‚­‚È‚¢B—Ⴆ‚ÎAMcCawley, 
J.D.(pp.467-468) ‚Í Bresnan, J.W.(1970) ‚É‚È‚ç‚¢Ainterrogative marker ‚Ì ‚pi‚±
‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍŠg[Žqj‚à normal complementizer ‚Ì thati‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Í“]Š·Žqj‚à category 
complementizer ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä“¯‚¶ˆµ‚¢‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚³‚ç‚ÉAMcCawley, J.D.(p.143) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 
where, as if, if, when ‚ð‚à complementizer ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä”F‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚éBiBesides the 
complementizers discussed so far, a couple of other words have limited uses as 
complementizers.)
              8)  Did you read where the governor is expected to be indicated 
                  for taking bribes?
              9)  It seems as if we've met before.
             10)  It would be a good idea if you hired a bodyguard
             11) %I hate when people keep me waiting.
             12)  I hate it when people keep me waiting.
          “¯—l‚ÉABurton-Roberts, N. ‚ÍA
             13)  that the squad sauce had been a mistake (p.181)

             14)  which I have bought   (p.197)

             15)  after the nymphs had departed  (p.179) iˆÈケ‚Ì–{‚Å‚Í“]Š·Žqj
‚É‚¨‚¯‚é that, which, after ‚̂悤‚È—á‚݂̂Ȃ炸A

             16)  What will Vince be bringing ? (p.189)   i‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚ÍŠg[Žqj

‚É‚¨‚¯‚é what ‚̂悤‚È—á‚Å‚àA‚»‚ꂼ‚êACOMP + ‚r ‚Ì COMP ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä•ªÍ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
            (iv) Young, D.J.‚Ì•ªÍ
         ‚±‚Ì–{‚Ì•ª—Þ‚É‹ß‚¢‚Ì‚Í Young, D.J.(p.214) ‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBYoung, D.J. ‚ÍA
‚Ü‚¸Aclause ‚ð free clausei‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íu•¶‚ÌŠg[v‚É‚ ‚½‚éj‚Æ bound clause 
i‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íu•¶‚Ì“]Š·v‚É‚ ‚½‚éj‚Æ‚É•ª‚¯Abound clause ‚𓱓ü‚·‚é—v‘f‚ð'binder'
(p.214)i‚±‚Ì–{‚Å‚Íu“]Š·Žqv‚É‚ ‚½‚éj‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚éBiBinder is the name given 
to an element in the structure of bound clause (though not all bound clauses 
contain a binder). @ŽŸ‚Ì that, whom, when, who ‚ª binder ‚Å‚ ‚éB
             17)  It seems to me  that we must let her know the truth 
             18)  My thanks are for you, Ischia, to whom a fair wind has 
                  brought me rejoicing 
             19)  When he came in the house, he did not turn on the light 
             20)  I don't know who you are.  
@@@@@‚È‚¨AYoung, D.J.(pp.219ff)‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È—á‚ð rankshifted units ‚ƌĂÔB
             21)  To finish it off quickly, turn the heat up.    (p.219)
             22)  Sending that message was a mistake             (p.283)

 ø¢25-1-NT-(E)@m–„‚ßž‚Ý‚Ì”‚ƶ‰E‚̕΂èn 
@@@@@u–„‚ßž‚Ýv(embedding)‚ÍA—˜_“I‚É‚Í–³ŒÀ‚ɉ”\‚Å‚ ‚邪AŒ»ŽÀ‚É‚ÍA
‚Q`‚R‰ñ‚ð’´‚¦‚镶‚Í‚Ü‚ê‚Å‚ ‚éB‚Ü‚½ARight-branching@‚Æ Left-branching ‚Å‚Í
Right-branching ‚Ì‚Ù‚¤‚ªˆê”Ê“I‚Å‚ ‚éB‚ӂ‚¤ALeft-branching ‚ÍAtwo degrees of 
embedding ‚Ü‚Å‚Æ‚³‚ê‚éB(Quirk et al. 1985, p.1039)                       
   @@@@‚Ü‚½AMcCawley, J.D. (1988, p.435) ‚É‚ÍARight-branching‚Å‚àAŽŸ‚Ì‚æ
‚¤‚É‚Q’iŠK‚Å‚n‚t‚s‚Ì—á‚à‚ ‚éB
    @@@@@1)  *the policeman who [FBI is looking for the person who killed]
   @@@@‚Ü‚½AˆÀˆäi1996, p.125) ‚É‚ÍAŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒ•ÏŒ`‚Í‚·‚Å‚ÉŠÖŒW‘ã–¼ŽŒß‚Ì’†
‚É‚ ‚é–¼ŽŒi‹åj‚É“K—p‚Å‚«‚È‚¢‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȗႪ‚ ‚éB
              2)  *The book that the man who wrote is a friend of mine is very 
                   interesting.

 ø¢25-1-NT-(F)@m–„‚ßž‚Ý‚Æ‚k1”N—în 
         u–„‚ßž‚Ýv‚ÍA‚k1‚Å‚Í‚Q`‚RÎiMLU3.5`4.0)‚ÅŽŸ‚̂悤‚ȉŠú“I‚È‚à‚Ì‚ª
Œ©‚ç‚ê‚éiDale, P.S. p.112, cf.Brown1973j‚ªA
               1) I think it's the wrong way.
               2) I mean that's a D.
•›ŽŒßAŒ`—eŽŒß‚È‚Ç–{Ši“I‚È‚à‚Ì‚ªŒ©‚ç‚ê‚é‚Ì‚Í‚UΈÈ~‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B(ibid.p.114,
cf.Ingram 1975)

 ø¢25-2-NT-(A)@mthatß‚Ì‚m‚Á‚Û‚³(NP-hood)n 
          McCawley, J.D.(1988, p.189)‚ÍANP ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ƒJƒeƒSƒŠ[‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È 
dimensions ‚ðŽ‚ a fuzzy category ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
              (i) Semantic.  An item is semantically a NP if it expresses an
                  argument of the predicate element with which it is combined.
             (ii) Internal syntactic.  An item is a NP in internal syntax if it
                  has a form typical of items that express logical arguments, 
                  i.e. if it is a pronoun or proper name or of the form Det N'.
            (iii) External syntactic.  An item is a NP in external syntax if it
                  occurs in a position typical of items that express logical
                  arguments, i.e. if it occurs in subject or object position,
                  or as object of a preposition.
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŽŸ‚Ì1) ` 6) ‚̉ºü•”‚Í‚»‚Ì‚m‚Á‚Û‚³iNP-hoodj‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä‚»‚ꂼ‚ê”÷–­‚É
ˆÙ‚È‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB
                                             Internal   External    By 
                                  Semantic   syntactic  syntactic   inheritance
            1)   That John left      {          |        {          {
                     shocked us.
            2)   It shocked us       {          |        |          |
                   that John left.
            3)   It shocked us       |          {        {          {
                   that John left.
            4)   There was a         |          |        {          {
                   man outside.
            5)   Sophie is a         |          {        {          |
                   lawyer.
            6)   He went home        {          {      intermed.     {H
                   that day.
@@@@@‚±‚̂悤‚ÉAMcCawley, J.D.(1988, p.189)‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAthatß‚Í there ‚â 
•âŒê‚Ì–¼ŽŒ‹å‚È‚Ç‚Æ“¯—lAperipheral members of the category NP ‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
@@@@@‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì—á‚©‚ç thatß‚æ‚èWHß‚Ì‚Ù‚¤‚ªu‚m‚Á‚Û‚¢v‚ÆŽå’£‚·‚él
‚ª‚¢‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
            7)a.  They persuaded him of how many troops they needed.
              b. *They persuaded him of that they needed many troops.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚Ì 8-a) ` 8-c) ‚ÌŠÔ‚Éu‚m‚Á‚Û‚³v‚̈Ⴂ‚ðŒ©o‚·l‚ª‚¢‚é‚©‚à
‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B
            8)a.  He said sorry.
              b.  He said, "I'm sorry."
              c.  He said that he was sorry.

 ø¢25-2-NT-(B)@m“`’B“®ŽŒ‚Æthatßn 
@@@@@”ª–Ø(pp.120ff)‚ÍA“®ŽŒ‚̈Ӗ¡i“`’B/”»’f/’f’èE錾j‚ªŒã‚É‘±‚­“ŒêŒ`Ž®

ithat/to be/)‚ðŒˆ‚ß‚é‚Æ‚·‚éB‚·‚È‚í‚¿Au“`’Bv(REPORTj‚ð•\‚· pattern-a “®ŽŒ

‚Íthatß‚ð‚Æ‚èAu”»’fviJUDGMENT)‚ð•\‚· pattern-b “®ŽŒ‚Í O + to •s’莌‚ð‚Æ‚èA
’f’èE錾iDECLARATION)‚ð•\‚· pattern-c “®ŽŒ‚Í O + C ‚ð‚Æ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤B—Ⴆ‚ÎA
pattern-a ‚ð‚Æ‚é“®ŽŒ‚Í agree, assume, deny, notice ‚È‚Ç‚ÅA(p.125)
            1)a.  They agree that he is honest.
              b. *They agree him to be honest.
              c. *They agree him honest.
‚Ü‚½Apattern-a ‚Æ pattern-b ‚ð‚Æ‚é“®ŽŒ‚Í admit, believe, conclude ‚È‚Ç‚Å‚ ‚éB
(p.126)
        @@2)a.  John admitted that she was innocent.
              b.  John admitted her to be innocent.
              c. *John admitted her innocent.
‚Ü‚½Apattern-a ‚Æ pattern-c ‚ð‚Æ‚é“®ŽŒ‚Í think ‚¾‚¯‚Å‚ ‚éB(p.127)
        @@3)a.  They think that he was honest.
              b.*?They think him to be honest.
              c.  they think him honest.
‚»‚µ‚ÄA‘S‚Ẵ^ƒCƒv‚ð‚Æ‚é“®ŽŒ‚Í conceive, declare ‚È‚Ç‚Å‚ ‚éB(p.127)
            4)a.  I cannot conceive that she is honest.
              b.  I cannot conceive her to be honest.
              c.  I cannot conceive her honest.
@@@@@”ª–Ø‚Ì‚±‚Ì•ªÍ‚ÍABorking, A. ‚Ì•ªÍ‚ð•â‹­‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBBorkin, A.
(p.46) ‚ÍA
        @@5)a.  I find that this chair is uncomfortable.
              b.  I find this chair to be uncomfortable.
              c.  I find this chair uncomfortable.
‚ÅA‹qŠÏ“I‚ÉÁ”ïŽÒ’²¸‚ÌŒ©‚Ä‚È‚ç 1-a)AŽ©•ªŽ©g‚ª’²¸‚ð‚µ‚½ê‡‚É‚Í 1-b)AŽ©•ª‚Å
À‚Á‚Ä‚Ý‚½ê‡‚É‚Í 1-c) ‚ðŽg‚¤‚Æ‚¢‚¤B
@@@@@‚µ‚©‚µABorkin ‚à”ª–Ø‚àAŽŸ‚Ì 6-c) ‚Æ 6-d) ‚̈Ⴂ‚Íà–¾‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
            6)a.  I believe that he is honest.
              b.  I believe him to be honest.
              c. *I believe him honest.
              d.  I believe him dead.

 ø¢25-2-NT-(C)@mFactive/Non-factive/Non-true ‚Ì thatßn 
@@@@@Kiparsky & Kiparsky(p.159) ‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì 1-a) ‚Æ 1-b) ‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄA
@@@@@@1)a.  I believe that John is ill.
              b.  I regret that John is ill.
regret ‚É‘±‚­ that ß‚Ìê‡A‚»‚ꂪ^‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘O’ñ‚Æ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邪Abelieve 
‚É‘±‚­that ß‚É‚Í‚»‚ꂪ‚È‚¢i1-b) presupposes that it is true that John is ill
while 1-a) doesn't. j‚Æ‚µA‚³‚ç‚ÉAregret ‚̂悤‚È factive verbs ‚Í -ingŒ`‚ð
]‚¦‚邱‚Æ‚ª‘½‚­Abelieve ‚̂悤‚È non-factive verbs ‚Í to-infinitive ‚ð]‚¦‚é
‚±‚Æ‚ª‘½‚¢‚Æ‚µ‚½B
        @@2)a.  He believes Bacon to be the real author.  (non-factive)
              b. *He regrets Bacon to be the real author.   (factive)
            3)a. *I believe having agreed to the proposal.  (non-factive)
              b.  I regret having agreed to the proposal.   (factive)
@@@@@‚³‚ç‚ÉARiddle, E.(pp.467-474)‚ÍAto ‚Í activities ‚ð•\‚µAthat ‚Í
state ‚ð•\‚·ˆê•ûA
            4)a.  Jane tried to be a parachutist.            (p.468)
                   b. *Jane tried that she was a parachutist.
        @@5)a. *Jane hypothesizes to be a genius.          (p.468)
              b.  Jane hypothesized that she was a genius.
to ‚Í  {personal ‚ð that ‚Í {authoritative‚ð•\‚·‚Æ‚·‚éB
            6)a.  Jane is smart to go early.  (+personal)
              b. *Jane is smart that she is going early.
            7)a. *Jane demanded her to leave.
              b.  Jane demanded that she leave. (+authoritative)
@@@@@‚Æ‚±‚ë‚ÅAŽŸ‚Ì 8-c) ‚Ì thatß‚ÍA{Non-true}‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚ÅA
{Factive} ‚Æ‚ÍD‘ÎÆ‚ð‚È‚·‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB
            8)a.  I think that I made a mistake.    {Non-factive}
              b.  I regret that I broke the window. {Factive}
              c.  I wish that I were a bird.        {Non-true}

 ø¢25-2-NT-(D)@mthat ß‚Ì•p“xn 
@@@@@Butoyi, C.(1977) in Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman(1983, p.433)‚É‚æ‚é
White House Transcripts ‚©‚çŽæ‚èo‚µ‚½ frequency order for complement types in 
English ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎA 
         1. I know (that) he left.‚ÌŒ^F‚S‚U“
         2. I want to leave.          F‚R‚S“
         3. I want him to leave.      F‚P‚P“
         4. I let him leave.          F  ‚S“
         5. I enjoy swimming.         F  ‚R“
         6. I resent his leaving.     F  ‚Q“

 ø¢25-3-NT-(A)@mI think ‚Ì‚`‚c‚Á‚Û‚³n 
@@@@@Mittwoch, A.(1977 cf.²“¡‹³“¹C˜_, p.49j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì1-a) ‚Æ 1-b) 
‚͈قȂé deep structure ‚ðŽ‚ÂB
             1)a. Kangaroos are, I think, herbivorous.
               b. I think that kangaroos are herbivorous.
             2)     ‚r
                  ^  _
                ‚r    Adv
             (K....)   b
                       ‚r
                      (I think)

             3)      ‚r
                   ^  _
                 NP     VP
                 (I)   ^  _
                    (think)  NP
                             b
                            ‚r(K...)
         ‚»‚µ‚ÄA”Þ—iMittwochj‚ÍA‚±‚ê‚ðJackendoff, R.S.(1972)‚ÌŽŸ‚Ì—á‚©‚ç
–¾‚ç‚©‚Æ‚·‚éB
  @@@@@ 4)a. Helen thinks that John is a fink but he isn't.
               b. John is a fink, Helen thinks(,*but he isn't).
@@@@@“¯—l‚ÉAŽŸ‚Ì 5-b) ‚Ì The problem is (Quirk at al. 1985, p.1023) ‚ÍA
‚»‚Ì‚`‚c‚Á‚Û‚³‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄA5-a) ‚Æ 5-cj‚Ì’†ŠÔ‚É‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚éB
@@@@@@ 5)a.  The problem is who we can get to replace her.
               b.  The problem is who can we get to replace her.
               c.  The problem is, who can we get to replace her.
@@@@@‚Æ‚±‚ë‚ÅAŽŸ‚Ì 6) ` 7) ‚©‚çA
@@@@@@ 6)a.  Who do you think broke the window?
               b. *Do you think who broke the window?
             7)a. *Who do you know broke the window?  
               b.  Do you know who broke the window? 
do you know ‚æ‚èdo you think@‚Ì‚Ù‚¤‚ª‚`‚c‚É‹ß‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¦‚邾‚낤‚©B
@@@@@‚Ü‚½AŽŸ‚Ì 7-a) ` 7-c) ‚̉ºü•”‚É‚ÍA‚`‚c‚Á‚Û‚³‚Ì“x‡‚¢‚ɈႢ‚ª‚ ‚é
‚¾‚낤‚©B
@@@@@@ 8)a. 'Generals,' they alleged,' never retire; they merely fade away.'
               b.  Generals, it is alleged, never retire; they merely fade away.
               c.  Generals, allegedly, never retire; they merely fade away.
                                (Quirk et al. 1985, p.1023)

 ø¢25-3-NT-(B)@mthat ‚Ì—L–³n 
@@@@@that ‚Ì—L–³‚Æ‚»‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA“n•Ó“o(pp.249-314)‚É–¼ŽŒßAŒ`—e
ŽŒßA•›ŽŒß‚Ì‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚Ìꇂɂ‚¢‚ÄÚׂȃf[ƒ^‚ÌŠJ’‚ª‚ ‚éB‚Ü‚½ABolinger, 
D.(1972) ‚ÍAChafe, W. ‚Ì "cases of true paraphrases are rare or non-existent" 
‚ðˆø—p‚µ‚Äip.9)Athat ‚Ì—L–³‚ƈӖ¡“Iˆá‚¢‚Æ‚ÌŠÖ˜A«‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚»‚̈ê”ʉ»‚É’§í‚µ‚Ä
‚¢‚邪AŒ‹‹ÇAuhigh frequency ‚Å relaxed speech(colloquial) ‚Ìê‡Athat ‚ªÁ
‚¦‚éŒXŒü‚ª‚ ‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤’ö“x‚ÌŒ‹˜_‚É‚Æ‚Ç‚Ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB
@@@@@@@1)a.  He emphasized it was out of the question.   (p.21)
                b. *He stressed it was out of the question.
              2)a. *No wonder that they refused.                (p.23)
                b.  It's no wonder (that) they refused.  
‚µ‚©‚àA‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì that ‚ÌŽg‚¢•ª‚¯‚à\‘¢“I‚È ambiguity ‚𶂶‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚Ì‚ª‘å‘O’ñ
‚ÅŽŸ‚̂悤‚Èꇂɂ͕K‚¸‚»‚Ì\‘¢‚𖾂炩‚É‚·‚邽‚ß that ‚ª•K—v‚Æ‚È‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎA
ŽŸ‚Ì 3-a) ‚Æ 4) ‚Å‚Í that ‚Ì—L–³‚Å\‘¢‚ªˆÙ‚È‚èA
              3)a.  What that you needed was in the box?
                b. =What was in the box you needed?
              4)  What you needed was in the box?
ŽŸ‚Ì 5) ‚Å‚Í@you ‚ɃAƒNƒZƒ“ƒg‚ð’u‚©‚È‚¢ŒÀ‚èAthat ‚ÍÈ—ª‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B
              5)  Was it yóu said that?
@@@@@‚³‚ç‚ÉAŠwK‰p•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ä–Y‚ê‚Ä‚È‚ç‚È‚¢‚Ì‚ÍAŒ»‘ãƒmƒ“ƒtƒBƒNƒVƒ‡ƒ“¬à
‚Å 635ŒÂ‚Ì thatß‚Ì‚¤‚¿ that ‚ªŒ‡—Ž‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂͂킸‚©49—á‚ɉ߂¬‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤Ž–ŽÀ
(p.14)‚Å‚ ‚éB

 ø¢25-4-NT@mwhether ‚Æ ifn 
@@@@@ˆÀˆäi1994, p.728j‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAwhether ‚Æ if ‚Æ‚Íí‚É ŒðŠ·‰Â”\‚Å‚ ‚é‚킯
‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B
            (i) ‘O’uŽŒ‚ÌŒã‚É‚Íwhether ‚Ì‚Ý 
                  1)  We haven't yet answered the question of whether the
                      membership free should be raised.
           (ii) ŠÔÚ‹^–₪ to•s’莌‚ð‚Æ‚éꇂÍwhether ‚Ì‚Ý
                  2)  He doesn't know whether to accept or reject the proposal.
          (iii) discuss ‚Í if ‚ð‚Æ‚ç‚È‚¢
        @@@@@3)  They are discussing whether/*if they should ask for a
                      salary increase.
           (iv) ‘ÎˆÄ‚ðŽ¦‚·‘I‘ðŽˆ‚ª“ñ‚Â‚Æ‚àŽ¦‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éꇂɂÍAŒ`Ž®“I‚ȉpŒê
@@@@@@@@‚Å‚Í whether ‚ªˆê”Ê“I‚Å‚ ‚éB
                  4)  They don't know yet whether they will be hanged or shot.
            (v) ŠÔÚ‹^–₪Žåß‚Éæs‚·‚éꇂɂÍAwhether ‚Ì‚Ý
                  5)  Whether he really intends to help you, I cannot say.

 ø¢25-5-NT@mthat ‚Æ whethern 
@@@@@Bresnan, J.W.i1972, pp.70ff) ‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAŽŸ‚Ì 1-b) ‚̂悤‚ȃRƒ“ƒeƒLƒXƒg
‚Å whetherß‚Ì‚©‚í‚è‚É thatß‚Í‚¨‚¯‚È‚¢B
                  1) a. It is still undetermined whether she has escaped.
                     b.*It is still undetermined that she has escaped. 
                  2) a. It has not yet been determined whether she has escaped.
                     b. It has not yet been determined that she has... 
        2-b) suggests that one can deny determiniteness of a that-proposition,
     but 1-a) shows that when the denial of determiniteness is built into the 
     predicate, the that-complement is inappropriate.
@@@@@‚Ü‚½Adoubt ‚ÌŒã‚Å‚ÍA
@@@@@@@3)a. I doubt if the funds will be enough. (`‚©‚Ç‚¤‚©‹^‚킵‚¢j
                b. I doubt that the funds will be enough(`‚Å‚È‚¢‚ÆŽv‚¤)
              4)  I don't doubt that the funds will be enough.
3-a) ‚̔ے蕶‚ª 4) ‚Æ‚È‚éB(¬¼A1980, pp.440ff)

 ø¢25-6-NT@mWHŒê‚Å‚Í‚¶‚Ü‚é‚m߂̶¬n 
@@@@@WHŒê‚ðŠÜ‚Þ‚mß‚Í(i)Šî–{•¶(K-S)‚©‚ç‚‚­‚é‚©A(ii)‚v‚g|‚p•¶‚©‚ç‚‚­‚é
‚©A‚Å‹c˜_‚ª•ª‚©‚ê‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B(i)Šî–{•¶(K-S)‚©‚ç‚‚­‚éA‚Æ‚·‚é‚ÆA‚r|‚m
“]Š·Žq‚ÌWHŒê(what‚È‚Ç)‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì‚R‚‚̃Xƒeƒbƒv‚ð¶‚Þ‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB
         a) WHŒêi“]Š·Žqj‚Ì•t‰ÁB
         b) WHŒê‚ðsome...‚Ö‘ã“üB

         c) WHŒê‚𕶓ª‚ÖˆÚ“®B(”­¶)

@@@@@—Ⴆ‚ÎAJohn lives somewhere. ‚Æ‚¢‚¤Šî–{•¶(K-S)‚ª where ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä
–¼ŽŒß‚É•Ï‚í‚éƒvƒƒZƒX‚ÍAŽŸ‚Ì1-a) ` 1-c)‚̂悤‚É‚È‚èA
              1)a.  where + John lives somewhere
                b.  ¨John lives where

                c.  ¨where John lives ?

‚±‚Ì•ªÍ(i)‚ðŽ÷Œ`}‚Å•\‚·‚ÆAŽŸ‚Ì 2) ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB
      @@@@2)         ‚m
               @@@@^  _

           @@@CVT[S-N]  K-S (”­¶)

           @@@@(WHΐ)
‚¿‚È‚Ý‚ÉA‚±‚Ì•ªÍ•û–@‚ÍAthat ‚â if ‚ÌꇂƔü‚µ‚¢ƒpƒ‰ƒŒƒŠƒYƒ€‚ª‚ ‚éB
              3)         ‚m
                       ^  _
                 CVT[S-N]   K-S
                   (that)
              4)       ‚m
                     ^  _
                 CVT[S-N]  K-S
                   (if)
ˆê•ûA (ii)WH-Q•¶‚©‚ç‚‚­‚é‚Æ‚·‚é‚ÆA‚±‚ê‚𖼎Œß‚É•Ï‚¦‚é‚r|‚m“]Š·Žq‚Ì“­‚«‚ÍA
u‚p•t‰Á‚̉ðœv‚¾‚¯‚Æ‚È‚èA—Ⴆ‚ÎA Where does John live? ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ WH‹^–╶‚ð
–¼ŽŒß‚É•Ï‚¦‚éƒvƒƒZƒX‚ÍŽŸ‚Ì 5) ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚èA
              5)a.  CVT[S-N]{ Where does John live? 
                b.  ¨where John lives.
‚±‚ê‚ðŽ÷Œ`}‚Å•\‚·‚ÆAŽŸ‚Ì 6) ‚̂悤‚É‚È‚éB 
       @@@6)        ‚m
              @@@ ^  _
           @@ CVT[S-N]  WH-Q-S
           @@@(‚m‰») @^@_
                @@EPD[WH-Q]   K-S
@@@@@‚±‚Ì•ªÍ‚ÍA‚r|‚m“]Š·Žq‚Ì{–¼ŽŒ‰»}‚ª’ŠÛ“I‚·‚¬‚é‚Ì‚ª“ï“_B‰ÈŠw•¶–@‚Æ
‚µ‚Ä‚Í•ªÍ(ii)‚Ì•û‚ªƒXƒ}|ƒg‚¾‚ªAŠwK•¶–@‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Í•ªÍ(i)‚Ì•û‚ª‚æ‚¢‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB

 ø¢25-7-NT@m‚p•t‰Á‰ðœ•s—Ç‚Ì—án 
@@@@@Quirk et al.(1985, p.1051) ‚É‚ÍAŽŸ‚̂悤‚È‚p•t‰Á‰ðœ•s—ǂ̗ႪŒ©‚ç‚ê
‚éB
              1)   The problem is who can we get to replace her.
is ‚ÌŒã‚ɃJƒ“ƒ}i,)‚ª‚È‚¢‚ªA”­‰¹‚ÌÛ‚É‚Í\•ª‚ÈŠÔ‚ª•K—v‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éB‚à‚¤‚ЂƂÂB
 @@@@@@ 2)   At his table Pat was thinking why didn't they do some-
                   thing?  F.S.Fitzgerald:Boil Some Water --Lots of It in "The 
                   Pat Hobby Stories"
‚±‚Ì—á‚ÍA...thinking "Why didn't they do something?" ‚È‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚낤B

 ø¢25-8-NT@mWHŠ´’Q•¶‚Ì“Ç‚Ý‚ÆWH‹^–╶‚Ì“Ç‚Ýn 
@@@@@what ‚ÌŒã‚É a(n) ‚ª—ˆ‚鎞‚ÍA1-a) ‚̂悤‚É‚Í‚Á‚«‚è‚ÆŠ´’Q‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð•\‚¹‚é
‚ªA2), 3), 4) ‚̂悤‚É–¼ŽŒ‚ª‚mui•s‰ÂŽZ–¼ŽŒj‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚èA•¡”Œ`‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚è‚·‚é‚Æ
‚ӂ‚¤‚ÌWH‹^–╶‚ɑΉž‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚Æ‹æ•Ê‚ª‚‚©‚È‚¢B
              1)a.  They didn't know what a crime he had committed. Š´’Q•¶‚Ì“Ç‚Ý
                b.  They didn't know what crime he had committed.   WH‹^–╶‚Ì“Ç‚Ý
              2)  You can't imagine what difficulties I have with my children.
                             (ambiguous, Quirk, 15.7 p.1055)
              3)  I told her how late she was.
              4)  We all saw how strange a look she gave him.

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